MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

16.01 FLUID PROPERTIES 2. A plastic straw from a juice has a radius of 3 mm. The surface tension of the
FLUID: Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to juice at 20°C is equal to 0.075 N/m. Contact angle is 10°. Determine the
shearing forces capillary rise in the tube. Use unit weight 9850 N/m3.
■ Ideal Fluid 3. Mercury stands in a glass tube of 4.0 mm diameter at a height of 25.0 mm.
■ Real Fluid (Glass-Mercury, θ = 130°). What is the true static height? The surface
• Newtonian Fluids
tension of mercury is 0.46 N/m.
- Water Or Air
• Non-Newtonian Fluids
- Pseudoplastic Fluids PRESSURE IN A DROPLET OF LIQUID OR AN AIR BUBBLE
- Dilatant Fluids Droplet (Liquid surrounded by Gas) & Air Bubble (Gas surrounded by Liquid):
- Bingham Fluids 4σ
ΔP =
d
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUIDS
Substance Specific Gravity (SG) Soap Bubble (Thin Film of Liquid enclosing a Gas and surrounded by Gas):
Air 0.001204 8σ
ΔP =
Ethyl Alcohol 0.79 d
Gasoline 0.68 where:
Mercury 13.6 ∆P – excess pressure d – droplet or bubble diameter
Sea Water 1.025 σ – surface tension
Water (at 4° C) 1.0
Data listed above are specific gravities of substances at 20 °C and 1 ATM unless stated otherwise.
4. Droplets of size 2 mm diameter was produced from a shower. Determine the
IDEAL GAS LAW excess pressure exists in the interior of these droplets considering that water
is at 40 °C. Assume σ = 0.0752 N/m at 0 (zero) degrees Celsius.
P
PV = mRT DensityAir =
RT 5. A person with very interesting skill can produce bubbles from the mouth.
where: Assuming σ = 0.0732 N/m, what is the excess pressure of a bubble 3 mm in
P - absolute pressure T - absolute temperature radius?
V - volume R - gas constant
m - amount of substance (Normal Air R= 287 J/kg °K) 16.03 VISCOSITY
Absolute Temperature: Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of shear stress to rate of
SI: Tabs = [ T (°C) + 273] Kelvin deformation (strain rate) of a fluid particle. It is property of a fluid which
English: Tabs = [ T (°F) + 460] Rankine determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces.
Absolute Pressure:
Absolute Viscosity (also called Dynamic Viscosity)
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
𝜏
𝜇=
1. The specific weight of a certain liquid is 8.40 kN/m3. What is the density, 𝑈 ⁄𝑦
specific volume and specific gravity? Kinematic Viscosity
𝜇
2. Liquid X weighs 19.5 lbs for a volume of one-fifth cubic foot. Calculate its 𝜈=
𝜌
specific weight, density and specific gravity.
where:
3. Approximate the density of air in Baguio when the temperature dip to 9.4 °C, 𝜇 – Absolute Viscosity 𝜈 – Kinematic Viscosity
assuming an atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa. 𝜏 – Shear Stress 𝜌 – Density
𝑈⁄𝑦 – Strain Rate
16.02 SURFACE TENSION
Units Absolute (Dynamic) Kinematic
The membrane of ‘skin’ or ‘thin-film’ that seems to form on the free surface of a SI: N-s / m2 m2/s
fluid that is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces. CGS: dyne-s/ cm2 cm2/s
English: lb-s/ ft2 ft2/s

1. Benzene at 20 degrees has a viscosity of 0.000651 Pa-sec. What shear

Force along the interface stress is required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 7500 s-1?
σ=
Length of interface
2. A shaft 50.0 mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of 300 mm/s through
a bearing sleeve 50.2 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. The clearance,
assumed uniform, is filled with oil at 20 °C with 𝑣= 0.005 m2/s and SG = 0.90.
Use 1000 kg/m3 as density of water. Find the force exerted by the oil on the
shaft.
1. A fishing spider is known to float in water surface. A vertical force of 4.8 x
10-4 N is transmitted from each leg. Assuming the end part of the leg is in 3. A square block weighing 1.5 kN and 300 mm on an edge slides down an
contact with water surface horizontally, what is the minimum contact length incline plane (25⁰ from the horizontal) on a film of 4.0 µm thick. Assuming a
to stay afloat? Angle of contact between the water and the legs is 75 linear velocity profile in the oil, what is the terminal speed of the block?
degrees. Use surface tension = 0.0728 N/m. (Viscosity of oil is 7 mPa-s)

CAPILLARY ACTION 16.04 PRESSURE AND PASCAL’S LAW

Pabs = Pgage +Patm
4σ cos θ
h=
γD Patm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi = 2116psf
where: = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr = 1 atm
h – capillary action (rise or fall) ɣ – Unit Weight
σ – surface tension D – Pipe diameter Pgage = ∑ γ h
θ – contact angle
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

1. For the given fluid heights and specific gravities, calculate the pressure
difference ΔP = PB - PA.

2. Liquid A, B, and C in the container shown have specific gravity of 0.80, 1.0
and 1.60 respectively. Determine the difference in elevation of the liquid B
and C in each piezometer tube.

3. A mercury barometer at the top of a mountain reads 700 mmHg and at the
same time the barometer at its base reads 800 mmHg. Assuming that the
unit weight of air is 12 N/m3 and specific gravity of mercury is 13.6, what is
the approximate height of the mountain?

4. The 500-kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in the figure is to be raised by
pouring oil (ρ = 780 kg/m3) into a thin tube. Determine how high “h” should
be in order to begin to raise the weight.

5. The unit weight of a liquid is variable and is given by the relation 𝛾 = 10 +

0.5h, where 𝛾 is in kN/m3 and h is the depth of the liquid from the free surface
in meter. Determine the gage pressure in kPa at a depth of 5 m.

6. A cylindrical tank contains a certain liquid that has a specific weight of 9

kN/m3 which measures 3 meters high. Later on, water is added to the tank
so that the resulting height of the two liquids is 10 meters. What is the
pressure at the interface?