PARTIAL

FRACTION
DBM10013 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
 INTRODUCTION 01 02 PROPER FRACTION
CONSTRUCT PARTIAL 03 04 CONSTRUCT PARTIAL
FRACTION USING PROPER FRACTION USING PROPER
FRACTION WITH LINEAR FRACTION WITH REPEATED
FACTORS LINEAR FACTORS

CONSTRUCT PARTIAL 05
FRACTION USING PROPER
FRACTION WITH
QUADRATICS FACTORS
INTRODUCTION OF PARTIAL FRACTION
3𝑥+5
An algebraic fraction such as 2 can often be
2𝑥 −5𝑥−3
broken down into simpler parts called partial
fractions. Specifically

3𝑥 + 5 2 1
2
= −
2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 1
 PROPER FRACTION
𝑵(𝒙)
A rational fraction is called a proper fraction if the
𝑫(𝒙)
degree of numerator N(x) is less than the degree of
Denominator D(x). For example :
9𝑥 2 −9𝑥+6
i)
𝑥−1 2𝑥−1 𝑥+2

6𝑥+27
(ii)
3𝑥 3 −9𝑥
Construct Partial Fraction
using Proper Fraction
With Linear Factors
EXAMPLE 1 𝟑𝒙
Decompose the given rational expression with distinct linear factors. 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
Solution 3𝑥 𝑨 𝑩
Step 1. Apart the fraction by number of factor (the numerator is constant) = +
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
Step 2. Multiply through by the denominator so we no longer have fractions

3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)

= +
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 𝑥+2 𝑥−1

Step 3. Find value of A and B

To find B, let 𝑥 = 1 To find A, let 𝑥 = −2
3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) 3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)
3(1) = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1 + 2) 3(−2) = 𝐴(−2 − 1) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)
3 = 3𝐵 −6 = −3𝐴
1=𝐵 2=𝐴

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

𝟑𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
= +
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
EXAMPLE 2
1
1.
𝑥 𝑥+1
EXERCISE 1
Determine the partial fraction
decomposition of each of the following

17𝑥−53
i. 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15

34−12𝑥
ii. 3𝑥 2 −10𝑥−8
Solution 1 17𝑥 − 53
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15

Step 1 17𝑥 − 53 𝑨 𝑩
= +
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙+𝟑

Step 2 17𝑥 − 53(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) 𝐴(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) 𝐵(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3)

𝑥−5 𝑥+3
=
𝑥−5
+
𝑥+3 17𝑥 − 53 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 5)

Step 3 To find A, let 𝑥 = 5 To find B, let 𝑥 = −-3

17𝑥 − 53 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 5) 17𝑥 − 53 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 5)
17 5 − 53 = 𝐴(8) + 𝐵(5 − 5) 17 −3 − 53 = 𝐴(−3 + 3) + 𝐵(−3 − 5)
32 =8A −104 =-8B
4=𝐴 13 = 𝐵

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

17𝑥 − 53 𝟒 𝟏𝟑
= +
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙+𝟑
Solution 2 34 − 12𝑥
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)

Step 1 34 − 12𝑥 𝑨 𝑩
= +
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙−𝟒

Step 2 34 − 12𝑥(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) 𝐴 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 4 𝐵 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 4

3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 4
=
3𝑥 + 2
+
𝑥−4
34 − 12𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 5)

Step 3 To find B, let 𝑥 = 4 To find A, let 𝑥 = −2/3

34 − 12(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐵(3𝑥 + 2) 34 − 12(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐵(3𝑥 + 2)
34 − 12(4) = 𝐴(4 − 4) + 𝐵(3 4 + 2) 34 − 12(−2/3)
−14 = 14𝐵 = 𝐴(4 − 4) + 𝐵(3 −2/3 + 2)
−1 = 𝐵 14
42 = − A
3
𝐴 =-9

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

34 − 12𝑥 −𝟗 𝟏
= −
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙−𝟒
 FOR MORE
UNDERSTANDING
 Construct Partial
Fraction using Proper
Fraction With Repeated
Linear Factors
EXAMPLE 3 𝟐𝒙
𝟐
Decomposing Rational Expressions into Partial Fractions 𝒙−𝟑
2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Step 1. Apart the fraction by number of factor (the numerator is constant) 2
= + 2
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 𝑥−3
Step 2. Multiply through by the denominator so we no longer have fractions

2𝑥 𝑥 − 3 2 𝐴 𝑥 − 3 2
𝐵 𝑥−3 2
= + 2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵
𝑥−3 2 𝑥−3 𝑥−3 2

Step 3. Find value of A and B

To find B, lets x = 3 To find A, set up a system of equations associating corresponding
2(3) = 𝐴(3 − 3) + 𝐵 coefficients so 2𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵
6=𝐵 2𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥
2=𝐴

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

𝟑𝒙 𝟐 𝟔
= +
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 𝒙−𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐
EXAMPLE 4
1
1.
𝑥 𝑥+1 2
EXERCISE 2
Determine the partial fraction
decomposition of each of the following

10𝑥−35
i. 𝑥+4 2

6𝑥+5
ii. 2𝑥−1 2
Solution 1
Step 1 10𝑥 + 35 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥+4 2 𝑥+4 𝑥+4 2

Step 2 10𝑥 + 35 𝑥 + 4 2
𝐴 𝑥+4 2
𝐵(𝑥 + 4)
= + 10𝑥 + 35 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵
𝑥+4 2 𝑥+4 𝑥+4 2
Step 3
To find B, lets x = -4 To find A, set up a system of equations associating
10 −4 + 35 = 𝐴 −4 + 4 + 𝐵 corresponding coefficients so
−5 = 𝐵 10𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵
10𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥
10 = 𝐴

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

10𝑥 + 35 10 5
= −
𝑥+4 2 𝑥+4 𝑥+4 2
Solution 2
6𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵
Step 1 = +
2𝑥 − 1 2 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 2

Step 2 6𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 − 1 2
𝐴 2𝑥 − 1 2
𝐵 2𝑥 − 1 2
= + 6𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵
2𝑥 − 1 2 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 2

Step 3
To find B, lets x = 1/2 To find A, set up a system of equations associating
1 corresponding coefficients so
6 1/2 + 5 = 𝐴 (2) − 1 + 𝐵 6𝑥 + 5 = 2𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
8=𝐵 6𝑥 = 2𝐴𝑥
6 = 2𝐴
3=A

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

6𝑥 + 5 3 8
= +
2𝑥 − 1 2 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 2
 FOR MORE
UNDERSTANDING
 Construct Partial Fraction
using Proper Fraction With
Quadratic Factors
EXAMPLE 5 𝑥−3
=
𝑥−3
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)
Decomposing Rational Expressions into Partial Fractions
𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
Step 1. Apart the fraction by number of factor (the numerator is constant) = +
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3)
Step 2. Multiply through by the denominator so we no longer have fractions
(𝑥 − 3)𝑥(𝑥 2 +3) 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3) (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥
= + 𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 +Cx+3A
Step 3. Find value of A ,B and C
To find A, lets x=0 To find B, set up a system of equations associating corresponding
𝑥 − 3 = A + B 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 3𝐴 coefficients so 0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = −1 + B 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 3(−1)
0−3 = A + B 02 + 𝐶 0 + 3𝐴 (0)𝑥 2 = −1 + 𝐵 𝑥 2
−3 = 3𝐴 0 = −1 + 𝐵
𝐴 = −1 1=𝐵

To find C, lets x=0 #Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 𝒙−𝟑 −𝟏 𝒙+𝑪
= +
1=𝐶 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑)
EXAMPLE 6
1
1.
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
EXERCISE 3
Determine the partial fraction
decomposition of each of the following

3𝑥 2 +7𝑥+28
i. 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥+7)

8𝑥 2 −12
ii. 𝑥(𝑥 2 +2𝑥−6)
Solution 1
Step 1 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 28 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7)

Step 2 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 28(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7) 𝐴(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7) 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7)

= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7)

3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 28 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑥
3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 28 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 7𝐴

Step 3 To find A, set up a system of equations

28 = 7𝐴 7𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑥 3𝑥 2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 2
associating corresponding coefficients so
4=𝐴 7=4+𝐶 3 = 4 +B
C =3 B = −1

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 28 4 𝑥+3
= −
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7)
Solution 2
Step 1 8𝑥 2 − 12 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6)

Step 2 8𝑥 2 − 12(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝐴(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6)

= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6)

8𝑥 2 − 12 = 𝐴 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑥
8𝑥 2 − 12 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 2 + 2𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑥 − 6𝐴

Step 3 To find A, set up a system of equations

0𝑥 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑥 8𝑥 2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 2
associating corresponding coefficients so −12 = −6𝐴
2=𝐴 0 = 2(2) + 𝐶 8 = 2 +B
C =-4 B=6

#Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is

8𝑥 2 − 12 2 6𝑥 − 4
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6)
 FOR MORE
UNDERSTANDING
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Linear Factor Repeated Linear Factor Quadratic Equations
2𝑥+3 3𝑥 2 −4
5𝑥−1 1. 1. 2 2
1. 𝑥−1 2 𝑥 (𝑥 −1)
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−5)
4−2𝑥 3𝑥 2 −4 𝑥−8
2. 2. 2.
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥+3) 𝑥 𝑥+1 2 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥
2 9 2
3. 3. 3.
4−𝑦 2 (𝑥−2) 𝑥+1 2 𝑥(𝑥 2 +5)

Answer (Linear Factor) Answer (Repeated Linear Factor) Answer (Quadratic Factor)
1. A= 2 B= 3 1. A=2 B= 5 1. A= 4 B= 0 C= -1
2. A= 4 B= -3 C= 1 2. A= -4 B= 7 C= 1 2. A= -2 B= 1 C= 2
3. A=1/2 B=1/2 3. A=1 B= -1 C= -3 3. A=2/5 B= -2/5 C=0
BYE…!!!