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Project Report 1

This document describes a dark sensor circuit project that uses an LDR, transistor, resistors, LEDs, and a battery. The circuit is built on a breadboard and functions by turning on an LED when the LDR is in darkness, simulating a light that turns on automatically in the dark. Components of the circuit include an LDR to sense light, a transistor to control current flow, resistors of 100k ohm and 1k ohm, LEDs, and a 9V battery power supply.

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Fawad Shakil Asghar
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33 views

Project Report 1

This document describes a dark sensor circuit project that uses an LDR, transistor, resistors, LEDs, and a battery. The circuit is built on a breadboard and functions by turning on an LED when the LDR is in darkness, simulating a light that turns on automatically in the dark. Components of the circuit include an LDR to sense light, a transistor to control current flow, resistors of 100k ohm and 1k ohm, LEDs, and a 9V battery power supply.

Uploaded by

Fawad Shakil Asghar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project Report

Dark Enable Light Circuit


A 'Dark Sensor' is a device which senses the presence of darkness. It senses the presence of darkness
with the help of the LDR. Whenever light is focused on the LDR the L.E.D will not glow. As soon as you
cover the LDR or keep the dark sensor in a dark room without lights the L.E.D will glow.

A tutorial on How to make a Light Sensor / Darkness detector circuit on breadboard using LDR and a
transistor. This circuit can be used to automatically control and turn on-off lights or any loads depending
on the brightness of ambient light, by adding a relay at the output. The sensitivity a.k.a the brightness at
which the circuit switches on the load can also be controlled by using a potentiometer. Watch the video
above for detailed step by step instructions on how to build this circuit.

Components:
The name of component use in this project are given below :

1. Transistor (bc 547)


2. LDR
3. Resistor (100k ohm)
4. Resistor (1k ohm)
5. Battery (9V)
6. Varo Board
7. Connecting wires
8. Button
9. LEDs
10. Battery Connector

Explanation:
The explanation of these component are given below:

1. Resistor (100k ohm):


The 100 Ohm resistor is commonly used for LED protection. Best
used with white, red, blue and green LEDs at 5V. 100 Ohm resistors can also be used with other colors
but expect the brightness to differ as they are not the correct value

Current:

Determined the voltage (V) is 2.8V, we use Ohm's Law I = V/R = 2.8/100 = 0.028 Amps = 28
milliAmps.
Working:

A 100 ohm resistor is a specific type of resistor with a resistance value of 100 ohms. It is a
relatively low-value resistor, and it is often used in circuits where a relatively low resistance is needed.
Resistors are electrical components that are used to provide resistance in an electrical circuit.

Image:

2. Resistor (1k ohm):


The 1K Ohm resistor is a passive electronic component used to control
the flow of electric current in a circuit. It has a resistance value of 1,000 ohms and is used to limit the
current flow in a circuit to a specific level.

1k ohm Resistor Reduce voltage:

If the 1k resistor is the only component in the completed circuit, it will


drop all of the voltage. That means if the source is 9V, the resistor will drop 9V.

Working:

Commonly used in breadboards and other prototyping applications, these 1K ohm resistors make
excellent pull-ups, pull-downs and current limiters. These thick-lead versions of the resistors fit snugly
into a breadboard with very little movement.

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3. Transistor:
A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or
voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for
them. Typically, transistors consist of three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material, each of
which can carry a current.

Applications of BC547:

The BC547 is a widely used transistor and it can be used in any general purpose
application, it can also be used as a substitute and replacement to many transistors, therefore it can be
used in variety of electronic circuits for example switch small load on very low input voltage and current
and also in amplification.

Terminal:

There are three terminal of BC547 are given below:

 Emitter
 Collector
 Base

Rating of BC547:

They are rated for 100 mA of current in the collector base and can dissipate 500 mW of
power.

Image:
4. LDR:
Photoresistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR), are light sensitive devices
most often used to indicate the presence or absence of light, or to measure the light intensity.

Working:

The LDR LDRs (light-dependent resistors) are used to detect light levels, e.g. in automatic
security lights. Their resistance decreases as the light intensity increases. In the dark and at low light
levels, the resistance of an LDR is high, and little current can flow through it.

Image:

5. Battery (9V):
A nine-volt battery, either disposable or rechargeable, is usually used in smoke
alarms, smoke detectors, walkie-talkies, transistor radios, test and instrumentation devices, medical
batteries, LCD displays, and other small portable appliances.

Working:

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The
chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another,
through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do
work.
Image:

6. Varo Board:
It is another widely-used type of electronics prototyping board characterized by a 0.1
inch regular grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the
way across one side of the board.

Function:

Vero board can be used to build prototypes for bench testing, design early electronic circuits,
or produce entire electronic equipment in small quantities.

Image:
7. Connecting Wire:
A connecting wire allows travels the electric current from one point to another
point without resistivity. Resistance of connecting wire should always be near zero. Copper wires have
low resistance and are therefore suitable for low resistance.

Image:

8. Button:
Mechanical switches can be reliant on a variety of different potential actuation
methods, depending on the purpose they serve. Push button switches, also referred to as pushbutton
switches, push switches, or simply push buttons, are prevalent in a multitude of modern applications.

Image:

9. LEDs:
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device, which can emit light when an
electric current passes through it. To do this, holes from p-type semiconductors recombine with
electrons from n-type semiconductors to produce light.
Image:

10. Battery Connector:


A battery connector is a gadget that combines electric circuits. Most
battery packs require more than one connector. The primary battery connector is both the mechanical
and electrical part that interfaces the battery to the PDA or other electronic gadget.

Image:

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