1

PART 2

Expected Outcomes

At the end of this talk, you should be able to…….

1. Understand the ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s law

2. Apply KCL and KVL in solving simple problem

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Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law states that “Voltage across resistor (v) is directly

proportional to the current (i) flow through it. This constant of
proportionality is known as resistance”.
i
+v–
v=
Vαi; V = Ri i
R
+v–
v=
R
Passive sign convention is applied to find power.
 Two extreme possible values of R: 0 (zero) and  (infinite) are
related with two basic circuit concepts: short circuit and open
circuit.
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Ohm’s Law

 Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct

electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and
is measured in mhos or siemens.

1 i
G 
R v
The power dissipated by a resistor:
2
v
p  vi  i R   v G
2 2

Always positive R
Always absorbs power
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OHMS LAW FORMULA WHEEL
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two

or more branches.
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two

or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

 Network topology

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively

share a single node and consequently share the same
current

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are

connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them

5 in series with (1 and 2  in parallel)

1 & 2 - parallel 10V & 4 - parallel

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Parallel and series voltage and current sources

Circuit Equivalent Circuit Equivalent

circuit circuit

V1 V2 VX I1 I2 IX

V1 V2 VY
I1 I2 IY

Not allowed
I1 I2

V1 V2 Not allowed
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Kirchhoff’s laws

 Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze a

large variety of electric circuits.

 Introduced by the German physicist

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887).

 Based on the law of conservation of charge, which

requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a
system cannot change.
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Kirchhoff’s laws

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 Applies to currents in multiple paths.
 After completing this section, student should be
able to apply KCL
 State KCL
 Define node
 Determine the total current by adding the
branch currents
 Determine an unknown branch current.
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Kirchhoff’s laws

 The algebraic sum of the currents entering (or leaving) the node
at any instant is zero.

Mathematically, KCL implies that:

where:

N is the number of branches connected to the node

ij is the nth current entering (or leaving) the node
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Kirchhoff’s laws

 Current entering a node may be regarded as positive, while currents

leaving a node may be taken as negative or vice versa.

Closed
boundary
Sums of currents entering a node =
sum of currents leaving the node
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Example 7

Write KCL equation

Determine Io
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Exercise 1

Write KCL Equations at

each node.

Determine i1 and i2 Determine i1 to i3

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Exercise 2

Determine KCL
equation for all
nodes

Determine io and vo
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Deal with voltages in a single closed path.

 After completing this section, student should be
able to apply KVL:
 State KVL
 Determine the source voltage by adding the
voltage drops
 Determine an unknown voltage drop.
 The algebraic sum of the voltages around any
closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero for all time.
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Mathematically, KVL implies that:

where:
N is the number of voltages (or branch) in the loop
vj is the nth voltage.
 KVL can be applied in two ways: by taking either a
clockwise or a counter-clockwise
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EXAMPLE 8

Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure above.
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Exercise 3

Applying the KVL equation

for all loops
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Exercise 4

Determine an unknown voltage in

the circuit
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Exercise 5

Determine an unknown voltage in

the circuit
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Exercise 6

Determine an unknown
parameter/s in the circuit
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Exercise 7

6V
+ 10 V - b
a c
R1
+
24 V R2 4V
-
R4 R3
e
f d
- 10 V + - 6V +

find Vac, Vae and Vec Calculate power for each element.
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Exercise 8

8V

-
2Ω 3A 1.5V 2Ω 2A
+

3V
Determine the power supplied or
absorbed by each element. Prove that
the law of conservation of energy is valid.
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PART 3

Expected Outcomes

At the end of this talk, you should be able to…….

1. Simplify the series and Parallel resistors

2. Solve the voltage and current division problem

3. Transform Why-Delta resistors circuit

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Series Resistors

 Provides only one path for current between two points

so that the current is the same through each series
resistor.

for k resistors in series;

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Example 9

a) The following resistors (one only) are connected in series

circuit: 1.0 , 2.2, 5.6 , 12.0  and22.0 . Determine the
total resistance.

65.8 mA R1
b)
+
+ 20.7V -
14.5V
R2 - What is the value of each
73.68V
+ resistor?
R3 V3
R4
-
+ 30.9V -
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The voltage-division rule

KVL: Vs = iR1 + iR2 ;

i V S

R1  R 2
from Ohm’s law: VR1 = iR1

 R1 
VR1  Vs 

R  R2 
 1

 bypass the calculation of current:

VR2 = ???????
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Example 10

1.0 k
A
2.2 k
8V
3.3 k
B

VBA = ?
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PARALLEL RESISTORS

 When two or more resistors are individually connected

between two separate points
 Provides more then one path for current

KCL: is = i1 + i2 + i3 + i4
Apply Ohm’s law: Vs = i1R1 = i2R2 = i3R3
VS V V V
i1  ; i2  S ; i3  S ; i4  S
R1 R2 R3 R4
1 1 1 1   1  1 1 1 1 1 
 iS  VS      and iS  VS   where      
 
 R1 R2 R3 R4   Req  Req  R1 R2 R3 R4 
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Example 11

Calculate RT for Figure (a), (b) and (c)

(a) (b)
a a

1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k

b b

150 k

a
(c)
47 k 100 k

b
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Example 12

Calculate Req
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Example 13

10 mA
(a) Find the voltage VS across the
parallel circuit in Figure
220  500  1 k
VS example (a)

(b)
20 mA
How much voltage is required
to produce 20 mA of current
I1 I2 through the circuit shown in
VS 680  330  Figure example (b).
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The Current-division Rule

V V
Ohm’s law: i1  and i2 
R1 R2

where:

Therefore:

??????
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The Current-division Rule

for nth resistors in parallel:

i1 =

i2 =
.
.
in =
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Example 14

Determine the current in each branch of Figure below.

1 M 10 mA
+

+ 2.2 M
1 k

- 10 A -
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Exercise 10

Determine the parameters in the circuit

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Exercise 11

Determine the current in each branch of Figure below.

Determine the parameters in the circuit

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Exercise 12

Determine the parameters in the circuit

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   TRANSFORMATION

how do we combine resistors R1

through R7?

The resistors are neither in series

nor in parallel?

Y- circuit - circuit

Rab
Rbc
Rca
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   TRANSFORMATION

 Solved for Ra, Rb and Rc

o Solved for R1, R2 and R3

o After
transformation
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Example 15

Determine the
parameters in the
circuit
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Exercises

2 k
2 k 3 k 6 k I3

2 k +
_

30 V