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IEI1B2 - Pengantar Teknik Industri
Introduction of Quality
Tim Dosen FRI
Prodi S1 Teknik Industri – Fakultas Rekayasa Industri
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Course Learning Outcome (CLO)
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan
pengertian dari kualitas
Mahasiswa mampu mengidentifikasi
kualitas produk dan jasa
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan tool yang
digunakan di dalam manajemen kualitas
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DEFINITION OF QUALITY
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Degree of excellence, or general excellence
WHAT (…has quality)
IS Attribute or faculty (…Has many good qualities)
QUALITY? Relative nature, character, or property
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DEFINITION OF QUALITY
Quality is Fitness for use
Joseph M. Juran (1974)
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DEFINITION OF QUALITY
Quality is conformance to
requirements or
specifications
Crosby B. Philip (1979)
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DEFINITION OF QUALITY
A predictable degree of uniformity
and dependability, at low cost and
suited to the market
Deming (1982)
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DEFINITION OF QUALITY
The total composite product and service
characteristics of marketing, engineering,
manufacturing and maintenance through
which the product and service in use will
meet the expectations by the customer
A. V. Feigenbaum (1983)
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User “In the eyes of the beholder”
Based
WHAT
IS Manufacturing “Right the first time”
Based
QUALITY?
Product "Precise measurement"
Based
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IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY
Quality is critical to customers satisfying and
1 retaining their loyalty.
Quality products make an important contribution
2 to long-term revenue and profitability.
Quality can use to charge and maintain higher
3 prices.
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Dimensions of Quality (Garvin,1987)
Will the How often does the How easy to repair
How long does the
the product / to
product/service do product/service fail? product/service solve the problems
the intended job? last? in service?
Performance Reliability Durability Serviceability
What does the What is the
What does the Is the product/service
product/service reputation of the made exactly as the
product do/ service
look/smell/sound/f company or its designer/standard
give?
eel like? products/services? intended?
Perceived Conformance
Aesthetics Features
Quality to Standards
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Dimensions of Service Quality
Tangibles Reliability Responsiveness
Assurance Empathy
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Quality Management
Quality Management System is management
system to direct and control an organization
with regard to quality.
-ISO 9000 : 2000-
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Component Quality Management
Quality Management
Quality Planning Quality Assurance Quality Control
Criteria Driven Prevention Driven Inspection Driven
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7 QC Tools
Kaoru Ishikawa (1915 – 1989), as Father
of “Quality Circle”, define 7 tools to maps
the quality of a product.
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7 QC Tools
Histogram
Histogram of univariate sample
0.08
0.06
Scatter Plot Check Sheet
Density
0.04
0.02
Cause & 0.00
Effect
20 30 40 50
measurement scale
Diagram
(Fish Bone
Diagram)
Flow Diagram Pareto
Diagram
Example Pareto Chart
120
100
100
80
80
Percent
Count
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Control Chart
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
sample1 red blue green yellow Other
Count 53 27 19 7 2
Percent 49.1 25.0 17.6 6.5 1.9
Cum % 49.1 74.1 91.7 98.1 100.0
Flow Diagram 17
Flowchart is a diagram that states the flow of the
process by using annotations of geometric fields, such
as circles, rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and so on to
represent the steps of activities and their sequence by
connecting each of these steps using arrows.
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Flow Diagram 18
Why is flow diagramming helpful?
• Build a common understanding of a whole process
• Develop process thinking
• Improve a process
• Standardize a process
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Symbol of Flow Diagram
Flow diagram use special shapes to represent
different types of actions or steps in a process.
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Symbol of Flow Diagram
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Cause & Effect Diagram
(Fish Bone Diagram)
Fishbone diagrams are often called Ishikawa
diagrams or cause-effect diagrams.
Fishbone diagrams are tools to influence various potential
causes of an effect or problem and analyze the problem
through a brainstorming session. Problems will be broken
down into categories that are discussed, manpower (people),
method (process), materials, measurements, mother nature
(environment), machine (equipment).
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Cause & Effect Diagram
(Fish Bone Diagram)
Why are cause and effect diagrams helpful?
• Identify and display many different possible
causes for a problem
• See the relationships between the many causes
• Helps determine which data to collect
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Histogram 23
Histogram of univariate sample
0.08
A histogram is a display of statistical information that
uses rectangles to show the frequency of data items in 0.06
successive numerical intervals of equal size. In the most
Density
0.04
common form of histogram, the independent variable is
plotted along the horizontal axis and the dependent
0.02
variable is plotted along the vertical axis. The data appears
as colored or shaded rectangles of variable area. 0.00
20 30 40 50
measurement scale
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Pareto Chart
Example Pareto Chart
Pareto chart is a chart containing bar graphs and 120
100
line graphs; bar charts show the classification and 100
80
value of data, while line charts represent the cumulative 80
Percent
Count
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total data. The data classification is sorted from left to
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right in the highest to lowest ranking order. The highest
20 20
ranking is a priority problem or the most important
0 0
sample1 red blue green yellow Other
problem to be resolved immediately, while the lowest Count 53 27 19 7 2
Percent 49.1 25.0 17.6 6.5 1.9
Cum % 49.1 74.1 91.7 98.1 100.0
ranking is a problem that does not have to be resolved
immediately.
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Check Sheet
Check sheet (check sheet) is a simple designed sheet that lists the
things that are needed for the purpose of recording data so that users
can collect data easily, systematically, and regularly when the data
appears at the scene. Data in check sheets in the form of both
quantitative and qualitative data can be analyzed quickly (directly) or
be input data for other quality equipment, for example to input Pareto
chart data.
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Check Sheet
Door paint check sheet Sheet number
1. Identify Objective Paint robot number: Date:
Discover & remove Paint batch number:
Paint operator:
the main causes of
paint blemishes in
doors Doors painted:
Defect type symbol count...
2. Decide time period
bubble
Investigate the number of
run
bubble, run or scuff
scuff
problems by robot and paint
batch over a week.
6. Interpret results
3. Design Check Sheets Discovered that most
problems occurred at
Will use a combination of corners, where the
Defective Item Check 5. Collect the data
robot was ‘hesitating’.
Sheet and Location Plot Paint bubbles were found to be Re-programming
the most common problem. corrected this.
4. Test Data
Two people separately used the
Check Sheet on the same robot and
batch and the results were found to
be identical
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Scatter plots
Negative
Correlation
Scatter diagrams are charts that display a pair of numerical
data on a Cartesian coordinate system, with one variable
on each axis, to see the relationship of the two variables. If
the two variables are correlated, the coordinate points will
fall along the line or curve.
The better the correlation, the tighter these points
approach the line.
Positive
Correlation
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Control chart
Control chart or control chart is a chart that is used to learn how the
process of change over time. Data is plotted in chronological order.
Control charts always consist of three horizontal lines :
• Center line (center line), a line that shows the mean or average
value of the quality characteristics plotted on the control chart.
• Upper control limit (UCL), a line above the center line showing the
upper control limit.
• Lower control limit (LCL), a line below the center line showing the
lower control limit.
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Control chart
Central line
X-chart Copper
Action limit
1.3 Warning limit
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Control value
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The Aims of Control Chart
Control chart is used to determine whether each point on the chart is
normal or abnormal and can know changes in the process from which
data is collected, so each point on the graph must indicate quickly from
which process the data was taken.
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The Function of Control Chart
Provide process information
chronologically, which Identifying the symptoms of
Know the changes that shows how the influence of deviation from a process
occur during a production various factors, for that is by paying attention to
period. example: material, human, the pattern of the movement
method, etc. towards the of the points
production process.
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Control Chart Characteristics
A control chart is a
Immediate
presentation of data in
visualisation
which the control values
of problems.
are plotted against time. Control charts have a central
line, upper and lower warning
limits, and upper and lower
action limits.
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Example of Control chart
Central line
X-chart Copper
Action limit
1.3 Warning limit
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Control value
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Example of Control chart
Example of General Control Char Example of 3 or 2 deviation
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