APA Referencing Style

(Author-Date Method)
Applicable for:

This Guide shows you how to utilize in-text citations and

a List of References by using APA Referencing Style

As at 15th October 2018

Lee Fah Onn Library

Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Abbreviation……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Punctuation/ Symbol ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Formatting Elements……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
In-text Citation and Referencing style
Part One: Books (Print)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Organization as author…………………………………………………………………………… 11
Two Authors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Three to five Authors……………………………………………………………………………… 13
Six to seven Authors……………………………………………………………………………….. 14
More than seven Authors………………………………………………………………………… 15
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Second or later edition……………………………………………………………………………. 17
Translated and/or Revised………………………………………………………………………. 18
Same author, different years…………………………………………………………………… 18
Same author, same year………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Single editor…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Multiple editors………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Malay Author………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Chinese Author……………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Chinese with English Author ………………………………………………………………………. 23
Indian/ Singh Author……………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Chapter in an edited book………………………………………………………………………. 25
Edited book translated into English………………………………………………………… 25
Different authors, same surname, different years………………………………….. 26
Different authors, same surname, same year…………………………………………. 27
Citing a source within a source……………………………………………………………….. 28
Book in a series……………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Citing multiple sources simultaneously in a sentence…………………………….. 30
Book in a foreign language……………………………………………………………………… 31
Sacred book…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Encyclopedia, no author………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Encyclopedia, one or more authors, specific entry………………………………….. 34
Dictionary, one or more authors…………………………………………………………….. 35
Periodicals/ Serials (Print)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Two authors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Three to five authors………………………………………………………………………………. 38
Six to seven authors……………………………………………………………………………….. 39
 More than seven authors……………………………………………………………………….. 40
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
Newspaper article…………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Newspaper article, no author………………………………………………………………... 43
Newspaper article from a news service………………………………………………….. 44
Journal/Magazine article………………………………………………………………………… 45
Journal/Magazine article, no author………………………………………………………. 46
Annual report, print………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Part Two: Books (Electronic)
E-book…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
E-book, book in a series………………………………………………………………………….. 49
E-book accessed via an e-book reader …………………………………………………... 50
Chapter in an edited e-book……………………………………………………………………. 51
Encyclopedia, no author, specific entry………………………………………………….. 52
Dictionary no author, specific entry……………………………………………………….. 52
Dictionary, one or more authors…………………………………………………………….. 53
Periodicals/ Serials (Electronic)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
Two authors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
Three to five authors …………………………………………………………………………….. 57
More than seven authors……………………………………………………………………… 58
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Article from a database………………………………………………………………………….. 60
Article with d.o.i……………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
Citing a source within a source………………………………………………………………. 62
Newspaper article from a database……………………………………………………….. 63
Newspaper article………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Newspaper Article, no author………………………………………………………………… 64
Article in an online newsletter………………………………………………………………… 65
Part Three: Website
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
Organization as author…………………………………………………………………………… 67
Report from an institution website………………………………………………………… 68
Part Four: Social Media
Blog post………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
Wiki entry………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
Update on social network (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, other) …………………….. 70
YouTube (or similar) video……………………………………………………………………… 71
Bulletin boards, Forums, Usenet, Email lists…………………………………………… 72
Part five: Theses/ dissertations
Thesis, print……………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
Thesis, online………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
 Thesis from a database…………………………………………………………………………… 74
Part Six: Data, Figures and Images
Figure, print…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Figure, online…………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
Table, print………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Table, online……………………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Map, print……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Map, online……………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
Computer software, online……………………………………………………………………… 78
Computer software, no programmer, online…………………………………………… 78
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM……………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Images, online………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Images from a database, known creator………………………………………………….. 79
Images from a database, unknown creator……………………………………………… 80

Appendix A: Quick guide to referencing articles……………………………………………………………….. 81

Appendix B: Quick guide to in-text citing…………………………………………………………………………… 82
Appendix C: Sample APA style reference list…………………………….………………………………………. 83
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
Introduction

Academic writing requires authors to support their arguments with reference to other published work
or experimental results/findings. A reference system will perform three essential tasks:
• Enable you to acknowledge other authors’ ideas (avoid plagiarism).
• Enable a reader to quickly locate the source of the material you refer to so they can consult it if
they wish.
• Indicate to the reader the scope and depth of your research.

The APA style is a widely used referencing system to help you achieve these objectives.

How do I use the APA Referencing Style?

The APA style involves two tasks:
• How you refer to other authors in the body of your text (in-text citation).
• How you compile a list of reference sources at the end of your text (reference list).

Importance of citing and referencing

• Receiving credit for your own hard work and research

• To validate what you are writing, by referring to documented evidence
• To refer to other research that leads up to your study
• To enable readers to consult the original source independently

In-Text Citations
This section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the
surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date),
plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarize information on a specific page of
the sources.

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's
last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for Example, (Jones,
1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the
text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

1
How do I format in-text citations?

1. Give the author`s surname, or the corporate author, organization, artist, or editor if there is no author
(e.g peter)
2. Give the year of the source was produces (e.g 2017)
3. Give the page name if you Quote, Paraphrase or summarizing the words of the sources. But if you are
summarizing what author has argued in an entire book or article, you do not need to give page numbers.

What does it look like?

Here is an extract showing what in-text citations look like in the APA Style:

It has been claimed that due to funding being almost exclusively available from the Irish Film Board
(IFB), Irish film makers are restricted to the type of Ireland they can depict in their work (MacDougall,
2009). Jervir (2011) argues that subjects such as Northern Ireland are disproportionately represented as
these are key areas of interest to the IFB.

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the
page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications
does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and
the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and
omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in
the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.

2
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a
style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the
paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your
text.

Changes to Direct Quotes

A minor changes on the direct quotes is acceptable as long as following the rules and don’t make any
changes to the meaning.

 If omit parts of the quotation in the middle, use an ellipsis (…)

 The student stated that “the computer lab…was useful.”

 If want to insert your own words or different words into quotation use square bracket ([])

 “The computer lab [in the science building] was well designed.”

 If want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for Example if there is a spelling mistake or
wrong date, do not correct; use [sic].

 “The first president of the United States was Jorge [sic] Washington.”

 If you want to emphasize something in a quotation which is particularly relevant to your point,
put the emphasized word in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own.

 “The writing tools in Moodle were very [emphasis added] helpful.

3
Reference List

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay, label this page
"References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the
title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

 All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be align for each of
paragraph.
 Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work for up to and including three authors. If the work has more than three authors,
list the first authors and then use ellipses after the first author's name. After the ellipses, list et
al at the back.
 Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
 For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in
chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
 Present the journal title in full.
 Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
 Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
 When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter for each
of the title, subtitle and word after colon
 Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
 Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.

4
Abbreviation

Abbreviation Definition

dir. director

For director of live or recorded performances.

For Example: The performance by Max Gillies was energetic (Bell dir. 2011).
Ed. or Eds editor or editors

ed. Edition

This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition.
Editions contain major revisions, but reprints do not, so do not include a reprint
number

et al. This means 'and others'

This is used in in-text citations (including the first in-text citation) when there are
four or more authors. However, all authors are listed in full in the reference list.
NOTE: stop only after 'al.', not after 'et'.
For Example: Czinkota et al. (2008) address theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific
market.
n.d no date

This is uncommon, particularly for academic sources.

For Example: Complex structures and themes interweave through the concerto (van
Beethoven n.d.).
p. or pp. single page (p.) or multiple pages (pp.)

rev. revised

NOTE: 1. In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual
order). 2. rev. follows trans. (see below).

For Example: González Sánchez, C. A. (2011). New world literacy: writing and
culture across the Atlantic 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B
Aram. Bucknell University Press: Lewisburg.
trans. translated

NOTE: In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual order).

For Example: González Sánchez, C. A. (2011). New world literacy: writing and
culture across the Atlantic. 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B
Aram. Bucknell University Press: Lewisburg

5
Symbol/Punctuation

Comma(,) Use a comma to separate a city name from the state.

Example: West Lafayette, Indiana

Capitalization capitalize the first word after the colon in a title

After Colons
Example:

Braucher, D. (1998). Darth vader vs. superman: Aggression and intimacy in two
preadolescent boys' groups. Journal of Child & Adolescent Group
Therapy, 8(3), 115–134. doi:10.1023/A:1022936202071

Colon (:) to join 2 independent clauses

Example: Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: Parts of
Main, Fifth, and West Street

Italics Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films,
television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums,
works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Example:

Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of Marketing (15th ed.).

Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Period (.) End of each declarative sentence

Highlighted periods show how punctuation comes after the author names, date
(which goes inside parentheses), title, and source.

Example:

Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of Marketing (15th ed.). Harlow,
England: Pearson Education.
Square Bracket [] Use to identify sources of material

Example:

Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks: Midday [Painting]. Retrieved from

http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/DetailLRG.cfm?IRN=29073 &View=LRG

6
Formatting Elements
Source type Referencing format
Book Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition) (only include
this if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher
Example Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing
manuscripts for journal publication (2nd ed.). Washington, DC.
: American Psychological Association.
eBook Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition) (only include
this if not the first edition). d.o.i / or URL
Example Wheeler, J.C. (2007). Cosmic catastrophes: exploding stars, black
holes, and mapping the universe (2nd ed.) Retrieved from
http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lib.intisubang.edu.au/Open.
aspx?id= 75048&loc=&srch=undefined&src =0
Encyclopedia, Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle. In Encyclopedia Title.
print (Vol., Page number). Location: Publisher.
Example Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia
Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp.501-508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia
Britannica.
Encyclopedia, Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of entry. In Encyclopedia Title. Retrieved
online from URL.
Example McQuillan, M. (2008). Picasso. In Oxford Art Online. Retrieved from
http://www.oxfordartonline.com
Dictionary print Format Author, Initials. (Year). Dictionary title (Edition) (only include this if
not the first edition). Place: Publisher
Example Isotherm, H. (1993). Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th
ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Dictionary Online Format Title of dictionary. (Year). Retrieved from URL.
Example Oxford English dictionary online. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.mintilibrary.edu.au/view/En
try/10663
Newspaper Format Author, Initials. (Year, month date publish). Title of article. Title of
article, print Newspaper. Page numbers and column of the article.
Example Slapper, G. (2011, June 3). Corporate manslaughter: new issues for
lawyers. The Times. p.4b.
Newspaper Format Reporter, Initials. (year, month date publishes). Title of article. Title of
article, online newspaper. Additional date information. Retrieved from URL

Example Coney, J. (2009, January 13). Is this the start of a new home loan war?
Daily Mail. Retrieved from
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1168461/Is-start-
new-home-loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-
10-deposits
Journal/Magazine Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of
article, print Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number.
Example Kolbert, E. (2017). The acid sea. Journal of Geographic, 53(7), 219.
Journal/Magazine Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of

7
Article, online Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number. d.o.i / URL
Example Kipper, D. (2008). Japan’s new dawn. Popular Science and Technology,
7(3), 2. Retrieved from
http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html
Annual report Format Title entry. Year. Title of annual report. Location: Publisher.
Example State of Victoria. (2004). Vicroads annual report 2003-2004. Canada:
Corporate Publications.
Website Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title website. Retrieved from URL
Example Fein, B. (2011). The American view. Retrieved from
http://archive.theamericanview.com/index.php?id=1770
Blog Format Author, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [GMD]. Retrieved
from URL
Example Patterson, M. (2007, January 22). Open access mega journals: Find
out more in
Estonia. [Web Log Post]. Retrieved from
http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/0 6/open-access-
megajournals- %e2%80%93-find-out-more-inestonia/
Update on social Format Authors, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title: Subtitle. [GMD]. Retrieved
network from URL
Example Rudd, K. (2009, October 24). Australian civilian corps to help in crises
[Facebook update]. Retrieved from
http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=2001240435
YouTube Format Authors, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title: Subtitle [GMD]. Retrieved
from URL

Example France, E. (2007, November 4). Stephen Fry on the joys of swearing
[Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =s_osQ
Thesis, print Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (GMD), Location:
Publisher.
Example Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and
selection. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation), Victoria,
Australia: Monash University
Thesis, online Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis or dissertation (GMD).
Retrieved from Name of database/URL. (Accession or Order
no.)
Example Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive
performance in children with seizure disorders (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from Proquest Dissertations and
Theses. (UMI 3259752)

Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive

performance in children with seizure disorders (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9187
Figure, print Format Article/Journal:
Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of

8
 Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number.

Book:
Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition) (only include
this if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher
Internet/online:
Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: range of the year [GMD].
Retrieved from d.o.i/URL
Example Article/Journal:
Kohler, J., Koscinski, D., Padial, J. M., Chaparro, J. C., Handford,
P., Lougheed, S. C., & Riva, I. (2010). Systematics of Andean
gladiator frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus species groug
(Annuar, Hylidae). Zoologica Scripta, 39(6), 572-590.
Book:
Fowler, M. (2008). Restraint and handing of wild and domestic
animals (3rd ed.). Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell.
Internet/online:
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate
vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Retrieved
from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com
Map, online Format Author, Initials (cartographer). (Year). Title of the map [GMD].
Retrieved from web address/URL
Example Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer).
(2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic
map]. Retrieved from
http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics
/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Computer Format Creator (version) [GMD]. Place of publication: Publisher
Software
Example Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2) [Computer
software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
Web software Format Creator (version) [GMD]. Retrieved from URL/web address
Example Skyscape (versin 2.3) [Web software]. Retrieved from
http://xxxxx
CD-ROM / DVD- Format Authors, Initials. (Year). Title: Subtitle [GMD]. Place of publication:
ROM Publisher.
Example Fedrick, R. (2008). International Financial Statistics 2008 [CD-ROM].
Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund
Images, online Format Artist/Photographer’s name. (Year of production). Title of image
[GMD]. Retrieve from web address/URL
Example Dean, R. (2008). Tales from Topographic Oceans. [Image online].
Retrieved from
http://rogerdean.com/store/product_info.php?cPath=4&pro
ducts_id=88

9
 Part One: Books Print

In-text Citation Model

Source Type Reference List Model
Quotation Style Paraphrase style

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Brick (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Brick (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.
Brick (2009) suggests three categories of
Brick (2009) argues, “state most of the reporting verbs (p.117).
writing at university is likely to involve
presenting a position” (p.14). According to Brick on 2009, suggests
three categories of reporting verbs
Brick, J. (2009). Academic culture: A student’s
According to Brick in 2009, found that " (p.117).
One Author guide to study at university. Sydney:
most of the writing at university is likely
National Centre for English Language
to involve presenting a position” (p.14).
Teaching and Research
*page numbers required for
* pinpoint the quote
paraphrasing specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Brick, 2009, p.117)
(Brick, 2009, p. 14)

10
 * pinpoint the quote *page numbers required for
paraphrasing specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

The United Nations Development UNDP (2006, p. 53) claims that one of
Programme (2006, p. 53) argues that the deepest disparities in water and
“water is the most fundamental issue sanitation is between urban and rural
for the future”. areas.

The United Nations Development UNDP (2006) claims that one of the
Programme (2006) argues that “water is deepest disparities in water and
the most fundamental issue for the sanitation is between urban and rural
future” (p. 53). areas (p. 53). United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). (2006). Beyond scarcity:
According to The United Nations According to UNDP in 2006 claims that Power, poverty and the global water
Organization as Development Programme in 2006 one of the deepest disparities in water crisis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
author argues that “water is the most and sanitation is between urban and
fundamental issue for the future” (p. rural areas (p. 53).
53). * initials in round brackets only if you have
used initials in your in-text citations
*if you have only one in-text citation to *pinpoint the quote
a source in your work, you must use the *use initials UNDP only for second
full author name (no initials or subsequence Citations.
abbreviations)

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“The water crisis is most detrimental to The problem in sub Saharan Africa is its
the world’s poor” (United Nations reliance on rain fed agriculture (UNDP,
Development Programme [UNDP], 2006, 2006, p.97).

11
 p. 53).

*if you have two or more in-text * pinpoint the quote

citations to a source such as UNDP in
*use initials UNDP only for
your work include the initials in square
brackets inside the round brackets for second/subsequent citations
the first citation.

*For the subsequent in-text citations

use only initials

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Carter and McCarthy (2006, p. 267) Carter and McCarthy (2006, p.267)
point out that academic writing “can include a chapter analyzing academic
refer to things in complex and grammar and usage.
condensed ways”.
Carter and McCarthy (2006) include a Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge
Carter and McCarthy (2006) point out chapter analyzing academic grammar grammar of English: A comprehensive
that academic writing “can refer to and usage (p. 267). guide. Cambridge: University Press,
Two Authors things in complex and condensed ways” Cambridge.
Based on the statement of Carter and
(p. 267).
McCarthy in 2006, a chapter analyzing
According to Carter and McCarthy in academic grammar and usage can be *retain order of authors given in the source
2006, academic writing “can refer to included (p. 267).
things in complex and condensed ways”
(p. 267).

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence

*use and in sentence

12
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Hedging is often used to make A descriptive approach to grammar

statements “less assertive” (Carter & usage in contexts is employed (Carter &
McCarthy, 2006, p. 279). McCarthy, 2006).

* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation
Author Prominent Author Prominent

For Bretag, Crossman and Bordia (2010, Bretag, Crossman and Bordia (2010, p.
p. 6), critical reading “involves making 6) explain the concept of voice in
judgments about the value of what you writing.
are reading”.
Bretag et al. (2010) explain the concept
Bretag et al. (2010), critical reading of voice in writing (p.6).
“involves making judgments about the
According to Bretag et al. in 2010 Bretag, T. Crossman, J. & Bordia, S. (2010).
value of what you are reading” (p. 6).
explain the concept of voice in writing Communication skills. Sydney:
Three to five According to Bretag et al. in 2010, (p.6). McGraw-Hill.
authors critical reading “involves making
judgments about the value of what you
*retain order of authors given in the source
are reading” (p. 6).

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence

*use and in sentence *use et al. for the next in text citation
*use et al. for the next in text citation

13
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Practising thoroughly also reduces Reporting verbs create different effects

anxiety” (Bretag, Crossman & Bordia, in writing (Bretag, Crossman & Bordia,
2010, p. 194). 2010).

* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation
*use et al. for the next in text citation
Six to seven Author Prominent Author Prominent
author
Wassertein et al. (2005, p.12) states Wassertein et al. (2005, p.12) discover
that “relationship between the parents that kids emotion could be changes due
will effects their children emotional to the parents actions at home.
behavior”. Wassertein, P., James, P., Harry, P., Albus, S. J.,
Wassertein et al. (2005) discover that
Wassertein et al. (2005) states that kids’ emotion could be changes due to Bretag, T., Crossman, J. & Bordia, S.
“relationship between the parents will the parents’ actions at home (p.12). (2010). Communication skills. Sydney:
effects their children emotional McGraw-Hill.
behavior” (p.12). According to Wassertein et al. in 2005,
they stated that kids’ emotion could be
According to Wassertein et al. in 2005, changes due to the parents’ actions at *retain order of authors given in the source
they stated that “relationship between home (p.12). *list all of the authors name
the parents will effects their children
emotional behavior” (p.12).

* pinpoint the quote

*use et al. from the start of in text
citation

14
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Relationship between parents will Kids emotion could be changes due to

affects their children emotional the parents actions at home (Wassertein
behavior” (Wassertein et al., 2005) et al., 2005)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Czinkota et al. (2008, p. xv) assert that Czinkota et al. (2008, p. 1) address
“the marketer must adapt to these theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific
foreign environments”. market.

Czinkota et al. (2008) assert that “the Czinkota et al. (2008) address
marketer must adapt to these foreign theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Sutton-Brady,C.,
environments” (p. xv). market (p. 1). Beal, T., Holmes, S., Peter, J. … James,
S. P. (2008). International marketing.
According to Czinkota et al. in 2008 According to Czinkota et al. in 2008
South Melbourne: Cengage Learning
assert that “the marketer must adapt to address theoretical issues in the Asia
More than Australia.
these foreign environments” (p. xv). Pacific market (p. 1).
seven authors
* pinpoint the quote *use et al for all in-text citations (note
*retain order of authors given in the source
*use et al. stop only after ‘al., not after ‘et’)
*after the sixth author’s name use ellipsis (…)
Information Prominent Information Prominent then followed by the author’s last name in the
list.
“Overall, growth potential… may be Clearly detailed agreements are
threatened by uncertainty” (Czinkota et necessary (Czinkota et al., 2008).
al., 2008, p. 558).

* pinpoint the quote *use et al.

*use et al. *ellipsis of three dots
indicates word/s omitted

15
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

The Style manual (1996, p. 43), The Style manual for authors, editors
“hierarchical structures can often be and printers (1996, p.43) outlines
used for more detailed material”. publication rules and conventions.

The Style manual (1996), “hierarchical The Style manual for authors, editors
structures can often be used for more and printers (1996) outlines publication
detailed material” (p. 43). rules and conventions (p. 43).

According to the Style manual in 1996, According to the Style manual for
“hierarchical structures can often be authors, editors and printers in 1996
used for more detailed material” (p. 43). outlines publication rules and
Style manual for authors, editors and printers.
conventions (p. 43).
(1996). (5th ed.). Canberra: Australian
No author *title in italics Government Publishing Service.
* pinpoint the quote
* you can choose to abbreviate title for *if you have only one in-text citation to
second/subsequent citations a source with the title in place of author
*use title in italics in place of author
in your work, you must use the full title
(no initials or abbreviations)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Writers need to understand “how Punctuation and grammar rules are

readers absorb information” (Style clearly explained (Style manual, 1996, p.
manual, 1996, p. 37). 37).

* pinpoint the quote * you can choose to abbreviate title for

* you can choose to abbreviate title for second/subsequent citations
second/subsequent citations

16
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Godfrey et al. (2010, p. 30) indicate that Godfrey et al. (2010, p.30) survey and
a major criticism of statistical research is categorize the major theories in
the way it “tends to lump everything accounting in the first half of the book.
together”.
Godfrey et al. (2010) survey and
Godfrey et al. (2010) indicate that a categorize the major theories in
major criticism of statistical research is accounting in the first half of the book
the way it “tends to lump everything (p. 30).
together” (p. 30).
According to Godfrey et al. in 2010
According to Godfrey et al. in 2010 survey and categorize the major Godfrey, J., Hodgson, A., Tarca, A., Hamilton, J.,
indicate that a major criticism of theories in accounting in the first half of and Holmes, S. (2010). Accounting
Second or later statistical research is the way it “tends the book (p. 30). theory (7th ed.). Australia, Milton John:
edition to lump everything together” (p. 30). Wiley & Sons.

* pinpoint the quote *use et al. (note stop only after ‘al.’, not
*use et al. *retain order of authors given in the source
after ‘et’)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

A criticism advanced is that large-scale Important differences between

statistical research “tends to lump normative and positive theories of
everything together” (Godfrey et al., accounting are identified throughout the
2010, p. 30). text (Godfrey et al., 2010).

* pinpoint the quote *use et al.

*use et al

17
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

As González Sánchez (2011, p. 91) González Sánchez (2011, p. 91) traces

argues, this monopoly “helped reinforce the impact of books on new world
the supposed homogeneity”. colonizers.

González Sánchez (2011) argues, this González Sánchez (2011) traces the
monopoly “helped reinforce the impact of books on new world
supposed homogeneity” (p. 91). colonizers (p. 91). González Sánchez, C. (2011). New world
literacy: Writing and culture across the
Based on the statement of González Based on statement of González Atlantic, 1500- 1700 (T Platt, Trans.).
Translated
Sánchez in 2011, he argues this Sánchez in 2011, he traces the impact of Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
and/or Revised
monopoly “helped reinforce the books on new world colonizers (p. 91).
supposed homogeneity” (p. 91).
*for translator and/or reviser use initials first
* pinpoint the quote (reverse the usual order)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Prohibition increased “the temptation Perceptions play a greater role in later

and enjoyment of such accursed books” methodologies (González Sánchez,
(González Sánchez, 2011, p. 76). 2011).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Deegan, C. (2007). Australian financial
Deegan (2007, p. xxiv) updates changes Deegan (2007; 2010) updates accounting (4th ed.). Sydney: McGraw-
to standards “released for application in information on changes to the Hill.
Same author,
different years 2005; and also (2010, p. xxii) to “the standards.
Deegan, C. (2010). Australian financial
adoption of the International Financial accounting (6th ed.). Sydney: McGraw-
Reporting Standards”. Hill.

18
 * ascending chronological order

Deegan (2007) updates changes to

standards “released for application in
2005 (p. xxiv); and also (2010) to “the
adoption of the International Financial
Reporting Standards” (p. xxii).

According to Deegan in 2007, updates According to Deegan in 2007 and 2010

changes to standards “released for updates information on changes to the
application in 2005 (p. xxiv); and also in standards.
2010, to “the adoption of the
International Financial Reporting
Standards” (p. xxii).

* pinpoint the quote * chronological order

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The IASB publishes an explanation of Accounting standards are regularly

“how it reaches its decision” (Deegan, reviewed (Deegan, 2007; 2010).
2007, p. 38; 2010, p. 34) and also has
“full control over its technical agenda”
(Deegan, 2010, p. 34).

* pinpoint the quote * chronological order

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Same author, Mathews use of dialogue shifts from the Matthews (2010a, 2010b) writes for
same year idiomatic “she jumps a mile and both teenagers and very young children.
screams” (2010a, p. 47) to the lyrical “I
would like to see the beginning of the

19
 rest of the world” (2010b, n. p.). Matthews, P. (2010a). A girl like me. Pearson:
Penguin Books.
* pinpoint the quote
* n. p. indicates a source with no page Matthews, P. (2010b). Zizzy. Malvern:
numbers Omnibus Books.
Information Prominent Information Prominent
*order alphabetically by the next element
Movement to epiphany; for Example, A crime committed in Australia is the (title)
“light has flooded the darkness” (2010a, basis for her first fictional account
p. 278) and the final words of Zizzy “he (Matthews, 2010a); while in the second
could do anything” (2010b, n. p.), is a the narrative inches slothfully into
feature of writing by Matthews adventure (Matthews, 2010b).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Larkin (2004, p. 10) claims that Paine`s A study by Larkin (2004, p. 10) collates
writings “represented a turning point in and evaluates writing by Thomas Paine.
the revolution”.

Larkin (2004) claims that Paine`s A study by Larkin (2004) collates and
writings “represented a turning point in evaluates writing by Thomas Paine (p.
Single editor the revolution” (p. 10). 10.
Larkin, E. (Ed.). (2004). Common sense: Thomas
Based on the statement of Larkin in A study by Larkin in 2004, collates and Paine. Toronto: Broadview Editions.
2004, he claims that Paine`s writings evaluates writing by Thomas Paine (p.
“represented a turning point in the 10.
revolution” (p. 10).

* pinpoint the quote

20
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Paine’s choice of metaphors, diction, Paine’s work triggered controversy

syntax, and evidence were crucial to his (Larkin, 2004).
success” (Larkin, 2004, p. 26).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Strangio and Costar (2006, p. 7) Strangio and Costar (2006, pp. 5-9)
emphasize that “strong premierships are divide Victorian state politics into three
built on the rock of parliamentary major stages.
dominance”.

Strangio and Costar (2006) emphasize Strangio and Costar (2006) divide
that “strong premierships are built on Victorian state politics into three major
the rock of parliamentary dominance” stages (pp. 5-9).
(p. 7).
Strangio, P. & Costar, B. (Eds.). (2006). The
According to Strangio and Costar in Strangio and Costar in 2006 divide Victorian premiers 1856-2006. Sydney:
Multiple 2006, he emphasize that “strong Victorian state politics into three major The Federation Press.
editors premierships are built on the rock of stages (pp. 5-9).
parliamentary dominance” (p. 7).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use and in sentence
*use and in sentence

21
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

The “shift from volatility to stability” in The first state Labor government in
Victorian politics occurred in the 1950s Victoria was elected in 1952 (Strangio &
(Strangio & Costar, 2006, p. 8). Costar, 2006, p. 8).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Asmah (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Asmah (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.

As Asmah (2009) argues, “most of the Asmah (2009) suggests three categories
writing at university is likely to involve of reporting verbs (p.117).
presenting a position” (p. 14). Asmah Omar. (2009). Academic culture: A
student’s guide to studying at
As Asmah argues in 2009, “most of the According to Asmah in 2009, she university. Sydney: National Centre for
Malay Author suggests three categories of reporting English Language Teaching and
writing at university is likely to involve
presenting a position” (p. 14). verbs (p.117). Research

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Asmah, 2009, p.117)
(Asmah, 2009, p. 14)

22
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Chu (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Chu (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.

As Chu (2009) argues, “most of the Chu (2009) suggests three categories of
writing at university is likely to involve reporting verbs (p.117).
presenting a position” (p. 14).

As Chu mention in 2009, he argues, According to Chu in 2009, he suggests Chu, C.N. (2009). Academic culture: A student’s
“most of the writing at university is three categories of reporting verbs guide to studying at university. Sydney:
Chinese Author likely to involve presenting a position” (p.117). National Centre for English Language
(p. 14). Teaching and Research

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Chu, 2009, p.117)
(Chu, 2009, p. 14)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Foo (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of the Foo (2009, p.117) suggests three
English with writing at university is likely to involve categories of reporting verbs. Foo, V. H. K. (2009). Academic culture: A
Chinese Author presenting a position”. student’s guide to studying at
name university. Sydney: National Centre for
As Foo (2009) argues, “most of the Foo (2009) suggests three categories of English Language Teaching and
writing at university is likely to involve reporting verbs (p.117). Research.
presenting a position” (p. 14).

23
 As Foo in 2009 argues, “most of the Based on the statement of Foo in
writing at university is likely to involve (2009), he suggests three categories of
presenting a position” (p. 14). reporting verbs (p.117).

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Foo, 2009, p.117)
(Foo, 2009, p. 14)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Narrayani (2009, p. 14) argues, “most Narrayani (2009, p.117) suggests three
of the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.

As Narrayani (2009) argues, “most of the Narrayani (2009) suggests three

writing at university is likely to involve categories of reporting verbs (p.117).
presenting a position” (p. 14).
Indian or Singh
Name As stated by Narrayani in 2009, he According to Narrayani in2009, he
Narrayani Jeganathan. (2009). Academic
argues that, “most of the writing at suggests three categories of reporting
culture: A student’s guide to studying
university is likely to involve presenting verbs (p.117).
at university. Sydney: National Centre
a position” (p. 14).
for English Language Teaching and
Information Prominent Information Prominent Research

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Narrayani, 2009, p.117)
(Narrayani, 2009, p. 14)

24
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gregory (2008, p. 213) refers to For Gregory (2008, p. 210), the portable
“fragmentary evidence” that some house was a symbol of British
portable housing was made in Sydney. imperialism.

Gregory (2008) refers to “fragmentary For Gregory (2008), the portable house Gregory, J. (2008). Journeying across colonial
evidence” that some portable housing was a symbol of British imperialism (p. landscapes: portable housing in
was made in Sydney (p. 213). 210). nineteenth century Australia. In A
Mayne (Ed.). Beyond the Black Stump:
According to Gregory in 2008 refers to According to Gregory in 2008, the histories of outback Australia. Kent
Chapter in an “fragmentary evidence” that some portable house was a symbol of British Town: Wakefield Press. pp.211-237.
edited book portable housing was made in Sydney imperialism (p. 210).
(p. 213). *use ‘in’ (lower case) and for editor use initials
first (reverse usual order) * capitalize any
* pinpoint the quote
names in the title
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Apparently, “thousands of portable Portable houses were harbingers of

houses were imported” (Gregory, 2008, more permanent settlement (Gregory,
p. 211). 2008).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Wullschlager, J. (Ed.). (2004). Hans Christian
Wullschlager (Ed. 2004, p. xv) insists that Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) discovered that, Andersen fairy tales. (T Nunnally,
Edited book
“in his anxiety over the future of Andersen is a modern literary writer (p. Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
translated into
English civilized values Andersen is one of us”. xx).
* for translator use initials first (reverse usual
Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) insists that “in Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) states that, order)
his anxiety over the future of civilized Andersen is a modern literary writer (p.

25
 values Andersen is one of us” (p. xv). xx).

Based on Wullschlager (Ed.) in 2004, he According to Wullschlager (Ed.) in 2004,

insists that “in his anxiety over the Andersen is a modern literary writer (p.
future of civilized values Andersen is one xx).
of us” (p. xv).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Andersen is not considered an author Andersen’s later stories employ more

“but rather the curator of his stories” complex language (Wullschlager ed.,
(Wullschlager ed., 2004, p. xvi). 2004).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

While O’Neill (2011, p. 44) contends that O’Neill (2011, p. 66) addresses the
dominance can lead to “fear or construction of leadership while O’Neill
rebellion”, O’Neill (2010, p. 29) claims (2010, p. 14) argues that humiliation
that it is imperative to understand the plays a role in the production of
“impact of humiliation”. refugees. O’Neill, A. (2011). Manager to leader: Skills and
insights for a successful transition.
O’Neill (2011) contends that dominance O’Neill (2011) addresses the Sydney: CCH Australia.
Different can lead to “fear or rebellion” (p. 44), construction of leadership (p. 66) while
authors, same O’Neill (2010) claims that it is imperative O’Neill (2010) argues that humiliation
surname, to understand the “impact of plays a role in the production of O’Neill, M. (2010). Asylum, migration and
different years humiliation” (p. 29). refugees (p. 14). community. Bristol: The Policy Press.

Based on the discovery of O’Neill in According to O’Neill in 2011, he

2011, he contends that dominance can addresses that the construction of

26
 lead to “fear or rebellion” (p. 44), while leadership (p. 66) another statement by
O’Neill in 2010 claims that it is O’Neill in 2010 argues that humiliation
imperative to understand the “impact of plays a role in the production of
humiliation” (p. 29). refugees (p. 14).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

There is concern that forced corporate Poor leaders deny others’ rights (O’Neill,
“compliance” (O’Neill, 2011, p. 44) and 2011) in the same way that asylum
“the dehumanizing asylum system and seekers are denied rights in many areas
process” (O’Neill, 2010, p. 81) result in (O’Neill, 2010).
escalating problems.

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

For Peter Chapman (2010, p. 112); the Peter Chapman (2010, p. 73) details Chapman, M. (2010). Don’t be fooled again:
Act “split up the two broad functions of stakeholder reactions to the 1933 Glass- Lessons in the good, bad and
banking, basically, the cash box and Steagall Act while Meyrick Chapman unpredictable behavior of global
casino sides” while for Meyrick (2010, p. 44) attends to the intent and finance. London: Prentice Hall.
Different
authors, same Chapman (2010, p. 115) it stopped effects of the act.
surname, same banks “distorting securities issuance Chapman, P. (2010). The last of the imperious
year business”. rich: Lehman brothers, 1844-2008.
London: Portfolio Penguin.
For Peter Chapman (2010), the Act “split Peter Chapman (2010) details
up the two broad functions of banking, stakeholder reactions to the 1933 Glass-
basically, the cash box and casino sides” Steagall Act (p. 73) while Meyrick *order alphabetically by next available item
(p. 112); while for Meyrick Chapman Chapman (2010) attends to the intent (initial)
(2010) it stopped banks “distorting and effects of the act (. 73).

27
 securities issuance business” (p. 115).

For the statement of Peter Chapman in Peter Chapman (2010) details

2010, he stated that the Act “split up the stakeholder reactions to the 1933 Glass-
two broad functions of banking, Steagall Act while Meyrick Chapman
basically, the cash box and casino sides” (2010) attends to the intent and effects
(p. 112); while for Meyrick Chapman of the act.
statement in 2010, he state that, it
stopped banks “distorting securities
issuance business” (p. 115).

* pinpoint the quote * in this situation include first names

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The new Act “made banks declare what Peter Chapman (2010) describes the
they wanted to be” (Peter Chapman, new Act as separating various financial
2010, p. 113) and also “prohibited the functions while Meyrick Chapman
overlap of business by banks, insurance (2010) describes the banks’ anger at the
companies, brokers and fund managers” constraints on their freedom to invest
(Meyrick Chapman, 2010, p. 115). depositors’ money.

* pinpoint the quote

Citing a source Author Prominent Author Prominent

within a source Kirschner (1970 cited in Frost 2008, p. Fahey (1993 cited in Frost 2008, p. 69)
*try to locate 61) reports that rural communities’ saw provides evidence that wages were
Frost, L. (2008). Across the great divide: The
and use the cities as places that were” full of moral lower in regional areas.
economy of the inland corridor. In A

28
cited source snares for the unwary”. Mayne (Ed.), Beyond the Black Stump:
* pinpoint the specific information Histories of outback Australia (pp.
* pinpoint the quote
* include author and year of publication 141-150). Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
*no space between adjacent double and for both sources
single quote marks *in the Reference list include only the book you
actually used (not the source cited in the book
Information Prominent Information Prominent you used).
For Australia “the wool industry The value placed on private property
remained „the cornerstone of Australia’s was the cause of violent clashes with the
economic and social edifice” (Hancock nomadic indigenous people (Reynolds
1930 cited in Frost, 2008, p. 75). 1981 cited in Frost, 2008, p. 63).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*no space between adjacent double and
single quote marks
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Swales and Feak (2004, p. 4) aim to Swales and Feak (2004, p. 4) incorporate
Swales, J. M. & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic
encourage “rhetorical consciousness”. new research in textual analysis.
writing for graduate students: Essential
Swales and Feak (2004) aim to Swales and Feak (2004) incorporate new tasks and skills. Michigan series in
encourage “rhetorical consciousness” (p. research in textual analysis (p.4). English for academic and professional
Book in a series
4). purposes. Ann Arbor: The University of
As stated by Swales and Feak in 2004, Michigan Press.
In 2004, Swales and Feak aim to incorporate new research in textual
encourage “rhetorical consciousness” (p. analysis (p.4). *include the name of the series (Michigan
4). series in English for academic and professional
*use and in sentence
*use and in sentence purposes).

29
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Summaries are a “foundation for other, Writing critiques helps articulate

more complex tasks” (Swales & Feak, scholarly expectations (Swales & Feak,
2004, p. 147). 2004).

*use & in citation *use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Flower, L., Stein, V., Ackerman, J., Kantz, M.J.,
For Flower et al. (1990); Mateos & Solé McCormick, K. & Peck, WC. (1990).
(2009); McGinley (1992) and Spivey Reading to write. New York Oxford:
(1997) academic reading often involves University Press.
synthesizing conflicting arguments.

*this is a single sentence citing multiple Mateos, M & Solé, I. (2009). Synthesizing
sources information from various texts: A study
of procedures and products at different
Citing multiple *use et al. for source with four or more educational levels. European Journal of
sources authors (note stop only after ‘al., not Psychology of Education, 24, pp. 435–
simultaneously after ‘et’) 451.
in a sentence
Information Prominent Information Prominent McGinley, W. (1992). The role of reading and
Synthesizing requires making decisions writing while composing from multiple
about organizing the material from sources. Reading Research Quarterly,
multiple sources (Flower et al. 1990; 27, pp. 227–248 Spivey,
Mateos & Solé 2009; McGinley 1992;
Spivey, 1997).
NN. (1997). Reading, writing and the making of
*this is a single sentence citing multiple meaning: The constructivist metaphor.
sources San Diego: Academic Press.

30
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Dufays and Plane (2009, p. 15) outline Dufays and Plane (2009) analyze the
debates regarding “une question introduction of creative writing in the
récurrente” [the ongoing issue (my French education system.
translation)] of differences between
literature, narrative and fiction.

Dufays and Plane (2009) outline debates

regarding “une question récurrente”
[the ongoing issue (my translation)] of
differences between literature, narrative Dufays, J-L. & Plane, S. (2009). L`criture de
and fiction (p. 15). fiction en classe de français [Writing
Book in a fiction in French class]. Recherches en
According to Dufays and Plane in 2009, didactique du français. Namur: Presses
foreign
they outline debates regarding “une Universitaires de Namur.
language
question récurrente” [the ongoing issue
(my translation)] of differences between
literature, narrative and fiction (p. 15). *translate the title if relevant

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence

*use and in sentence

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Territorial battles, “chacun d'entre eux A discussion of the status of creative

s'estimait le dépositaire d'une partie de writing in the curriculum and in practice
l'héritage légué” [each considered itself unfolds (Dufays & Plane, 2009).
custodian of part of the legacy (my

31
 translation)], ensued (Dufays & Plane,
2009, p. 19).

*use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Regarding dietary custom, The Q’uran The Q’uran (2004) is written largely in
(2004, p. 67) stipulates that “you are the form of didactic speeches.
forbidden to eat carrion”.

* pinpoint the quote *use title in italics

Information Prominent Information Prominent Don’t need to do referencing for sacred or

Sacred book
classical book
Psychological insights, “if evil touches The role and status of women in Islam
him he loses all hope and becomes are outlined in The Q’uran (2004, pp. 50-
despondent” (The Q’uran, 2004, p. 310) 66).
occur throughout.

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science Encyclopedias often indicate the history

no author and technology (1997, p. 594) of a term; for Example, according to
characterizes the Kondo effect as McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and
“unusual”, an Example of an technology (1997, p. 609) lagomorphs technology. (1997). (Vol.9, pp. 56-58).
encyclopedia reporting evaluations from are no longer considered to be rodents. New York: McGrawHill,

32
the discipline.
Encyclopedias often indicate the history
*use title in italics in place of author *include
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science of a term; for Example, according to
and technology (1997) characterizes the McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and volume number and page number.
Kondo effect as “unusual” (p. 594), an technology (1997) lagomorphs are no
Example of an encyclopedia reporting longer considered to be rodents (p.
evaluations from the discipline. 609).

McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science Encyclopedias often indicate the history

and technology has stated in 1997 that of a term; for Example, according to
the Kondo effect as “unusual” (p. 594), McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and
an Example of an encyclopedia reporting technology in 1997 statement that
evaluations from the discipline. lagomorphs are no longer considered to
be rodents (p. 609).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use title as author

Information Prominent Information Prominent

While encyclopedias aim to provide Extended definitions are a feature of

accurate information; for Example “the encyclopedias as in a description of ion
Z0 particle has an extremely short exchange in terms of materials,
lifetime of about 10-25 s” (McGraw-Hill properties and applications (McGraw-
encyclopedia of science and technology, Hill encyclopedia of science and
1997, p. 337), the currency of the technology, 1997, pp. 393-399).
information needs to be checked.

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

33
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Golden (1998, p. 107) refers to a Golden (1998, pp. 107- 108) outlines but
“cognitive” view of catharsis, now in does not detail conflicting views of
need of review. mimesis.

Golden (1998) refers to a “cognitive” Golden (1998) outlines but does not
view of catharsis, now in need of review detail conflicting views of mimesis (pp. Golden, L. (1998). Reception of Aristotle in
(p. 107). 107- 108). modernity. M Kelly (Ed.). In
Encyclopedia of aesthetics (vol. 1, p.
Encyclopedia, In the statement of Golden in 1998, he According to Golden in 1998, he outlines 43). Oxford: Oxford University Press
one or more refers to a “cognitive” view of catharsis, but does not detail conflicting views of
authors, now in need of review (p. 107). mimesis (pp. 107- 108).
include volume number and page number
specific entry
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information *(vol. 1, ABHI-DEPI).
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Recent scholars “adopt, adapt, or Aristotle`s definition of tragedy is

modify Aristotelian theory” as they see addressed in terms of extant
fit (Golden, 1998, p. 108). interpretations only (Golden, 1998, p.
106).
* pinpoint the quote

* pinpoint the specific information

34
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Soanes and Stevenson (2005, p. 481) Soanes and Stevenson (2005) include
define diarchy as “government by two advice on usage in ambiguous cases.
independent authorities”.

Soanes and Stevenson (2005) define

diarchy as “government by two
independent authorities” (p. 481).

According to Soanes and Stevenson in According to Soanes and Stevenson in

2005 define diarchy as “government by 2005, they include advice on usage in Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2005).
Dictionary, one two independent authorities” (p. 481). ambiguous cases. Oxford dictionary of English. (2nd edn.
or more Rev.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
authors * pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence
*use and in sentence *record editors/edition/revised as relevant

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The prefix xeno has its origin in the Presbyterian churches are now often
Greek for “stranger, foreigner” (Soanes called Reformed churches (Soanes &
and Stevenson, 2005, p. 2037). Stevenson, 2005, p. 1391).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation

35
 Periodicals/ Serials Print

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Prentice (2010, p. 40) asserts a need Prentice (2010) analyses the ambivalence
“to examine the complicity between of indigenous peoples in capitalist nation
representation and commodification”. states.

Prentice (2010) asserts a need “to

examine the complicity between
representation and commodification”
(p. 40).

According to Prentice in 2010 asserts a According to Prentice in 2010, he

need “to examine the complicity analyses the ambivalence of indigenous
between representation and peoples in capitalist nation states. Prentice, C. (2010). Terms of ambivalence:
One author commodification” (p. 40). Cultural politics and symbolic
exchange. Australian Literary Studies,
* pinpoint the quote
25(4), 33-54.
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Indigenous cultural signification The political dimensions of cultural

struggles in relation to a “consumerist exchange are enacted in fiction by
hegemony” (Prentice, 2010, p. 42). Aboriginal and Maori writers (Prentice,
2010).

* pinpoint the quote

36
 Author Prominent Author Prominent
Two authors Harkness and Evans (2011, p. 690) Harkness and Evans (2011) analyze the
show that current policies mitigate effects of male job losses on a partner’s
slightly the “rising workless among employment.
couples”.

Harkness and Evans (2011) show that

current policies mitigate slightly the
“rising workless among couples” (p.
690).

Based on the statement of Harkness Based on the statement of Harkness and

and Evans in 2011 show that current Evans in 2011, they analyze the effects of Harkness, S. & Evans, M. (2011). The
policies mitigate slightly the “rising male job losses on a partner’s employment effects of recession on
workless among couples” (p. 690). employment. couples in the UK: Women’s and
household employment prospects and
* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence partner’s job loss. Journal of Social
*use and in sentence Policy, 40(4), 675-69art3.

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The UK suffered polarization between In the UK in 2008, 59% of women with

“work-rich” and “work poor‟ unemployed partners worked (Harkness
households (Harkness & Evans, 2011, p. & Evans, 2011, p. 681).
676).
* pinpoint the specific information
* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation
*use & in citation

37
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Schulhofer, Tyler and Huq (2011, p. Schulhofer, Tyler and Huq (2011) argue
337) claim that polarization rests on for a new procedural justice model of
“conspicuous racial disparities in policing in the United States.
[America’s] prison populations”.

Schulhofer et al. (2011) claim that

polarization rests on “conspicuous
racial disparities in [America’s] prison
populations”(p. 337).
Schulhofer, S.J., Tyler, T.R. & Huq, A.Z. (2011).
American policing at the crossroads:
According to Schulhofer et al. in 2011, According to Schulhofer et al. in 2011,
Unsustainable policies and the
they claim that polarization rests on they argue for a new procedural justice
Three to five procedural justice alternative. The
“conspicuous racial disparities in model of policing in the United States.
authors Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,
[America’s] prison populations” (p.
10(2), 335-374.
337).

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence *Credit all of the authors name
*use and in sentence *use et al. for the next in text citation in
*use et al. for the next in text citation sentence
in sentence
*square brackets indicate word added
or altered for clarity

38
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Conceptual ambiguity and a failure to The role of perceptions of the legitimacy

study empirical data” are features of of police practice in shaping willingness
debates about policing (Schulhofer, to obey the law is analyzed (Schulhofer,
Tyler & Huq, 2011, p. 341). Tyler & Huq, 2011).

* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

James et al. (2007, p.71) discover that James et al. (2007) find that the body can
“8 hours sleep is enough to recover for have enough rest in 8 hours sleep.
Six to seven James, P., Harry, P., Albus, S. P., Severus, A. P.,
the next day”.
authors Johanna, P., John, M. T. & Cornell, J.
(2007). Is your sleep enough for the
James et al. (2007) discover that “8
day? The Journal of the Pshychological
hours sleep is enough to recover for
Mind, 8(7), 1121.
the next day” (p.71).

According to James et al. in 2007, they Based on the findings by James et al. in
*Credit all the authors name
discover that “8 hours sleep is enough 2007, it is found that the body can have
to recover for the next day” (p.71). enough rest in 8 hours sleep.

* pinpoint the quote

*use et al. from the start of in text
citation

39
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“8 hours sleep is enough to recover for Based on the findings, it is found that the
the next day” (James et al.,2007) body can have enough rest in 8 hours
sleep (James et al., 2007).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Ho et al. (2010, p. 466) argue that there Data from Ho et al. (2010) demonstrate
is a “systemic barrier against further networks of individuals holding positions
More than
democratic development”. in multiple powerful organizations.
seven authors
Ho et al. (2010) argue that there is a
“systemic barrier against further
democratic development” (p. 466).

According to Ho et al. in 2010 argue Data from Ho et al. in 2010 demonstrate

that there is a “systemic barrier against networks of individuals holding positions
further democratic development” (p. in multiple powerful organizations. Ho, W., Lee, W., Chan, C., Ng, Y., Wong, C. H.,
466). Khor, Y.,… Choy, Y. 2010. Hong Kong’s
elite structure, legislature and the
* pinpoint the quote *use et al. (note stop only after ‘al., not bleak future of democracy under
*use et al. after ‘et’) Chinese sovereignty. Journal of
Information Prominent Information Prominent Contemporary Asia. 40(3), 466-486.

Democratic reform is prevented by Universal suffrage in Hong Kong was

“substantial linkages exist between the moved to 1012, then to 2017, and then
most powerful organizations” (Ho et to 2020 (Ho et al., 2010, p. 467).
al., 2010, p. 482).

40
 * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information *use
*use et al. et al.
*square brackets indicate word added
or altered for clarity

Author Prominent Author Prominent

It is wittily asserted (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on The anonymous review of Leslie’s essay
the celibacy of the nation’, 2011, p. (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the
187) that “the necessity of watching nation’ 2011) canvasses reasons for the
the price of flour for the signal to low incidence of marriage in Britain in the
marry” will dissipate. mid-1800s.

It is wittily asserted (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on

the celibacy of the nation’, 2011) that TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the nation.
“the necessity of watching the price of (2011). Population and Development
flour for the signal to marry” will Review, 37(1), 185-190.
No author
dissipate (p. 187).

It is wittily asserted ‘TE Cliffe Leslie on The anonymous review of Leslie’s essay *article title in place of author
the celibacy of the nation’ stated in ‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the
2011 that “the necessity of watching nation’ in 2011 canvasses reasons for the
the price of flour for the signal to low incidence of marriage in Britain in the
marry” will dissipate (p. 187). mid-1800s.

* pinpoint the quote

41
 Information Prominent Information Prominent
The number of marriages was directly Almost 40% of women between 20 and
correlated with “the average earnings 40 years of age in Britain in 1851 were
of the great mass of the people” (‘TE unmarried (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the
Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the celibacy of the nation’, 2011, p. 185).
nation’, 2011, p. 186).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports on a While Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports the
recently published study which points highlights of a study of first year students
to a move from “elite, through mass to from low socio-economic backgrounds, it
universal access” in Australian higher is not the role of a newspaper to assess
education. such studies.

Devlin (2011) reports on a recently While Devlin (2011) reports the highlights
published study which points to a move of a study of first year students from low Devlin, M. (2011, November 16). Keys found to
Newspaper
from “elite, through mass to universal socio-economic backgrounds, it is not the success by the less privileged. The
article
access” in Australian higher education role of a newspaper to assess such Australian. p. 32.
(p. 32). studies (p. 32).

According to Devlin in 2011 reports on As Devlin in 2011 reports the highlights of

a recently published study which points a study of first year students from low
to a move from “elite, through mass to socio-economic backgrounds, it is not the
universal access” in Australian higher role of a newspaper to assess such
education (p. 32). studies (p. 32).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

42
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Students nominated “perseverance” as A recent study by Deacon university

a significant factor contributing to attributes four major factors to first year
success in first year university, success (Devlin 2011, p. 32).
according to a news report (Devlin
2011, p. 32).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

A recent editorial (Wage claims must It has been claimed (Wage claims must
be contained 2011, p. 15) asserts be contained 2011, p. 15) that tax relief
higher tax thresholds to be “a strong rather than pay rises is required.
incentive” to return to work.

A recent editorial (Wage claims must It has been claimed (Wage claims must
Newspaper be contained 2011) asserts higher tax be contained 2011) that tax relief rather
article, no thresholds to be “a strong incentive” to than pay rises is required (p. 15). Wage claims must be contained. (2011,
author return to work (p. 15). November 17). The Australian. p. 15.

As stated in a recent editorial Wage It has been claimed that Wage claims
claims must be contained in 2011 must be contained in 2011 that tax relief *use title in place of author
asserts higher tax thresholds to be “a rather than pay rises is required (p. 15).
strong incentive” to return to work (p.
15).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

43
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

The initiative has been labelled in the Social and community workers will gain
media as intervention “under the up to 33% percent pay rise (Wage claims
guise” of promoting gender equality must be contained 2011, p. 15).
(Wage claims must be contained 2011,
p. 15).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Associated Press (2011, p. 11) reports According to a recent report (Associated

that the tape possibly “contains Press 2011, p. 11), the conversation was
embarrassing political statements”. secretly taped.

Associated Press (2011) reports that According to a recent report (Associated

the tape possibly “contains Press 2011), the conversation was
Newspaper embarrassing political statements” (p. secretly taped (p. 11).
11). Associated Press. (2011, November 17). Key
article from a tape could change votes. The
news service Australian. p.11.
Based on the statement of Associated As stated by Associated Press in 2011, the
Press in 2011 reports that the tape conversation was secretly taped (p. 11).
possibly “contains embarrassing
political statements” (p. 11).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

44
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

The recording was called a “covert A secret recording of the conversation

operation” by the National Party may be released to the public (Associated
chairman (Associated Press, 2011, p. Press, 2011, p. 11).
11).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Kolbert (2011, p. 112) describes Appropriately for a nonacademic target

outcomes clearly for a generalist reader audience, Kolbert‟s (2011) feature article
“natural processes … operate far too intersperses anecdote with science.
slowly to make a difference on a
human time scale”.

Kolbert (2011) describes outcomes

Magazine/ clearly for a generalist reader “natural
processes … operate far too slowly to
Journal article make a difference on a human time
Kolbert, E. (2011). The acid sea. National
scale”(p. 112).
Geographic, 219(4), 100-121.
According to the statement of Kolbert Appropriately for a nonacademic target
in 2011 describes outcomes clearly for audience, Kolbert’s in 2011 feature
a generalist reader “natural processes article intersperses anecdote with
… operate far too slowly to make a science.
difference on a human time scale” (p.
112).

45
 * pinpoint the quote
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Language is hedged to avoid alarm “the A range of effects of increasing CO2 in

acidification that has occurred so far is oceans is explained for a non-scientific
probably irreversible” (Kolbert, 2011, p. target audience (Kolbert, 2011).
108).

* pinpoint the quote

*(emphasis added) in citation indicates
you have added italics for emphasis.

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Despite overall prosperity (The 1983 The questionnaire (The 1983 all-America
all-America research team 1983, p. 73), research team 1983, p. 76) was
“some businesses faltered”. distributed to one thousand
organizations.
The 1983 all-America research team. (1983).
Magazine/ Despite overall prosperity (The 1983 Institutional Investor, 17(10), 73-174.
Journal article, all-America research team 1983),
no author “some businesses faltered” ( p. 73).
*use title in place of author
Despite overall prosperity as stated in The questionnaire as stated by The 1983
The 1983 all-America research team on all-America research team in 1983 was
1983, “some businesses faltered” (p. distributed to one thousand
73). organizations (p. 76).

46
 * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

1983 was “one of the most bullish Among the methodological limitations is
periods ever” (The 1983 all-America disparity in market exposure (The 1983
research team, 1983, p. 73). all-America research team, 1983, p. 76).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

State of Victoria (2004, p. 61) identifies State of Victoria (2004, p. 31) listed
“increased recruitment” as a key factor twenty environmental incidents for the
in capacity building. year, of which seven were of level 3
severity.

State of Victoria (2004) identifies State of Victoria (2004) listed twenty

“increased recruitment” as a key factor environmental incidents for the year, of
in capacity building (p. 61). which seven were of level 3 severity (p.
State of Victoria. (2004). Vicroads annual
Annual report, 31).
report 2003-2004. Canada: Corporate
print
Publications.
In the report of State of Victoria in As written in State of Victoria in 2004
2004 identifies “increased recruitment” listed twenty environmental incidents for
as a key factor in capacity building (p. the year, of which seven were of level 3
61). severity (p. 31).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

47
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Assistance to non-English speaking Vicroads undertook nine major

customers included “4056 interpreter development projects in the year 2003-
assisted tests” (State of Victoria, 2004, 2004 (State of Victoria, 2004).
p. 50).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Part Two: Books Electronic

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Wheeler (2007, p. 228) points out, Wheeler (2007) traces the shaping of
“direct evidence for black holes in concepts in astrophysics.
terms of a dark spot yet eludes us”.

As Wheeler (2007) points out, “direct

evidence for black holes in terms of a Wheeler, J. C. (2007). Cosmic catastrophes:
dark spot yet eludes us”(p. 228). Exploding stars, black holes, and
mapping the universe (2nd edn.) [e-
E-book book]. Retrieved from
As stated by Wheeler in 2007, “direct As stated by Wheeler in 2007 traces the
evidence for black holes in terms of a shaping of concepts in astrophysics. http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.li
dark spot yet eludes us”(p. 228). b.edu.au/Open.aspx?id=
75048&loc=&srch=undefined&src =0
* pinpoint the quote

48
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“We are gripped in a tri spatial Stellar death involves simultaneous

centrism we rarely stop to recognize”, contraction of the core and expansion of
limiting our ability to envisage multiple the surrounding material (Wheeler,
dimensions (Wheeler, 2007, p. 299). 2007).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent Morgan, D. (2011). Rethinking family practices,

Palgrave Macmillan studies in family
For Morgan (2011, p. 132), ethics deals Morgan (2011) investigates the and intimate life [e-book]. Retrieved
with “everyday concerns”. terminology surrounding family practices. from
For Morgan (2011), ethics deals with http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.lib.
“everyday concerns” (p. 132). edu.au

According to Morgan in 2011, ethics According to Morgan in 2011 the

deals with “everyday concerns” (p. terminology surrounding family practices. *include name of series
E-book, book in 132).
a series
* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Family is “continually being constructed Issues of time and space are particularly
and reconstructed through the relevant in blended families (Morgan,
performance of these practices” 2011, p. 75).
(Morgan, 2011, p. 162).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

49
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Strunk (2011, p.12) acknowledges in As Strunk (2011) indicates in the

the introductory section that introduction, this now canonical text was
sophisticated writers “sometimes initially published for students.
disregard the rules of rhetoric”.

Strunk (2011) acknowledges in the

introductory section that sophisticated
writers “sometimes disregard the rules
of rhetoric”( p.12).

As stated by Strunk in 2011 As stated by Strunk in 2011, he indicates Strunk, W. (2011). The elements of style
acknowledges in the introductory in the introduction, this now canonical [e-book]. Retrieved from
E-book text was initially published for students. http://reader.emerald.com
section that sophisticated writers
accessed via an
“sometimes disregard the rules of
e-book reader
rhetoric”. *where relevant, include version of the reader,
* pinpoint the quote (e.g. Kindle 3G),no URL required

Information Prominent Information Prominent

As outlined in the introduction, Study In contrast to conventions followed in

of “the masters of literature” will Australia, American punctuation requires
enhance writing skills (Strunk, 2011). a comma after all terms in a list of three
or more items (Strunk, 2011, n.p.).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

50
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

McLaughlin (2011, p. 58) claims that McLaughlin (2011) reports the discovery
“the XMM observations of J1819-1458 of rotating radio transients.
have confirmed the neutron star nature
of J1819- 1458”.

McLaughlin (2011) claims that “the

XMM observations of J1819-1458 have
confirmed the neutron star nature of McLaughlin, M. (2011). Rotating radio
J1819- 1458” (p. 58). transients. in W. Becker (Ed.), Neutron stars
and pulsars [ebook] (pp. 41-66). Heidelberg:
According to McLaughlin in 2011, he According to McLaughlin in 2011 reports
SpringerLink. Retrieved from
claims that “the XMM observations of the discovery of rotating radio transients.
http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.lib.edu.a
J1819-1458 have confirmed the u/content/v4u65t/#section=50478&page=3&lo
Chapter in an
neutron star nature of J1819- 1458” (p. c us=58
edited e-book
58)

* pinpoint the quote

* for editor use ‘in’ + initials first (reverse usual
Information Prominent Information Prominent order) *include name and city of electronic
publisher
New discoveries “hint at the rich Results for specific objects are analyzed
variety of transient sources that remain in detail (McLaughlin, 2011).
to be discovered” (McLaughlin, 2011, p.
65).

* pinpoint the quote

51
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Geoffrey Blainey (2012) describes Geoffrey Blainey (2012) gives minimal

Blainey’s, style as “lucid and biographical and professional
imaginative”, but gives no Examples. information.

As stated by Geoffrey Blainey in 2012 As stated by Geoffrey Blainey in 2012, he

describes Blainey’s, style as “lucid and gives minimal biographical and
Encyclopedia, imaginative”, but gives no Examples. professional information.
no author,
* pinpoint the quote Geoffrey Blainey. (2012). In Encyclopædia
specific entry
Britannica online. Retrieved from
Information Prominent Information Prominent http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked
/topic/68731/GeoffreyBlainey
Blainey’s “authoritative texts” have Blainey’s work is significant in Australian
generated controversy, but there is no economic and social history, but is not
supporting evidence in the entry itself detailed (Geoffrey Blainey, 2012). *use title, as for book with no author
(Geoffrey Blainey, 2012).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

“Argument” (2011, p. 2 of 4) highlights Argument (2011) clearly traces the

the logical dimension: “A connected etymology of the term.
Dictionary no series of statements or reasons
author, specific intended to establish a position (and,
entry hence, to refute the opposite); a Argument. (2011). Oxford English dictionary
process of reasoning; argumentation”. online. Retrieved from
http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.edu.a
“Argument” (2011) highlights the u/view/Entry/10663
logical dimension: “A connected series

52
 of statements or reasons intended to
establish a position (and, hence, to
refute the opposite); a process of
reasoning; argumentation” (p. 2 of 4).

As written by “Argument” in 2011 As written by Argument in 2011 clearly

highlights the logical dimension: “A traces the etymology of the term.
connected series of statements or
reasons intended to establish a position
(and, hence, to refute the opposite); a
process of reasoning; argumentation”
(p. 2 of 4).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The mathematical term “argument Various usages and nuances of the term
refers to an independent variable of a argument are demonstrated through
function” (Argument 2011, Draft historical Examples (Argument’, 2011).
additions, 1997, p. 4).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Dictionary, one Matsumoto (2009, p. 417) defines Matsumoto (2009) attempts to account
or more quantitative psychology as “approaches for recent changes meanings of terms in
authors that use mathematics in order to psychology.
describe the workings of the mind and
control of behavior.‟

53
Matsumoto (2009) defines quantitative Matsumoto, D. (2009). The Cambridge
psychology as “approaches that use dictionary of psychology [e-book].
mathematics in order to describe the Cambridge: Cambridge University
workings of the mind and control of Press. Retrieved from
behavior’’ (p. 417). http://www.monash.eblib.com.au.ezpr
oxy.lib.
As written by Matsumoto in 2009 As written by Matsumoto in 2009 edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=461
defines quantitative psychology as attempts to account for recent changes 152
“approaches that use mathematics in meanings of terms in psychology.
order to describe the workings of the
mind and control of behavior” (p. 417).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Psychology spans “the microlevel Major theories in psychology are briefly

neural processes… to macrolevel social described (Matsumoto, 2009).
and cultural processes‟ (Matsumoto,
2009, p. xv).

* pinpoint the quote

*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted

54
 Periodical or serial electronic

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Downing (2010, p. 103) points out, Downing (2010) recorded data from
“acquisition of the external device(s) online forums.
needed to pirate is itself a process that
requires one to possess a certain
knowledge base”.

As Downing (2010) points out,

“acquisition of the external device(s)
needed to pirate is itself a process that
requires one to possess a certain
Downing, S. (2010). Social control in a
knowledge base” (p. 103).
subculture of piracy. Journal Of
One author Criminal Justice And Popular Culture,
As written by Downing in 2010points As written by Downing in 2010 it is
17(1), 77- 123. Retrieved from
out, “acquisition of the external recorded data from online forums.
http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/jcj
device(s) needed to pirate is itself a
pc_vol17.html
process that requires one to possess a
certain knowledge base” (p. 103).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Many pirates “present legitimate Internet piracy, rather than being chaotic,
arguments for downloading software” operates within informal constraints
(Downing, 2010, p. 116). (Downing, 2010).

* pinpoint the quote

55
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Head and Redmond’s (2011, p. 7) Head and Redmond (2011) argue that
argument “implicitly takes … the clean prevention significantly improves
slate approach to child development”. outcomes.

Head and Redmond’s (2011) argument

“implicitly takes … the clean slate
approach to child development” (p. 7).

As stated by Head and Redmond’s in As stated by Head and Redmond in 201,

2011 argument “implicitly takes … the they argue that prevention significantly
Head, B. and Redmond, G. (2011). Making
clean slate approach to child improves outcomes.
prevention work in human services for
development” (p. 7). *use and in sentence
children and youth. Australian Review
Two authors of Public Affairs, 10(1), 5-22. Retrieved
* pinpoint the quote
from
*use double quotation marks for a
http://www.australianreview.net/journ
quote within a quote
al/v10/n1/head_redmond.pdf
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted
Information Prominent Information Prominent

It is argued that “the value judgments A history of prevention approaches

and choices… need to be better reveals a wide range of underlying
articulated and understood” (Head & assumptions (Head & Redmond, 2011).
Redmond, 2011, p. 18).
*use & in citation
* pinpoint the quote
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted

56
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

A study by Townsend, McDonald and Townsend, McDonald and Esders (2008)

Esders (2008, p. 22) showed that the found that mainstream media cartoons
cartoons “were moderate in tone”. were cynical but not destructive. *use
and in sentence.
A study by Townsend et al. (2008)
showed that the cartoons “were
moderate in tone” (p. 22).

According to Townsend et al. in 2008, According to Townsend et al. in 2008, it is Townsend, K., McDonald, P., and Esders, L.
showed that the cartoons “were found that mainstream media cartoons (2008). How political, satirical cartoons
Three authors moderate in tone” (p. 22). were cynical but not destructive. illustrated Australia’s work choices
to five authors debate. Australian Review of Public
*use and in sentence Affairs, 9(1), 1- 26, Retrieved
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s *use and in sentence http://www.australianreview.net/jo
omitted urnal/v9/n1/townsend.pdf
Information Prominent Information Prominent

As expected, “published cartoons were Cartoons concerning Work Choices were

only part of the wider political classified thematically (Townsend,
discourse at a tumultuous time” McDonald & Esders, 2008).
(Townsend, McDonald & Esders, 2008,
p. 22).

*pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation
Six to seven Author Prominent Author Prominent
authors
As in the paper written by Gilbert, D. G. Gilbert, D. G. et al. (2010, p.15) the
et al. (2010, p.15) “the continuation of inflation effects on the rising of the

57
 inflation; process were rising even process and falling of the quantities.
though quantities were falling”.
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinoch, N. E,
As in the paper written by Gilbert, D. G. Gilbert, D. G. et al. (2010) the inflation Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., &
et al. (2010) “the continuation of effects on the rising of the process and Botros, N. (2010). Macroeconomics:
inflation; process were rising even falling of the quantities (p.15). Concepts, theories, and policies. The
though quantities were falling” (p.15). Economic Journal, 9(1), 10-22.
Retrieved from http://economic
As in the paper written by Gilbert, D. G. According to Gilbert, D. G. et al. in 2010 journal.com
et al. in 2010 “the continuation of the inflation effects on the rising of the
inflation; process were rising even process and falling of the quantities
though quantities were falling” (p.15). (p.15).

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“The continuation of inflation; process The inflation effects on the rising of the
were rising even though quantities process and falling of the quantities
were falling” (Gilbert, D. G. et al., 2010, (Gilbert, D. G. et al., 2010, p.15).
p.15).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Carson et al. (2002, p. 11) observed Carson et al. (2002) analyze a
that “participants want to suggest consultation process involving citizens.
solutions”. Carson, L., White, S., Guimard, P., Florin, A.,
More than Hendriks, C., Light, M. A.,…Palmer, J.
seven authors Carson et al. (2002) observed that (2002). Community consultation in
“participants want to suggest environmental policy making. The
solutions” (p. 11). drawing board: An Australian review of
public affairs, 3(1), 1- 13. Retrieved
from

58
 As stated by Carson et al. in 2002 As stated by Carson et al. in 2002 analyze http://www.australianreview.net/jo
observed that “participants want to a consultation process involving citizens. urnal/v3/n1/carson.
suggest solutions” (p. 11).

*pinpoint the quote *use et al. for source with four or more
*use et al. authors (note stop only after ‘al., not
after ‘et’)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Consultation need not be an add-on, a Community consultation was not

requirement to show the public common at that time (Carson et al., 2002,
agrees”, but can shape the outcome p. 2).
(Carson et al., 2002, p. 12).

*use et al. *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent
Freezing fish at sea (1958, p. 817) Freezing fish at sea (1958) reports on a
describes the experiment as “extensive study into quick freezing technology.
and impressive”.
Freezing fish at sea. (1958). Nature, 181(4612),
817. Retrieved from
Freezing fish at sea (1958) describes
http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.lib.ed
the experiment as “extensive and
No author u.au/nature/journal/v1
impressive” (p. 817).
81/n4612/pdf/181817b0.pdf

As written in the Freezing fish at sea in As written in the Freezing fish at sea in
*use title in place of author
1958, it is described the experiment as 1958, it is reports on a study into quick
“extensive and impressive” (p. 817). freezing technology.

*pinpoint the quote

59
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Quick freezing technology was trialed The experimental quick freezing process
to improve quality in situations in was successful in all conditions. (Freezing
which “the earlier part of the catch fish at sea, 1958, p. 817).
may be some twelve days old when it is
landed” (Freezing fish at sea, 1958, p.
817).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Kim and Johnson (2012, p. 105) Kim and Johnson (2012) examined
conclude that the blogs exist “to find motivations for participation in political
out what other people think about blogs.
important issues or events and to keep
up with the main issues of the day”.

Kim and Johnson (2012) conclude that Kim, D. & Johnson, T. (2012). Political blog
Article from a the blogs exist “to find out what other readers: Predictors of motivations for
database people think about important issues or accessing political blogs. Telematics
events and to keep up with the main and Informatics, 29(1), 99- 109.
issues of the day” (p. 105). Retrieved from Sage Journals online.

According to Kim and Johnson in 2012, As stated by Kim and Johnson in 2012,
it is concluded that the blogs exist “to they examined motivations for
find out what other people think about participation in political blogs.
important issues or events and to keep
up with the main issues of the day” (p.
105).

60
 *use and in sentence
* pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence
Information Prominent Information Prominent

There appears to be “a weak relation Blogs serve as an interactive forum for

between demographics and interpersonal discussion (Kim & Johnson,
motivations for using blogs, consistent 2012, p. 106).
with past studies” (Kim & Johnson,
2012, p. 106).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval
Novick (2012, p. 379) refers to a Novick (2012) uses a recently devised sequences and separating convex sets
previous proof “known as allowable method to address the separation of in the plane. Discrete Computational
sequences of permutation (emphasis in convex sets in the plane. Geometry, 47(2) 378- 392. doi:
original). 10.1007/s00454-011- 9365-5

Article with Novick (2012) refers to a previous proof

d.o.i “known as allowable sequences of *copy the full digital object identifier
permutation (emphasis in original)” (p. (doi:xxxxxx) from the article
379).
*no URL required, no viewed date required, no
As stated by Novick in 2012, refers to a As stated by Novick in 2012, he uses a database name required
previous proof “known as allowable recently devised method to address the
sequences of permutation (emphasis in separation of convex sets in the plane
original)” (p. 379).

61
 * pinpoint the quote”
* (emphasis in original) indicates no
change to original
Information Prominent Information Prominent

The “upper bound from Proposition 6.1 A series of proofs from 1979 onward is
increases by no more than n − 3j + 1”, invoked as partial support for the main
according to Novick (2012, p. 392). argument (Novick, 2012).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

ASoguel (2010 cited in Shirazi 2012, p. Esfandiari (1997 cited in Shirazi 2012, pp.
49) stated that “every print magazine 47-48) reports that Iranian women’s
Shirazi, F. (2012). Information and
for women we had was closed, so we movements have a long history.
communication technology and
created a new world for ourselves in
women empowerment in Iran.
cyberspace”
Telematics and Informatics, 29(1), 45-
*pinpoint the citation in your source 55. Retrieved from
*include year of publication for both http://www.australianreview.net/jo
Citing a source
sources urnal/v3/n1/carson.pdf
within a source
Information Prominent Information Prominent
*in the Reference list include only the article
“Every print magazine for women we Where freedom of expression is
you actually used, (not the source cited in the
had was closed, so we created a new constrained, subversive modes of dissent
article you used).
world for ourselves in cyberspace” arise (Haider, 2009 cited in Shirazi, 2012,
(Soguel, 2010 cited in Shirazi, 2012, p. p. 46).
49).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the citation in your source

62
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Newspaper Devlin (2011, p. 32) points to a move Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports on a recent Devlin, M. (2011, November 16). Keys found to
article from a from “elite, through mass to universal study of first year students from low success by the less privileged. The
database access” in Australian higher education. socioeconomic backgrounds. Australian. Retrieved from Business
Insight Global
Devlin (2011) points to a move from Devlin (2011) reports on a recent study of
“elite, through mass to universal first year students from low
*include database name in brackets, no URL
access” (p. 32) in Australian higher socioeconomic backgrounds (p. 32).
required
education.
*include day of publication and page number
According to Devlin in 2011 points to a According to Devlin in 2011 reports on a
move from “elite, through mass to recent study of first year students from
universal access” (p. 32) in Australian low socioeconomic backgrounds (p. 32).
higher education.

*pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Students nominated “perseverance” as A recent study by Deakin university

a significant factor contributing to attributes four major factors to first year
success in first year university (Devlin, success (Devlin, 2011, p. 32).
2011, p. 32).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Flitton (2012) claims that “Australia is Flitton (2012) reports a substantial cut in
about to confront the biting reality of funding for the US military.

63
 US military decline”. Flitton, D. (2012, February 5). Economic woes
hit US defence ambitions. The
As written by Flitton in 2012, he claims As written by Flitton in 2012, he reports a Canberra Times. Retrieved from
that “Australia is about to confront the substantial cut in funding for the US http://www.canberratimes.com.au
biting reality of US military decline”. military. /news/world/world/general/econo
mic-woes-hit-us-
* pinpoint the quote defenceambitions/2409318.aspx
Newspaper
article
Information Prominent Information Prominent
*include both day of publication and viewed
Australian foreign policy must respond New forms of warfare have influenced US
to the “US's formal strategy to fight government funding of its defense forces
two large adversaries at once” (Flitton, (Flitton, 2012).
2012, para. 3).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

“Stabbed man found lying in street” Recent articles such as stabbed man Stabbed man found lying in street. (2012,
(2012) reports “that the victim refused found lying in street (2012) demonstrate January 5). The Townsville Bulletin.
to hand over his property”. a continuing focus on sensationalist Retrieved from
Newspaper reporting. http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.
Article, no au/article/2012/01/05/295451_ne
author As written by “Stabbed man found lying As stated in the recent articles such as ws.html
in street” in 2012, it is reported “that stabbed man found lying in street in
the victim refused to hand over his 2012, it is demonstrate a continuing
property”. focus on sensationalist reporting. *use title in place of author

* pinpoint the quote

64
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Use of statements from hospital staff is Robbery and mugging feature in local
common for Example a man is reported newspapers, as in a recent news story
as in “a critical condition” (Stabbed (Stabbed man found lying in street,
man found lying in street, 2012) after 2012).
being mugged.

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Stellman (2011, p. 2), as is typical for a Stellman (2011) is an Example of

general audience, asserts, but does not informing the general public of recent
provide evidence that local populations programs.
“have been burning country since time
immemorial as it was critical to their
existence”.
Stellman, J. (2011, September). Fighting fire
Article in an Stellman (2011), as is typical for a with fire: Recent burning programs in
online general audience, asserts, but does not the APY lands. Caring for Country.
newsletter provide evidence that local populations Retrieved from
“have been burning country since time http://www.awnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/
immemorial as it was critical to their 3/AW%20News%20Edition3.pdf
existence” (p. 2).

According to the article written by According to the article written by

Stellman in 2011, as is typical for a Stellman in 2011, it is an Example of
general audience, asserts, but does not informing the general public of recent
provide evidence that local populations programs.
“have been burning country since time

65
 immemorial as it was critical to their
existence”(p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Explanations are basic; for Example, Explaining procedures to a general

“the proliferation of Buffel Grass in the audience is one common purpose of
arid zone is altering the fire regime” newsletters (Stellman, 2011).
(Stellman, 2011, p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Part Three: Website

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Fein (2011) claims, without supporting Fein (2011) is an Example of an opinion Fein, B. (2011). The American view: God,
statistics, that “the vast majority of piece providing no supporting evidence. family, republic. Retrieved from
victims of illegal or unconstitutional http://archive.theamericanview.co
surveillance under FISA are never m/index.php?id=1770
One author informed of the spying”.

According to Fein in 2011 he claims, According to Fein in 2011, it is an *this is an Example of a nonacademic website
without supporting statistics, that “the Example of an opinion piece providing no which may be analyzed for research purposes.
vast majority of victims of illegal or supporting evidence. Do not rely on the information in the website-
unconstitutional surveillance under find an academic source instead
FISA are never informed of the spying”.

66
 *pinpoint the quote
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Websites promoting particular beliefs In an American website with explicit

and values are common; for Example religious aims, the Patriot Act is depicted
the belief that “Liberty for its own sake as unconstitutional (Fein, 2011).
is the definition of America” (Fein,
2011).

*pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

The Royal Society for the Prevention of The Royal Society for the Prevention of
Organization as Cruelty to Animals Victoria (RSPCA, Cruelty to Animals, Victoria (RSPCA, The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
author 2011) claims, again with no evidence, 2011) argues against jumps racing, as to Animals (RSPCA) Victoria. (2011).
that jumps racing is “a small and appropriate to its mission. Jumps racing. Retrieved from
unprofitable part of the racing http://www.rspcavic.org/issuestake-
industry”. action/jumps-racing/
Websites for a
non-academic
According to RSPCA in 2011, they As reported by RSPCA in 2011, they * include initials in round brackets only if the
target audience
claims, again with no evidence, that argues against jumps racing, as source is cited more than once in-text *this is
are NOT
jumps racing is “a small and appropriate to its mission. an Example of a nonacademic website. Do not
acceptable
unprofitable part of the racing rely on the information in the website (it may
academic
industry”. be too basic or unreliable) - find an academic
sources unless
source instead
as objects of
* pinpoint the quote *if you have only one in text citation to a
research
*At the subsequent citations then can source in your work, you must use the
use abbreviation of the organization full author name (no initials or
name abbreviations)

67
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

The basis on which claims rest is not It is asserted without evidence that the
given; for Example, “in a jumps race campaign against jumps racing in Victoria
there is a one in 14 chance of injury attracted strong support (The Royal
and a one in 116 chance of death for Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
the racehorse” (RSPCA Victoria, 2011, Animals [RSPCA] Victoria, 2011).
para. 9).

* pinpoint the quote *first of two or more citations include full

*initials for second and subsequent name and initials in square brackets
citations ONLY
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Report from an Reese (2013) concludes that “Syria and Reese (2013) examines how the Syrian
institution Iraq have become the battlefronts for a and Iraqi conflicts have spilled into
website regional conflict that is marked by neighboring countries. Reese, A. (2013). Sectarian and regional conflict
increase in sectarian rhetoric and in the Middle East. Middle East Security
violence” with no obvious stabilizing Report 13, Institute for the study of
influence (p. 19-20). war. Retrieved from
http://www.understandingwar.org/
According to Reese in 2013, it is According to Reese in 2013 examines
sites/default/files/SectarianandRe
concluded that Syria and Iraq have how the Syrian and Iraqi conflicts have
gionalConflictintheMiddleEast_3J
become the battlefronts for a regional spilled into neighboring countries.
UL.pdf.
conflict that is marked by increase in
sectarian rhetoric and violence” with
no obvious stabilizing influence (p. 19-
20).

*pinpoint the quote

68
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

According to the report, the U.S. “must The report examines the escalation of
pursue a regional strategy, not just a conflict in Syria during 2012 and early
Syria-centric or Irancentric strategy” 2013 (Reese, 2013).
(Reese, 2013, p. 20).

*pinpoint the quote

Part Four: Social Media

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Patterson (2011, p.12) reports that Patterson (2011, p. 8) argues that the
PLoS ONE “will publish as much as 1.5% peer review process does not evaluate
of all articles indexed in PubMed in the significance of a work.
2011”. Patterson, M. (2011, January 5). Open access
mega journals find out more in Estonia
Patterson (2011) reports that PLoS ONE [Web log post]. Retrieved form
“will publish as much as 1.5% of all http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/0
Blog post articles indexed in PubMed in 2011” 6/open-access-megajournals-
(p.12). %e2%80%93-find-out-more-inestonia/

Based on the statement of Patterson in

2011 reports that PLoS ONE “will
publish as much as 1.5% of all articles
* include both the date the blog entry was
indexed in PubMed in 2011” (p.12).
posted and the date viewed

*pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

69
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Open-access journals are challenging Publication rates in open-access journals

the “primacy of the [traditional] journal have increased over the last four years
as the mechanism for the organization (Patterson, 2011, p.12).
of published research” (Patterson,
2011, p.20 ).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

avoid author prominent as wiki articles * avoid author prominent as wiki articles
cannot be reliably attributed to any one cannot be reliably attributed to any one
(or more) persons (or more) persons

Information Prominent Information Prominent Cretaceous. (2011). Retrieved November 12,

2011 from Wikipedia:
Language style is basic for Example, the Information is framed for a general http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretac
use of parallel construction in the audience (Cretaceous, 2011). eous
Wiki entry
repeated modal verb “modern
crocodilians can live as scavengers and
can survive for months without food” * use the date of the last revision to the wiki
(Cretaceous, 2011). article as the publication year

*pinpoint the quote * cite the title of the wiki and the date of
* cite the title and the date of last last revision
revision
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gillard (2011) further broadcast the Gillard`s (2011) strategy included using
message online that proposed wage Facebook to announce the plan to deliver

70
 increases would benefit “150,000 of a pay rise to employees in the social
Australia’s lowest paid workers”. services sector.
Update on
Gillard, J. (2011). Strategy.
social network As stated by Gillard in 2011 further As stated by Gillard`s in 2011 strategy http://www.strategy in Australia. In
broadcast the message online that included using Facebook to announce the Facebook [Facebook update].
proposed wage increases would benefit plan to deliver a pay rise to employees in Retrieved from
* social media “150,000 of Australia’s lowest paid the social services sector. https://www.facebook.com/juliagill
are NOT workers”. ard/posts/263639040354656
acceptable
academic *pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information
sources unless Information Prominent Information Prominent
as objects of
research The government used online forums to The government used online forums to
declare that it was “prepared to declare that it was “prepared to provide
provide over $2 billion” (Gillard, 2011). over $2 billion” (Gillard, 2011, para. 1).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gsmokeyjoe (2007) During his musings Gsmokeyjoe`s (2007) the purpose of

Stephen Fry provocatively declared entertainment, Stephen Fry has argued Gsmokeyjoe. (2007, November 4). Stephen Fry
“the people I know that swear the most for the value of swearing. on the joys of swearing [Video file].
tend to have the widest vocabularies” Retrieved from
YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
* YouTube or =s_osQvkeNRM&feature=youtu.be
similar are NOT According to Gsmokeyjoe in 2007 In 2007 a statement has been released by
acceptable During his musings Stephen Fry Gsmokeyjoe`s, he stated that the
academic provocatively declared “the people I purpose of entertainment, Stephen Fry
sources unless know that swear the most tend to have has argued for the value of swearing.

71
 as objects of the widest vocabularies”
research
Information Prominent Information Prominent

During his musings Stephen Fry For the purpose of entertainment,

provocatively declared “the people I Stephen Fry has argued for the value of
know that swear the most tend to have swearing (Gsmokeyjoe, 2007).
the widest vocabularies” (Gsmokeyjoe,
2007)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Adams (2011) notes that, in this case, Adams (2011) noted the usefulness of Adams, D. (2011, January 20). Re: PCA with
“the issues related to Rao's curse of Principal Coordinates Analysis in this very large number of landmarks?
dimensionality are less applicable”. situation. [Online forum comment]. Retrieved
from
According to Adams in 2011, he notes In 2011 a statement by Adams noted that http://www.mailarchive.com/morphm
that, in this case, “the issues related to the usefulness of Principal Coordinates et%40morp
Bulletin boards, Rao's curse of dimensionality are less Analysis in this situation. hometrics.org/msg02412.html.
Forums, applicable”.
Usenet, Email Adams, D. (2011, January 20). Re: PCA with
lists * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information
very large number of landmarks?
[electronic mailing list message].
Information Prominent Information Prominent
Retrieved from
Principal Coordinates Analysis produces Computation time is a major issue with http://www.mailarchive.com/morphm
the “matrix of pairwise distances very large covariance matrices (Adams, et%40morp
between objects” (Adams, 2011). 2011, para. 3). hometrics.org/msg02412.html.

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

72
 Part five: Theses/ dissertations

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Howie (2008, p. 68) suggests “fiction Howie (2008) argues that major cities are
and reality are not easily crucial targets for displays of terrorism.
distinguishable when they are both
images”.

Howie (2008) suggests “fiction and

reality are not easily distinguishable
when they are both images” (p. 68).
Howie, L. (2008). Terror: Witnesses and the
As stated by Howie in 2008, he In 2008, a statement by Howie argues
reanimation of 9/11 as image event,
suggests “fiction and reality are not that major cities are crucial targets for
commodity (doctoral thesis).
easily distinguishable when they are displays of terrorism.
Thesis, print Melbourne: Monash University Press.
both images” (p. 68).

* pinpoint the quote *insert master’s thesis, honors’ thesis,

Information Prominent Information Prominent doctoral thesis as necessary

Televisual images are “substitutes or The commodification of terrorism is

simulations, for being first-hand analyzed (Howie, 2008).
witnesses of terrorism” (Howie, 2008,
p. 155).

* pinpoint the quote

73
 Author Prominent Author Prominent
Clark (2011, p. 183) amusingly The thesis (Clark 2011) extends research
characterizes this polymer as a into interlocked architectures.
molecular “charm bracelet”.

Clark (2011) amusingly characterizes

this polymer as a molecular “charm
bracelet” (p. 183).
Clark, P. (2011). Synthesis of interlocked
According to Clark in 2011amusingly In 2011, the thesis Clark extends research molecules by olefin metathesis
characterizes this polymer as a into interlocked architectures. (doctoral thesis, California Institute of
molecular “charm bracelet” (p. 183). Technology). Retrieved from
Thesis, online
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/59
* pinpoint the quote 81/1/Paul_Clark_PhD_Thesis__8- 10-
Information Prominent Information Prominent 2010.pdf

Interlocked molecules have are defined A number of methods were tested and
as “discrete molecules that contain no rejected (Clark, 2011).
covalent bonds between them, but that
cannot be separated without cleavage
of at least one covalent bond (Clark,
2011, p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent Kato, S. (2011). The popular music canon and
Thesis from a Clark (2011, p. 183) amusingly Kato (2011) interrogates the dominant the neglect of mainstream rock (master
database characterizes this polymer as a values which have excluded mainstream thesis). Retrieved from Proquest
molecular “charm bracelet” rock from the literature. Dissertations and Theses. (UMI
. 3259752)

74
 Clark (2011) amusingly characterizes
this polymer as a molecular “charm
bracelet” (p. 183).

As stated by Clark in 2011, he As stated by Kato in 2011, interrogates

amusingly characterizes this polymer as the dominant values which have
a molecular “charm bracelet” (p. 183). excluded mainstream rock from the
literature.
* pinpoint the quote
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Interlocked molecules have are defined The introduction of mainstream rock to

as “discrete molecules that contain no music research literature is justified
covalent bonds between them” (Clark, (Kato, 2011).
2011, p. 2).

Part Six: Data, Figures and Images

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Tenopir et al. (2005, Table Tenopir et al. (2005, Table 4) Scientists

4)“Astronomers tend to have fewer more prefer to subscribed journals rather
personal journal subscriptions than than Astronomers Tenopir, C., King, D.W., Boyce, P., Grayson, M.,
other scientists” & Paulson, K. (2005). Relying on
Figure, print Information Prominent Information Prominent electronic journals: Reading patterns of
astronomers [Figure]. Journal of the
“Astronomers tend to have fewer According to figure, scientists more American Society for Information
personal journal subscriptions than prefer to subscribed journals rather than Science and Technology, 56(8), 786-
other scientists” (Tenopir et al., 2005, astronomers (Tenopir et al., 2005, Table 802.
Table 4). 4)

75
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Rittmeyer et al. (2012, Figure 2) Rittmeyer et al. (2012, Figure 2) describe

“species of Paedophryne from the a new species of Paedophryne from the
Rittmeyer, E., Allison, A., Gründler, M.,
south-east of Papua New Guinea” south-east of Papua New Guinea.
Thompson, D., & Austin, C. (2012).
Ecological guild evolution and the
*use et al. for source with four or more
discovery of the world's smallest
Figure, online authors
vertebrate [Figure]. PLoS ONE, 7(1),
Information Prominent Information Prominent
797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002979
“species of Paedophryne from the The first finger and toe of Paedophryne
south-east of Papua New Guinea” are reduced to vestigial nubs (Rittmeyer
(Rittmeyer et al., 2012, Figure 2) et al., 2012, Figure 1). *Mention Figure in square bracket

*use et al.

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Tenopir et al. (2005, Table Tenopir et al. (2005, Table 7) found that
7)“Astronomers tend to have fewer astronomers primarily read articles
Tenopir, C., King, D.W., Boyce, P., Grayson, M.,
personal journal subscriptions than published in the last year.
& Paulson, K. (2005). Relying on
other scientists”
electronic journals: Reading patterns of
Table, print astronomers [Table]. Journal of the
*use et al. for source with four or more
American Society for Information
authors (note stop [.] only after ‘al., not
Science and Technology, 56(8), 786-
after ‘et’)
802.
Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Astronomers tend to have fewer Astronomers tend to have fewer personal

personal journal subscriptions than journal subscriptions than other scientists

76
 other scientists” (Tenopir et al., 2005, (Tenopir et al., 2005, Table 4).
Table 4).
*use et al.
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Brazzeal (2011, Table 1) “citation in Brazzeal (2011, Table 1) found that most
chemistry journals” citations to Wikipedia in Chemistry
Table, online Brazzeal, B. (2011). Citations to Wikipedia in
journals were for general scientific
information. chemistry journals: A preliminary study
[Table]. Issues in Science and
Information Prominent Information Prominent Technology Librarianship, Fall 2011.
Retrieved from http://www.istl.org/11-
“Citation in chemistry journals” Relatively few citations to Wikipedia are fall/refereed2.html
(Brazzeal, 2011, Table 1). for specific mathematical formulas or
chemical properties (Brazzeal, 2011,
Table 1).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Department of transport and communications.
Data from the Department of Transport Data from the Department of Transport (1984). Sound and television
and Communications (1985) and Communications (1985) indicates broadcasting stations: field strength
“Restricted broadcast signal around that broadcast signal strength was contour maps [Demographic Map].
Broken Hill” restricted around Broken Hill. 1:2,500,000. Broken Hill: Department
Map, print Information Prominent Information Prominent of Transport and
Communications.31°56‟S 141°29’E.
“Restricted broadcast signal around In the early 1980s, SBS broadcasting from
Broken Hill”(Data from the Department Broken Hill reached as far south as the
*give the author, year, title of the map
of Transport and Communications, town of Morgan Vale (Department of
collection, map, scale, publisher, map sheet
1985) Transport and Communications, 1985).
name, and latitude and longitude if possible

77
 Author Prominent Author Prominent Bowen, T. (1777). A new & accurate map of
Asia: Drawn from the most approved
Bowen (1777) “early map of Australia” An early map (Bowen, 1777) contributes modern maps & charts. Middleton’s
to the depiction of Australia, as terra complete system of geography. C
nullius. Middleton (Ed.), map, ca. 1:33,000,000
[Demographic map]. Retrieved from
Information Prominent Information Prominent
Map, online http://nla.gov.au/nla.maprm185
“Early map of Australia”(Bowen, 1777) A 1777 map of Australia employs the
older name of New Holland (Bowen,
1777).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Computer Not applicable for quotation style. Holland (2009) provides a simple tool for
Holland, S. (2009). Analytic rarefaction (Version
software, rarefaction.
2.0) [Computer software]. Athens:
online
Information Prominent Information Prominent Hunt mountain software. Retrieved
from
Diversity curves were constructed using http://www.huntmountainsoftware
Analytic rarefaction (Holland, 2009). .com/html/rarefaction.html

Computer Author Prominent Author Prominent

EndNote X5. (2011). (Version 15) [Computer
software, no
Not applicable for quotation style. Reference management software, such software]. Carlsbad: Thompson
programmer,
as EndNote X5 (2011) has become Reuters. Retrieved from
online
common place. http://www.endnote.com/enhome.asp

Information Prominent Information Prominent

* Give the version where available, even if the
Not applicable for quotation style. Downloaded journal articles can be version number is part of the software title
attached to individual records (EndNote

78
 X5, 2011).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

CD-ROM / DVD- Not applicable for quotation style. Financial data given in International International Financial Statistics [CD-
ROM Financial Statistics (2008) has been ROM]. (2008). Washington, D.C.:
extensively analyzed. International Monetary Fund.
Information Prominent Information Prominent
* substitute DVD-ROM for CDROM where
Not applicable for quotation style. Analysis was facilitated by the availability appropriate
of large financial statistics datasets
(International Financial Statistics, 2008).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Cattani, D. (2011). CTL-005 John, Christian and
Not applicable for quotation style. Catani’s (2011) photograph of Christian Ace in the showroom of Sophisto-Cat
the lion in his owners` showroom is part [online image]. Retrieved from
of a series. http://www.christianthelionprints.com
Images, online
Information Prominent Information Prominent /ctlshop

Not applicable for quotation style. A lion photographed in a London *cite details and URL of location (e.g. web
showroom by Cattani (2011) has been page) on which the image is was viewed
used to generate income.

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Kandinsky, V. (1914). Panel for Edwin R.
Images from a Not applicable for quotation style. Kandinsky (1914) explored the use of Campbell no. 2 [digital image of
database, brilliant color to express emotional painting]. Retrieved from
known creator states. http://www.moma.org/collection/obje
ct.php?object_id=79450
Information Prominent Information Prominent

79
 Not applicable for quotation style. The painting utilizes abstract forms and
lush color to demonstrate the similarity
between painting and music (Kandinsky,
1914).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Not applicable for quotation style. Bird: an artwork (1993) was created as Bird: An artwork [online image]. (1993). John
part of a larger project involving child Oxley Library. State Library of
Images from a
artists. Queensland digital image collection.
database,
Retrieved from
unknown Information Prominent Information Prominent http://hdl.handle.net/10462/deriv/
creator
151889
Not applicable for quotation style. The artwork demonstrates technical
competence in a young child (Bird: an
artwork, 1993).

80
Appendix A: quick guide to referencing articles

Sources type Referencing format

Print article Kolbert, E. (2017). The acid sea. Journal of Geographic, 53(7), 219.

Article from a database Carroll, M. (2008). Identities in dialogue: Patterns in the chaos. The
Writing Centre Journal, 28(1), 72–79. Retrieved from Sage Online
database.
Article from the WWW Carroll, M. (2008). Identities in dialogue: Patterns in the chaos. The
Writing Centre Journal, 28(1), 72–79. Retrieved from
http://www.cas.udel.edu/writingcenter/journal/Pages/default.asp.
Article with a DOI Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval sequences and separating convex
sets in the plane. Discrete Computational Geometry, 47(2), 378-
392. doi: 10.1007/s00454-011-9365-5

81
 Appendix B: Quick guide to in-text citing Short quote less than 30 words
page number single quotation
marks = part of your sentence
In-text referencing is a short form. year
Cite only Surname/s (no initials) and
year

This paper will not attempt to delve at length into the energy component of the ecological footprint.
This has been covered elsewhere (Ferguson 1999; Wiley & Foxton 2001). However, the contention of
Rees, Weston and Waters (2006, p. 45) to base the energy footprint on the “area of land needed to
absorb the carbon emitted by burning fossil fuels” is regarded by most commentators as being hard to
defend. We argue that a more reliable basis for the energy footprint is the area of land required to
produce the specified energy renewable. Investigations (Pimentel et al. 1999 cited in Smith 2009, p. 34-
36) demonstrate that the figure will not alter significantly. As Smil reports, sugar cane is the best
renewable option:

For 4 or more authors

Relying on corn in temperate regions would bring much lower returns. Even during Citing a source
of a single source use
‘et al.’ in all in-text the transition period, when distillation would be subsidized by coal power, densities for within a source In-
citations But List all text= cite both
ethanol as standalone fuel would be no more than 0.2W/m 2. Power densities of a fully sources page
names in full in the
reference list solar operation would drop to about 0.04W/m 2. (1993, p. 190) number But
reference list= cite
only the source
you actually read

Long quote minimum 40 words

introduce with colon indented one size
smaller font single line spacing
brackets outside full stop page number

82
Appendix C: Sample APA style reference list

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2004). 5362.0.55.001. A guide to Australian balance of payments
and international investment position statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/5362.0.55.001

Brick, J. (2006). Academic culture: A student’s guide to study at university. Sydney: National Centre for
English Language Teaching and Research.

Cashmore, J., Parkinson, P., Weston R., Patulny, R., Redmond, G. Qu L., Baxter, J., … Rajkovic, M. (2010).
Shared care parenting arrangements since the 2006 Family Law Reforms: Report to the
Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department. Retrieved from
http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF

Department of Transport and Communications. (1984). Sound and television broadcasting stations: Field
strength contour maps. 1:2,500,000. Department of Transport and Communications. 2NB
Broken Hill. 31°56‟S 141°29’E.

González Sánchez, C. (2011). New world literacy: Writing and culture across the Atlantic. 1500-1700,
(trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram). Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.

Goodrum, D., Hackling, M., & Rennie, L. (2000). The status and quality of teaching and learning of
science
in Australian schools. Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs.

Gregory, J. (2008). Journeying across colonial landscapes: Portable housing in nineteenth century
Australia. in A Mayne (Ed.). Beyond the Black Stump: Histories of outback Australia. Kent Town:
Wakefield Press.

Kim, D. & Johnson, T. (2012). Political blog readers: Predictors of motivations for accessing political
blogs. Telematics and Informatics. 29(1), 99-109. Retrieved from Ebscohost database.

Larkin, E. (Ed.). (2004). Common sense: Thomas Paine. Toronto.: Broadview Editions.

Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval sequences and separating convex sets in the plane. Discrete
Computational Geometry, 47(2), 378-392. doi: 10.1007/s00454-011-9365-50

Prentice, C. (2010). Terms of ambivalence: Cultural politics and symbolic exchange. Australian Literary
Studies, 25(4), 33-54.

Strangio, P. & Costar, B. (Eds.). 2006. The Victorian premiers 1856-2006. Sydney: The Federation Press.

83
 References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.

American Psychological Association. (2017). APA style. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/

Sheffield Hallam University. (2017). INTI - Sheffield Hallam University resources: An introduction to
referencing. Retrieved from http://libguides.shu.ac.uk/inti/refintro

Southern New Hamshire University Shapiro Library. (2017). APA Style: Basics. Retrieved from
http://libguides.snhu.edu/c.php?g=157152&p=2052694

Academic writing guide: APA 6th edition. (2016). Retrieved from

http://library.inti.edu.my/library/custom/images/PDF/libraryguides/BMreferencing.pdf

Purdue University. (2017). Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/

84