Military College of Signals

National University of Sciences

& Technology
PAKISTAN STUDIES (HU-107)
PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS
Submitted to: Dr Pakeeza Tabbassum

Assignment Number 01

Submission Date: 13 Nov, 2023

Course BE SE

Section 29 “A”

Group Members Details

Sr. Name of members
1 NC Ahmed Javed
2 NC Hassan Ali
3 NC Muhammad Aitazaz Ahsan
4 NC Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman
5 NC Saad Safi
6 ASC Muhammad Abrar
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 1

Pakistan-U.S.A. Relations: A Historical Overview and Comprehensive

Analysis

Abstract

The United States of America and Pakistan established diplomatic ties in 1947, the US agreement
to provide economic and military assistance to Pakistan and latter’s partnership in the CENTO and
SEATO strengthened relations between the two nations. However, the US suspension of military
support in 1965, 1971 and 1975 created a widespread perception in Pakistan that US was not a
loyal ally. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 emphasized the common interest of Pakistan
and the United States in peace and stability in South Asia. The goal of this work is to analyze the
Pakistan-US ties historically, highlighting the significant aspects of foreign policies of both
countries, pointing out the lessons that Pakistan should learn from its past’s experiences with the
US, our relations with the US through the lens of Islam and last but not the least recommending a
realistic plan for the future.

Introduction

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1947, Pakistan and the United States have navigated
a complex relationship marked by periods of cooperation and challenges. The initial years saw a
strengthening of bonds through economic and military support, as well as collaborative efforts in
international alliances. However, instances of interrupted military assistance in 1965, 1971, and
1975 fueled perceptions of wavering commitment. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
shifted the focus, highlighting shared interests in regional stability. Furthermore, The U.S.
suspension of military assistance during the 1965 lndo-Pakistan war generated a widespread
feeling in Pakistan that the United States was not a reliable fellow. Even though the United States
suspended military assistance to both countries involved in the conflict, the suspension of aid
affected Pakistan much more severely. Amongst the masses, the U.S. lost all credibility in the
wake of 1971 war.
“On October 1, 1990, however, the United States suspended all military assistance and
new economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment which required that the President
certify annually that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device.”
The decision by India to conduct nuclear tests in May 1998 and Pakistan's matching response set
back U.S. relations in the region, which had seen renewed U.S. Government interest during the
second Clinton Administration. A presidential visit scheduled for the first quarter of 1998 was
postponed and under the Glenn Amendment, sanctions restricted the provision of credits, military
sales, economic assistance, and loans to the government.
The United States has stepped up its economic assistance to Pakistan, providing debt relief and
support for a major effort at education reform. However, the mistrust seems to persist on both sides
and this marriage of convenience is not professed by many to outlast our previous courtships.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 2

PART-I
Pak-US Relationship in Historical Perspective
(Past and Future Governments Suitable for Better Foreign Relationships with
the USA)
In the aftermath of Pakistan’s creation in 1947, diplomatic ties with the United States were
established, setting the stage for a relationship that would undergo various phases over the coming
decades. The emerging years of this alliance were marked by the significant agreements between
the two nations, wherein the United States committed to provide both military and economic
assistance to Pakistan. This support was not merely transactional but rooted the strategic
importance that the US accorded to the Pakistan in the context of the Cold War.

Initial Relations (1947 onwards)

Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, played a crucial role in shaping the country's
relationship with the United States during its formative years. His tenure witnessed a gradual shift
from initial neutrality to a closer alliance with the US, driven by shared geopolitical interests and
the evolving dynamics of the Cold War.
Upon Pakistan's independence in 1947, both the US and the
Soviet Union extended invitations to Prime Minister Khan,
acknowledging the strategic importance of the newly formed
nation. Khan, seeking to maintain a balance between the two
superpowers, initially pursued a policy of neutrality.
However, the deteriorating relationship between the US and
the Soviet Union, coupled with Pakistan's economic needs
and security concerns, led to a gradual reorientation of its
foreign policy towards the West.
Liaquat Ali Khan meeting the US President
In 1950, Prime Minister Khan embarked on a state visit to the Truman (1950)
United States, a significant event that marked a turning point
in US-Pakistan relations. During his visit, he met with President Harry Truman and other US
officials, securing economic and military aid, including the supply of spare parts for Pakistani
military equipment. The visit also fostered personal ties between Khan and US leaders,
strengthening the diplomatic bond between the two nations.
Several factors contributed to the positive growing alliance between both countries during this
period:
1. Geopolitical Context: The Cold War and the emergence of the Communist bloc led the
US to seek allies in strategically located regions like South Asia. Pakistan's proximity to
the Soviet Union made it a valuable partner in the US's anti-communist strategy.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 3

2. Economic Assistance: Pakistan, facing economic challenges in its early years, sought
financial support from the US. US economic aid played a significant role in Pakistan's
development, particularly in infrastructure and industrial projects.
3. Security Concerns: Pakistan's tense relationship with India, particularly over the
Kashmir dispute, prompted it to seek military assistance from the US. The US, in turn,
viewed Pakistan as a potential counterbalance to India, which was seen as leaning
towards the Soviet Union.
One wouldn’t be wrong while saying that Liaquat Ali Khan’s government played a pivotal role in
establishing and nurturing Pakistan's relationship with the United States. His policies, driven by
the country's geopolitical realities and economic needs, laid the foundation for a long-standing
alliance.

Economic Assistance:

The economic assistance provided by the United States played a vital role in the early development
of Pakistan. Financial aid was directed towards infrastructure projects, economic reforms, and
bolstering the country’s fledgling economy. This collaboration laid the foundation for a partnership
that extended more diplomatic ties, establishing the framework for mutual cooperation and growth.

Military Partnership:

Simultaneously, the military aspect of the relationship was solidified, with the United States
recognizing Pakistan’s strategic importance in the region. Military assistance included the
provision of weapons, training, and technology. In the late 50s and early 60s, US aid started
flowing to Pakistan, with the military government of General Ayub Khan, Pakistan grew more
closer to US. First US base opened at Badaber near Peshawar. US flights originating from Badaber
gained lot of information about Soviet activities across the border.This partnership was not only
aimed at securing Pakistan’s interests but also aligned with the broader objectives of the United
States in countering the influence of the Soviet Union.

Participation in CENTO and SEATO:

Pakistan joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 and the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO), also known as the Baghdad Pact, in 1955, during the Cold War. These
alliances, formed with the involvement of the United States, brought significant benefits to
Pakistan. In the years following its accession, Pakistan received economic and military assistance
from the United States, contributing to the modernization and strengthening of its armed forces.
The alliances also facilitated diplomatic and political cooperation, enhancing Pakistan's regional
standing and security. By aligning with these alliances, Pakistan became a strategic partner in the
U.S. effort to contain the spread of communism and counter the influence of the Soviet Union in
the region. However, as regional geopolitical dynamics evolved, the significance of these alliances
diminished, with CENTO losing relevance over time.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 4

Challenges in the Early Partnership:

Despite the positive strides, the early partnership faced challenges. Divergent interests and
geopolitical shifts sometimes strained the relationship. The complexity of global politics
demanded careful navigation to balance mutual objectives.

Legacy of Economic Cooperation:

The economic cooperation between Pakistan and the United States left the lasting legacy. The
projects initiated during this period laid the groundwork for Pakistan’s economic development,
contributing to the nation’s infrastructural and industrial growth. The legacy of economic
cooperation continues to shape the economic landscape of Pakistan.

Figure 1. Chart Depicting the Aid Provided by USA

The China Factor:

After initial pleasantries, the relations between Pakistan and China grew to be strained by the day;
the rather naive role played by Pakistan on the issue of China's entry to the United Nations
triggered the mistrust. Then the events in Tibet and Taiwan, to which Pakistan reacted in a totally
pro-United States manner, further aggravated Sino-Pak relations. China went to the extent of
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 5

warning Pakistan that such polices were diametrically opposed to the interest of peace in Asia, and
were also opposed to the national interests of Pakistan.
a. The later years saw Pakistan leaning towards China and playing a pivotal role in breaking
the Sino-US deadlock. The US, although being appreciative of the gesture, was irked at
Pakistan's g rowing relationship with communist China. This turned out to be a policy
paradox for the US.
b. The China factor still lingers on and casts a deep shadow over Pak-US relations. The
growing military assistance of all types from China to Pakistan; the economic linkages
manifest in the Gwadar Port project, are all indicators that Pakistan has found a substitute
to total dependence on the US. Thus, the emergence of strategic ties between US and India.
It is a balancing game that the US wants to play in the region; while being weary of the
revival in Russia.
c. The growing economic power of China and the huge market it boasts, are additional factors
that impinge upon US policy makers. On the other hand, Pakistan views China as an
emerging super power.

The Initial Significant Experience 1965:

Pak-US relations suffer a setback when US places arms embargo on both nations, knowing well
that Pakistan was totally dependent on US arms and India did not use any US arms. Soviets speeded
up arms supplies to India. Pakistan gained air superiority by using US supplied F-86 Sabers and
F-104 Star fighters. Pakistan’s old enemy King Zahir of Afghanistan ensured safety of Pakistan’s
Western borders, allowing Pakistan to remove its troops from that border. Iran opened her airfield
to Pakistan Air Force. China moved her troops to Indian border but US stopped supplies forcing
Pakistan to sue for peace offered under Soviets. It was the first betrayal by US.

Relations during the military dictatorships

The relationship between the United States and Pakistan during the
military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (1958-1969), Yahya Khan (1969-
1971), and Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) was complex and multifaceted. On
one hand, the US provided these regimes with significant military and
economic assistance, helping them to consolidate their power and pursue
their security and development goals.
While on the other hand, the US also criticized these regimes for their
human rights abuses and their support for militant groups.The
relationship between the US and these military regimes is said to be
suitable for both sides for a number of reasons. For the US, Pakistan was
a strategically important ally in the Cold War, providing a bulwark
against Soviet influence in South Asia. The US also saw Pakistan as a
potential partner in its efforts to combat terrorism. For the Pakistani
Ayub Khan standing in a
military regimes, the US was a source of much-needed military and motorcade with American
economic assistance. The US aid not only facilitated the modernization of President John F. Kennedy.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 6

the regimes' armed forces and the development of their economies but also played a crucial role in
improving Pakistan's infrastructure and industrial base. Additionally, it contributed significantly
to the training of Pakistan's military and security forces. Moreover, the United States provided
diplomatic support on various issues, including the Kashmir dispute.
1. Military and Economic Assistance: The U.S. provided substantial military and
economic assistance to Pakistan during these periods. This aid was often directed towards
strengthening Pakistan's military capabilities and infrastructure, contributing to its
defense capabilities.
2. Strategic Importance: The U.S. valued Pakistan as a strategic partner in the region, not
only for its geographical location but also as a buffer against Soviet influence in South
Asia. This partnership was particularly evident during the Soviet-Afghan War in the
1980s when the U.S. and Pakistan collaborated to support Afghan resistance against the
Soviet occupation.
3. Security Cooperation: Military regimes in Pakistan sought to enhance security
cooperation with the U.S., and this relationship was characterized by joint military
exercises, intelligence sharing, and collaboration on counterterrorism efforts.
However, it's crucial to note that the positive aspects of these relationships were often accompanied
by challenges, including concerns about human rights abuses, authoritarian governance, and the
diversion of aid for purposes other than those intended. The complexities of these relationships
became more evident in the post-Cold War era, with shifting geopolitical dynamics and changing
priorities for both countries.

Civil War in Pakistan 1971:

India invaded Pakistan. Massive blood shed supervised by India. Pakistan asked her old time ally
US for help. US told Pakistan that 7th fleet is on its way. After many years, declassified documents
revealed that US deliberately wanted to break Pakistan to appease India. It was the second betrayal
by US.
Pakistan feeling betrayed by the US decided to move away from the US block. Venturing first into
NAM (Non Alignment Movement) then in OIC and finally started making friends with Soviets.
Soviets started setting up steel mills in Pakistan and supplied some military aid (Mi-8 etc). Pakistan
moved on the road to socialism under Bhutto. US believed that Pakistan was slipping to the other
side. US grew hostile to Pakistan. Bhutto openly challenged US in his speeches.

Birth of the Nuclear Factor (1974-1977):

Prime Minister Bhutto initially focused his attention with normalizing the domestic situation in
the country. The major challenge for the new government came in May, 1974 when India executed
an underground nuclear test. This forced Pakistan to seek a nuclear weapons program to match
India's capabilities. This became a major cause for concern for the US administration. During Ford
and later Jimmy Carter's administration, sanctions were placed on Pakistan. Prime Minister Bhutto
called elections in, March 1977 from which he gained a landslide victory.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 7

Iranian Revolution and Russian Invasion (1979-1988):

US lose a staunch ally in the region (i.e. Iran). Sam year Soviets invade Afghanistan. It’s a check
mate for US as communism expands in Afghanistan. Pak-US friendship starts again as US badly
needs an ally in the region. Pakistan became a front line state in war against communism. US took
lenient view of Pakistan’s nuclear program and restores its aid. Pakistan received 3.2 billion
dollars.

Unstable Democratic Governments, the Taliban and the Nuclear Explosion

(1988-1998):

Soviets are finally defeated triggering a massive reaction all over the world which finally resulted
in the fall of communism. US became the sole super power. Since the US and Pakistani interests
had diverted with the Soviets retreating from Afghanistan and the US getting involved in the
Middle East. The nuclear sanctions were revived and the Pakistanis yet again felt isolated and
betrayed by their “old friend” and “ally”.
The Clinton Administration had a tilt towards the more democratic Indian government during this
time. The Pakistanis contented that the Pressler Amendment was specific to Pakistan and the
sanctions were unjustified. By 1996 Pakistan's Afghan efforts were bringing some success and the
Taliban government was established in Afghanistan. The US administration initially welcomed
the prospects of peace in the country but later opposed the Taliban regime based on their extreme
fundamentalist views and gross violations of human rights.
Although a new nuclear deterrent had been established between India and Pakistan, another wave
of international sanctions followed from the international community. This put further pressure on
the already weak politic economy of Pakistan and fragile Pak-U.S. relations. The US had a new
interest in Afghanistan by mid-1998 after the terrorist attacks on US Embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania by an organization belonging to Osama Bin Ladin. The US officials and high authorities
wanted Pakistan to use their influence and powers on Taliban to surrender but Taliban refused and
new animosity started in the region.

President Musharraf – 9/11 and Partners in the Flight against Terror:

In the period of President General Pervaiz

Musharraf "Pakistan was moving closer to
a "failed state" case and its nuclear and
missile programs were a constant concern
for policy makers in Washington.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the
United States, Pakistan once again became
a key ally in the war on terror with the
United States. In 2001, US President Attack on World Trade Center-9/11
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 8

George Bush strongly encouraged Pakistan’s government to join the US war on terror. Prior to the
9/11 attacks, Pakistan was key supporter of the Taliban in Afghanistan, as part of their “strategic
depth” objective vies-a-vies India.
After 9/11, Pakistan led by General Pervaiz Musharraf, reversed course under pressure from the
US and joined the “War on Terror” as a US ally. Having failed to convince Taliban to hand over
Osama Bin Ladan and other members of Al Qaida, Pakistan provided the US a number of military
airports and bases for its attack on Afghanistan, along with other logistical support. Since 2001,
Pakistan has arrested over six hundred Al Qaida members and handed over them to the US. General
Pervaiz Musharraf was strongly supported by the Bush administration-a common theme
throughout Pakistan’s relations with the US has been US support of military dictators to the
detriment of democracy of Pakistan.

War on Terror and Pakistan:

Pakistan deployed 8000 troops in tribal area (FATA) to crush the militants. In 2005, US dissatisfied
over Pakistan performance in war of terror due to increased insurgency along Pak-Afghan border.
It started drone attacks in Pakistan territory violating its sovereignty. Drone led to huge collateral
damage and deaths of innocent civilians leading to more resentment among the tribal people. US
pressurized Pakistan to “DO MORE”.

Figure 2. Chart Representing Pak Economical and Casualties during War on Terror

September 2001 and after

During the Cold War era, the United States expressed considerable displeasure with Pakistan's
pursuit of nuclear weapons. The resentment stemmed from concerns about nuclear proliferation,
regional stability, and the potential for an arms race with India. The U.S. was apprehensive that
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 9

Pakistan's nuclear program could destabilize the South Asian region and escalate tensions between
the two nuclear-armed neighbors. This unease was further compounded by Pakistan's clandestine
efforts to acquire nuclear technology, often in defiance of international non-proliferation norms.
However, the dynamics between the U.S. and Pakistan underwent a significant shift in the
aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Before the September 11 attacks in 2001, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia supported the Taliban in
Afghanistan, driven by their "strategic depth" objective against India, Iran, and Russia. However,
following 9/11, under pressure from the United States, Pakistan, led by General Pervez Musharraf,
shifted its stance and became a crucial ally in the "War on Terror." Despite failing to convince the
Taliban to surrender Osama bin Laden, Pakistan provided military airports and bases to the U.S.
for its Afghan operations. The U.S. praised Pakistan publicly but expressed private concerns about
the extent of its efforts.
In return for support, Pakistan received lifted sanctions and around $10 billion in U.S. aid since
2001, primarily military. The designation as a major non-NATO ally in 2004 made Pakistan
eligible for advanced American military technology. However, Pakistan faced challenges, losing
lives and dealing with internal displacement due to the conflict with the Taliban. General
Musharraf, a strong Bush administration ally, eventually left office, leading to increased non-
military aid from the Obama administration to strengthen Pakistan's democratic government, civil
institutions, and economy, with a focus on broader development beyond military support.
In 2003, the US officially forgave US$1 billion in Pakistani debt in a ceremony in Pakistan in turn
for Pakistan joining the war. US Ambassador Nancy Powell celebrated the signing, calling it a
promise fulfilled and a milestone in the expanding partnership. The forgiveness of $1 billion in
bilateral debt is part of a multi-billion-dollar assistance package, signifying the rekindling of a
long-term partnership beyond the post-9/11 era. However, Pakistan support of the U.S. and its war
has angered many Pakistanis that do not support it.
In October 2005, the US promised to support the Pakistan’s earthquake relief efforts and help it
rebuild after the Kashmir earthquake.

USA Sent Aid for Earthquake Refugees 2005

 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 10

From Strain to Cooperation (2011-2015)

The year 2011 marked a downturn in Pakistan-

U.S. relations, notably due to the Raymond
Davis incident, the killing of Osama bin Laden,
and the Salala incident. The Davis incident,
where an alleged private security contractor shot
two Pakistani locals, led to protests and strained
relations. The U.S. raid that killed Osama bin
Laden in Pakistan heightened tensions, with
suspicions about Pakistan's knowledge of his
presence. The situation further escalated with the America Provided F-16 Aircrafts to Pak
Salala incident, where U.S. airstrikes killed
Pakistani soldiers.
However, in 2014 and 2015, there was a notable rapprochement. Close cooperation emerged as
the U.S. used drone strikes to target militants, including Mullah Fazlullah. The Zarb-e-Azb
operation in North Waziristan fractured the Haqqani Network, and mutual efforts in
counterterrorism and military cooperation improved relations. The U.S. even provided military
aid, such as F-16 aircraft and other weaponry, signalling a thaw in the strained relations between
the two countries.

Imran Khan’s Government

From 2017 to 2020, Pakistan-U.S. relations experienced a gradual alienation initiated by Donald
Trump's accusations of Pakistan providing safe havens to terrorists. Trump's critical remarks led
to anti-American sentiments and the cancellation of a $300 million disbursement.
Nevertheless, bilateral relations experienced an upturn
following Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan's visit to the
United States and his meeting with President Donald Trump.
Regarded by many experts as a "reset" in the relationship,
President Trump emphasized the need to significantly
strengthen trade ties, recognizing the United States as a key
export destination for Pakistan. Trump also extended an offer
to mediate between India and Pakistan on the Kashmir
Former Prime Minister Imran Khan with
issue, though this proposal was promptly rejected by the U.S. President Donald Trump (2019)
Indian foreign office. In a joint rally at Houston in
September 2019, Trump refrained from endorsing India's allegations about Kashmir against
Pakistan. After the rally, he described himself as a 'friend' of Pakistan and praised Imran Khan as
a 'great leader.'
Subsequently, in January 2020, President Trump and Prime Minister Khan met again at Davos,
during the World Economic Forum. Trump lauded the growing relationship between the United
States and Pakistan, asserting that the two nations had never been closer under his administration.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 11

This marked the third meeting between the leaders, with Trump reiterating his offer to mediate on
the Kashmir issue, a gesture welcomed by Prime Minister Khan.
Pakistan played a crucial role in facilitating talks between Washington and the Taliban in Qatar,
which paved the way for the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan through the 2020 Doha
Agreement.

Present Relations

On 14th August, 2022, the independence day of Pakistan, the US Embassy in Islamabad hosted a
diplomatic reception to commemorate the 75th anniversary of bilateral relations between the
United States and Pakistan. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif was the guest of honour, representing
the people and government of Pakistan. This pivotal anniversary of diplomatic relations offered a
valuable opportunity to reflect on the breadth and depth of the long-standing friendship between
the United States and Pakistan.
In 2022, Pakistan confronted its most severe monsoon season in history, resulting in significant
loss of lives and infrastructure. During these challenging times, the United States emerged as one
of the foremost contributors, extending substantial support to Pakistan. Since the catastrophic
floods of 2022, the U.S. has been a major donor, supplying millions of dollars in humanitarian and
development assistance to aid the affected regions.

The Future

The US-Pak relationship have begun to strike a different tone than it did under Imran Khan’s
government. Soon after Shehbaz assumed prime minister’s office, U.S. Secretary of State Antony
Blinken sent his congratulations and maintained that “the United States views a strong, prosperous,
and democratic Pakistan as essential for the interests of both of our countries.” Yet, at the same
time, the joint statement after the Fourth Annual U.S.-India 2+2 dialogue in Washington urged
Pakistan not to allow its territory to be used for cross-border terrorism, prompting Pakistan’s
Foreign Office to reject the statement as unwarranted.
Despite the initial exchange, Secretary Blinken called Pakistan’s newly appointed Foreign
Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari and invited him to attend a ministerial meeting on the “Global
Food Security Call to Action” at the UN headquarters in New York on May 18. Meanwhile,
Pakistan is trying to set up a one-on-one meeting between the secretaries during the conference,
signaling that Islamabad believes that this is an opportunity to reset ties.

Conclusion:

Even if the scope of the Pak-US relationship remains narrow, Shehbaz’s government will still need
to do much-needed damage control to repair Pak-US relations. Pakistan has signalled that it wants
friendly relations based on realistic assessments rather than the populist rhetoric witnessed under
Khan’s administration. The United States would also want to regain lost momentum and reset its
perception among Pakistanis by renewed ties with the new Pakistani government. Broadening the
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 12

lens of relationship outside the security-centric focus may help this. The United States could
accomplish this goal through pushing the IMF to assist Pakistan’s dwindling economy, advocating
Pakistan to get off FATF’s grey list, and acknowledging Pakistan’s sacrifices during the War on
Terror.
Pakistan meanwhile will also need to make earnest efforts to bridge the fallout and trust deficit
that deepened during the Vote of Confidence. Pakistani Foreign Minister Bhutto’s visit to New
York only weeks after former Prime Minister Khan’s Russia visit in the midst of the latter’s
Ukraine invasion, is also an indication that Pakistan values Washington during the critical times
of great power rivalry.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 13

PART-II

Navigating Foreign Policy Landscapes: A Comparison of Pak and US Foreign

Policy

What is Foreign Policy?

“Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy in dealing with other nations and the set of
principles that guide diplomatic relations. It encompasses a country's goals, objectives, and
actions on the international stage, influencing its interactions with the global community”
 It consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests
and to achieve its goal within international relations milieu.
 Relations between sovereign states. It is reflection of domestic politics and an interaction
among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country wants
to establish relations with another country.

Goals of Pakistan Foreign Policy:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan and its first Governor General, in
a broadcast talk to the people of the USA in February 1948, outlined the following goals of
Pakistan’s foreign policy:
“Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world.
We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle
of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our
utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.
Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed
and suppressed peoples of the world, and in upholding the principles of the United Nations
Charter.”
In light of the guiding principles laid down by the founding fathers and the constitution as also
aspirations of the people of Pakistan, the objectives of foreign policy can be summarized as under:
 Promotion of Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and democratic Islamic
country.
 Developing friendly relations with all countries of the world, especially Muslim countries,
major powers and immediate neighbors.
 Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including Kashmir.
 Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation with international community.
 Ensuring optimal utilization of national resources for regional and international
cooperation.
 Protection of Pakistan’s economic interests abroad.
 Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani diaspora.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 14

 To fulfill its responsibilities as the responsible member of International community.

Goals of US Foreign Policy:

The goals of US foreign policy are broad and can evolve based on geopolitical dynamics. Here are
some common goals that have historically guided US foreign policy:
 Security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world are the three most prominent goals
of American foreign policy.
 Security, the protection of America’s interests and citizens, is a perennial concern, but
America has tried to achieve security in different ways throughout its long history.
 Supporting and promoting democratic values globally and encouraging the establishment
of democratic governance.
 Economic prosperity, accomplished mostly through trade policy, is a second major goal of
American foreign policy. Expanding employment in the United States, maintaining access
to foreign energy supplies, promoting foreign investment in the United States, and lowering
prices for American consumers are all aims of American foreign economic policy.
 Promoting international humanitarian polices in ways that make the world a better place is
a third goal of American foreign policy. Aims such as promoting international
environmental policies, advocating for human rights, and keeping peace between nations
all fall under this category.
 Combating global terrorism and extremist ideologies. Working with international partners
to address security threats.

Comparison of Pakistan and US Foreign Policy:

Aspect Pakistan’s Foreign Policy US Foreign Policy

Historical Shaped by regional dynamics, Influenced by a history or global
Context alliances and historical events such leadership, Cold war alliances, and
as Cold war and post 9/11 era. a commitment to democratic
values.
Security and Collaboration of counterterrorism A global approach to
Counterterrorism with various partners; efforts to counterterrorism, alliances such as
Cooperation secure regional stability. NATO, and interventions in
conflict zones for security
interests.
Economic Focus on economic partnerships, Emphasis on global trade
Interests and trade agreements, and foreign aid to dominance, economic sanctions,
Trade Relations foster economic growth. and international economic
partnerships for economic
prosperity.
Regional Navigating relationships with Balancing relationships with
Dynamics neighboring countries and regional regional powers, addressing
conflicts. regional security issues, and
promoting stability.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 15

Shifts in Alliances Strategic recalibrations in response Historical alliances like NATO,

to changing global dynamics, alliances based on shared
including shifts in alliances like democratic values, and adaptations
increased ties with China. to geopolitical shifts.
Humanitarian Engaging in diplomatic efforts, Pursuing diplomatic solutions,
and Diplomatic humanitarian aid, and international aid, and participation
Initiatives peacebuilding initiatives in conflict in peacekeeping missions to
zones. address global challenges.

Pakistan-US Foreign Policies Alignment:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, articulated the nation's foreign
policy goals in a 1948 address to the USA, emphasizing friendliness, goodwill, and a commitment
to peace. While both Pakistan and the US share common objectives such as combating terrorism
and promoting regional stability in South Asia, differences emerge, notably in their perspectives
on India. The US has generally supported India's regional ascendancy, whereas Pakistan sees India
as a rival and potential threat, marked by historical conflicts and a dispute over Kashmir. Pakistan's
criticism of US drone strikes, its strong relationship with China, and alleged support for terrorist
groups have created strains in the overall relationship. Despite cooperation in areas like
counterterrorism and economic aid, disparities in regional alignments and approaches to key issues
persist.

Challenges and Divergences:

The alignment of Pakistan and US foreign policies faces challenges due to differing stances on key
issues. The US, concerned about Pakistan's ties with China and alleged support for terrorists,
questions the depth of their partnership. Pakistan's critique of US drone strikes, citing sovereignty
violations and civilian casualties, adds complexity. Both nations collaborate in Afghanistan,
providing military and economic assistance, yet divergences persist regarding long-term regional
strategies. The realist perspective, epitomized by Lord Palmerston's assertion on nations' ever-
changing interests, underscores the pragmatic nature of foreign policy. The recent shift in US
policy toward Pakistan suggests a reevaluation of strategic priorities, raising questions about the
coherence of actions with historic ideals and objectives.
British statesman Lord Palmerston famously said,
“Nations have no permanent friends or allies; they only have permanent interests.” This
“realist” view of foreign policy exhibits a harsh rationality, and a reality of foreign policy that
leaders are not likely to espouse publicly”
American policy will be most effective if it flows from a clear understanding of our objectives and
the resources we are willing to commit to their pursuit. The recent change of policy toward
Pakistan does not reflect this.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 16

PART-III

Pakistan's Relationship with the United States through the Lens of Islam

General:

Pakistan's historical and diplomatic engagement with the United States is significantly influenced
by its identity as a Muslim-majority country and its position within the global Muslim ummah.
This complex relationship has evolved over decades, shaped by shared interests, geopolitical
considerations, and the intricate interplay between regional dynamics, religious ideals, and cultural
ties. In this exploration, we delve into the multifaceted aspects of Pakistan's relations with the
United States, examining how Islamic principles and the concept of the Muslim ummah contribute
to the dynamics of this relationship.

Solidarity with Muslim Causes:

Pakistan, as a prominent member of the Muslim ummah, has consistently expressed solidarity
with various Muslim causes worldwide. The historical roots of this solidarity can be traced back
to the Arab-Israeli conflict, where Pakistan staunchly supported Palestinian rights, aligning itself
with the broader Muslim world in advocating for a just resolution. Additionally, the Kashmir
conflict with India, dating back to 1947, remains a focal point for Pakistan's commitment to
Muslim causes, emphasizing the rights of Kashmiri Muslims. These positions occasionally lead to
alignments or oppositions with U.S. stances, underscoring the intricate nature of Pakistan's
diplomatic relations.

Influence of Islamic Ideals:

Islamic ideals, including justice, peace, and cooperation, are integral to Pakistan's foreign policy
framework. Rooted in Islamic teachings, these principles guide Pakistan's diplomatic interactions
and international engagements. The country actively promotes these values on the global stage,
advocating for justice and peace in forums such as the United Nations. The influence of Islamic
ideals extends beyond rhetoric, shaping Pakistan's identity as a responsible international actor
committed to fostering cooperation and understanding among nations.

Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence:

A watershed moment in Pakistan's history occurred in

1998 with a series of nuclear tests, marking its entry into
the community of nuclear-armed nations. This strategic
decision, driven by regional security concerns, has
profound implications for Pakistan's role within the
Muslim ummah. Pakistan consistently emphasizes the
peaceful use of nuclear energy while highlighting the Pak's First Nuclear Test on Chaghi Hills
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 17

importance of maintaining a credible nuclear deterrence as a safeguard for its security and that of
the broader Muslim community.

Regional Dynamics:

Situated in South Asia, Pakistan's geopolitical landscape is shaped by complex regional dynamics.
Notably, Pakistan played a crucial role in the 1980s by supporting Afghan resistance against Soviet
forces, fostering a thaw in U.S.-Pakistan relations. Ongoing regional issues, such as the India-
Pakistan conflicts and the Kashmir dispute, continue to influence Pakistan's approach to regional
stability. These dynamics are often framed within the broader context of the Muslim ummah,
reflecting the intricate relationships between regional geopolitics and Pakistan's role within the
Muslim world.

Religious and Cultural Ties:

Cultural and religious ties between Pakistan and the United States have evolved over time,
reflecting historical events and sociopolitical developments. Notably, the civil rights movement in
the U.S. during the 1960s facilitated greater awareness and engagement between African American
Muslims and Pakistan. These historical interactions contribute to cultural and religious diplomacy,
fostering mutual understanding amid differences in cultural practices. Pakistan's identity as part of
the Muslim ummah serves as a backdrop to these exchanges, promoting meaningful dialogue and
connections.

Challenges in U.S.-Pakistan Relations:

The U.S.-Pakistan relationship has witnessed periods of cooperation and tension, reflecting the
intricate realities of regional geopolitics and global dynamics. Divergences in foreign policy
priorities, security concerns, and historical events have posed challenges in the relationship.
Balancing Pakistan's identity as part of the Muslim ummah with its international diplomatic
engagements requires nuanced approaches to navigate complexities and foster a sustainable
partnership.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Pakistan's relationship with the United States is a nuanced interplay of historical
events, geopolitical considerations, and its identity as a Muslim-majority nation within the global
Muslim Ummah. The influence of Islamic ideals, solidarity with Muslim causes, and the strategic
implications of nuclear capabilities shape Pakistan's foreign policy. Regional dynamics, cultural
ties, and active contributions to the Muslim Ummah further underscore the complexity of this
relationship. As Pakistan navigates the challenges and opportunities in its diplomatic journey,
balancing its Islamic identity with international relations remains a key factor in fostering a
meaningful and sustainable partnership with the United States.
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 18

PART-IV

Realistic Appraisal

What Pakistan must realize is that the present set up is a marriage of convenience and based neither
on ideology, nor on an a notion of friendship; but as is the case in international relationships, it is
based on convergence of interests. And the U.S. interests are the overriding factor. There is no
logic in fighting reality and no cause for biased anti - Americanism; the relationship suits our
interests too; and we would miss yet another opportunity if we were to let this one slip by. Pakistan
has to endeavor for a meaningful and constructive engagement with the U.S. and look for the long
term, diversify the nature of contact and broaden its base so as to remain an important player in
the region as well as the Muslim Ummah. What Pakistan has to be careful about is not to put all
the eggs in one basket and be caught unawares.
This is the time for internal action and consolidation to gain strength, and we must avail of this
opportunity. While pursuing this path, Pakistan should not be complacent and must work out
strategies if the scourge of the war on terror and the doctrine of pre-emption are pointed in its
direction; after all, a misunderstanding or another horrible incident with linkages to Pakistan is not
out of the realm of probability.
Pakistan's reform and reconstruction and its relations with Washington are significantly inter-
linked. However, the extent to which Pakistan can benefit from this relationship will depend on
Pakistan's internal political stability and on the reform of its state institutions. Pakistan's future
course/strategy must aim at mitigating own vulnerabilities while accruing maximum advantage
from those of the US. At the same time, it needs to be realistic and implement able.

Paradigms of Strategy:

a. Self-Reliance. This must become a stated and vigorously pursued policy objective. We
cannot enjoy dignified sovereignty without standing on our own two feet. What must be
understood is that it is not necessary to antagonize others in realization of this aim.
b. Restoration of National and Religious Pride. The dealing with the US MUST NOT be
viewed as a compromise on our sovereignty. National dignity must be guarded and a
positive perception to this effect be created both internally and in the international
community. Own Islamic identity and character be portrayed as a source of strength and
an understanding sought from the US to this effect.
c. Inner Front. We must present a cohesive inner front to the US. If anything the foreign
elements, including the America ns, should be dissuaded from interfering with and
aggravating our internal problems. The "religious extremism" card can be played to own
advantage in this regard.
d. Relationship with China. The prowesses of Pakistani diplomacy faces its acid test with
regards to thwarting American suspicion of own growing partnership with China. Pakistan
must pursue this strategic relationship; while accruing benefits from contending Sino-US
interests without alienating the US; lest the Indians are afforded an open field to foster
 PAKISTAN AND USA RELATIONS 19

relations with the USA. The Strategic relationship with China has to be nurtured and
guarded at all costs; it will pay Pakistan in the long run.
e. The Indian Factor. The present US stance of bi-lateral relationships with both Pakistan
and India, independent of each other, is fraught with danger for us. We can already witness
the manifestation of this in the growing US -India strategic relationship. Leverage afforded
by the present environment be put to effective use to disrupt / delay this growing nexus;
and to address the conventional imbalance; as well as 'coerce' the US to facilitate the
Kashmir resolution.
f. Religious Extremism. There is no such category in Pakistan, infact, this term is a
misnomer; and the US be asked to not only appreciate own point of view but also to
consent. On our part, we must ruthlessly root out extremists who perpetrate acts of
extremism. The social utility of Madrassas and the effort to bring them into the mainstream
be realized to the Americans and to the world.
g. Nuclear Proliferation. Pakistan needs to work with the US on confidence building
measures in this regard. Without compromising own national security or interests, we need
to be viewed as a responsible nuclear power. We must be cognizant that the US perception
in this aspect, like in most others, will mould world opinion.
h. Media Blitz. Pakistan must be vocal against the "unholy media blitz" leashed against it by
the American and western electronic media. This is one issue where our stand should be
un-ambiguous. All our efforts are rendered in vain as the perception about Pakistan being
built by the media is what people perceive to be true. We must link this directly to the
extent of own support to the US. In this aspect, we must have a defined watershed.
i. Economy and Trade. In the War on Terror Pakistan’s destroyed their economy and trade
as well as their defense. US should give Pakistan to access the International Financial
Institutions and free Trade with Pakistan give a boost to their relationship.

Conclusion:

In the War on Terror Pakistan destroyed their economy, trade and the defense capabilities. Pakistan
wants a good relationship and become a reliable ally for the US government in War against
Terrorism. Pakistan plays a vital role in the stability of Afghanistan. From vendetta oriented
political leaderships and dictatorial regimes Pakistan is moving slowly and surely towards
sustainable democracy and political stability. From a military centric concept of security Pakistan
has realized the importance of a broader concept of security with the emphasis on economic and
internal stability. These are paradigm shifts and the nation needs both time and space, internally
and externally, to absorb these and steer the course to progress and prosperity.

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