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Self Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

Technical Report · May 2020

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 Self-Driven Cars:
Benefits and Disadvantages

Sukkur IBA University

Submitted by:
Anand Kumar
&
Hassaan Shahzad

Submitted to:
Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Chachar

May 21st, 2019

Spring 2019
2 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

COVER MEMO

Date: May 21, 2018

To: Zulfiqar Chachar, Lecturer
From: Anand Kumar & Hassaan Shahzad

Subject: Self-Driven Vehicles Benefits and Disadvantages

We have written Long Formal Report on self-driven vehicles because the

technology is developing day by day. Self-driven vehicles have brought many
changes in this world but there are many people in our society which have no
idea about these vehicles. This repot provides the information about the pros
and cons of autonomous vehicles.

Following are the contents of this report: Page No.

 Table of contents 3
 Self-driven vehicles 8
 Benefits of self-driven cars 10
 Disadvantages of self-driven cars 11
 Impact of self-driven cars on society 13

Technology has made our world more comfortable to decrease the efforts of
human beings but technology has also negative impacts on our society. We
hope this report will aware people by the knowledge about the advantages
and disadvantages of self-driven vehicles.
3 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER MEMO ................................................................................................................................... 2
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5
Purpose: ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Background and Problems: ............................................................................................................ 5
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 8
About Self-Driven Cars:.................................................................................................................. 8
Construction and Working of self-driven vehicles: ......................................................................... 9
Benefits of self-driven cars: ......................................................................................................... 10
Disadvantages of self-driven cars: ................................................................................................ 11
Challenges for self-driven cars: .................................................................................................... 12
Eye contact: ............................................................................................................................. 12
Judgment of situation: ............................................................................................................. 13
Legal responsibilities:............................................................................................................... 13
Impacts on society: ...................................................................................................................... 13
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 15
GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 17

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:

Figure 1: First experiment on testing of self-driven cars at DARPA Grand

competition in 2004.
Figure 2: The first winner car of DARPA Grand competition, Stanley in 2005.
Figure 3: The five levels of autonomy by SAE International.
Figure 4: Construction of autonomous car with all the labelled parts.
Figure 5: Pie Chart diagram of unemployment due to self-driven cars.
Figure 6: Sales chart of Tesla Model S from 2015 to 2016.
Figure 7: The overall safety ratings of Tesla Model S.
4 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

ABSTRACT

Self-driven vehicles are the vehicles which require no driver because they are
driven by themselves. These cars are invented by many efforts of scientists and
researchers to facilitate human beings. Many people are not aware of the
benefits and disadvantages of self-driven vehicles. These vehicles save time,
efforts and lives because they automatically park themselves and come back
when you call them, they automatically change lane to avoid collision by using
sensors. These vehicles have also caused problems which include
unemployment for drivers, accidents and unnecessary actions that are harmful
for society. To aware the people about the self-driven vehicles this report
describes challenges, benefits, disadvantages and future approach about the
self-driven vehicles.
5 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

INTRODUCTION

Vehicle is a machine which we use for transportation. It has many types

including cars, buses, trucks, motorbikes, trains, ships, aircrafts etc. the most
common type of vehicle is car which we use in our daily life. The first gasoline
engine based car was invented in 1879 by Carl Benz. Since then the cars are
being developed day by day till today. In the beginning, cars were mechanical
which required too much human effort, then they upgraded to manual which
decreased the human effort. The production of semi-automatic cars was
revolutionary which caused less human effort and increased performance. Due
to advancement in technology, fully automatic cars invented. In 1920s the idea
of self-driven cars was given, after too much research and efforts of the
scientists a modern type of cars is invented which is self-driven cars in which
no human effort is required because self-driven cars are driven by themselves.
These cars required less or no human efforts and are very environment
friendly.
Purpose:

The purpose to compose this report is to give information based on analysis

and research on autonomous vehicles. As we are living in the modern era
where we are surrounded by self-driven vehicles which are based on Artificial
Intelligence. Many people in our society use these types of vehicles, but hardly
few of them are acknowledged about the benefits and disadvantages of self-
driven vehicles.

Background and Problems:

Since the revolution in our industry, we always invented new things to make
our work easier. This can be seen everywhere from paying your bills from your
smartphones to self-driven cars.
In 2010, NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) researched
that, there are approximately 5.5 million self-driven accidents occurs per year
in US (United States). It acknowledges that one death on every fifteen minutes
and eighty-eight deaths per day caused by human error.
6 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

We do mistakes because we have poor judgments and we easily get distracted.

While a self-driven car may not be perfect but they will be far less flawed as
compared to human drivers. In 2004, DARPA (Advance Research company of
Defense) announced a big challenge which was a competition of self-driven
cars. Its major purpose was to eradicate the human efforts especially in the
field of military. They wanted an autonomous vehicle to be used by military to
save the lives of soldiers. For that reason, they have announced a grand
competition in which many universities and companies have participated but
unfortunately no one has won that competition.

Figure 1 The experiment failure in 2004.

Source: https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/Mjk2OTg1NA.jpeg
7 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

In 2005, Stanford university has won that grand competition first time with
price money of 2 million dollars. After that every scientist and researcher
became enthusiast and interested in this field.

Figure 2 Stanley: The car that won the 2005 DARPA Grand Competition.
Source: https://d253pvgap36xx8.cloudfront.net/editor_uploads/1277/2015/01/13/stanley1.jpg
8 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

DISCUSSION

About Self-Driven Cars:

The first self-driven car was invented in 1920 by Francis Houdina. This car was
remote controlled. The vehicle can start its engine, move backward and
forward, honks horn and shift gears. This gave the idea that a car can be driven
without a driver. Since then the development in the field of autonomous
vehicles never stopped.
In the modern era the DARPA grand competition gave birth to the research
and development in that field. Many companies and universities have started
their research to make fully autonomous vehicles. The SAE (which is society of
automotive engineers) international introduced the levels of autonomous
capabilities of a vehicle. They have introduced six levels:
 Level 0: in this level of automation the driver controls everything. It has
no automation.

 Level 1: it has limited driver assistance which means that the system can
control the steering, acceleration and deceleration sometimes not all of
them at a time.

 Level 2: it has limited driver assistance which means that the system can
control the steering, acceleration and deceleration all of them at a time.

 Level 3: vehicles can drive themselves but only in some certain situations
like on highways. This level also includes parking assistance and line
following. Currently this level is in used.

 Level 4: these vehicles can drive themselves most of the time but they
may need a driver to takeover in some situations.

 Level 5: this level of vehicles can drive themselves all the time. They
don’t need any human interaction.
9 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

Figure 3 The Levels of Autonomy by SAE.

Source: https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/gallery/cm/articles/press-releases/2018/12/j3016-levels-of-automation-
image.png

Construction and Working of self-driven vehicles:

Self-driven cars are constructed as normal cars but some additional

components made self-driven cars different from common cars. Nowadays
self-driven cars have level three autonomy which provide parking assist, auto
pilot, cruise control, collision avoidance system, lane change assistance,
pedestrian protection system, wrong way driving warning. Following are those
components:
 Radar Sensors
 High Optic Camera
 Lidar sensor
 Sonar sensor
 Enhanced GPS System
10 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

 Motion sensors
 High speed processing power with actuation

Figure 4 Construction of Autonomous Car.

Source: https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/03/19/business/self-driving-car-illustration-1521499338405/self-driving-
car-illustration-1521499338405-facebookJumbo.png

Benefits of self-driven cars:

These cars are probably not perfect but the computers are machines which
used to calculate things like resisting the cars, make distance from other
vehicle make these cars more reliable than a human, furthermore these cars
cannot break their concentration from other passengers, and other
distractions like cell phones or music. Self-driven cars have a lot of benefits:
 In self-driven cars we don’t longer in search around to find a parking. An
autonomous vehicle could drop you off, and find its parking by itself. It
saves time.
 The disable persons need not to rely on others for public transportation
because they can easily travel in self-driven cars.
 The self-driven cars continuously monitor the passenger. For example:
Fortunately, or unfortunately if you get a heart attack or a stroke then
the autonomous vehicle will automatically find a nearby hospital and
take you there or it will call 911 for rescue.
11 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

 One of the best benefits of self-driven cars is that they don’t break laws
and rules because they have instruction and they are restricted to follow
those instructions.
 Self-driven cars save the lives of drunken driver. They can travel while
they are drunk because the car drives itself.
 These vehicles are environmental friendly, most of the autonomous
vehicle are electric based that’s why they will not burn fossil fuels so it
will save our environment.

Disadvantages of self-driven cars:

As there are many benefits, the autonomous vehicles also have many
disadvantages:
 In united states there are 3.5 million truck drives. Once autonomous cars
are perfected, next will be the trucks. Due to that the trucking
companies would not hire trained and professional truck drivers.
 The autonomous vehicles are difficult to operate. It will need a lot of
professional training to operate them.
 These vehicles are heavily based on computers so it will be easy for a
hacker to hack it.
 These cars depend on GPS. In the united states the GPS and maps are
very good but in other part of the world the maps and GPS system very
bad.
 The present self-driven cars will work just fine in normal conditions but
they cannot drive in bad weather conditions.
 These cars are 100% based on electronics so a miner short circuit can
cause a malfunctioned.
12 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

Figure 5 Unemployment due to Autonomous vehicles.

Source: https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-08-14/autonomous-cars-could-impact-nearly-16-million-jobs-us-
commerce-department-finds

Challenges for self-driven cars:

Vehicles have advantages and disadvantages as well. Self-driven cars provide

more benefits, but they are more dangerous as compare to manual cars.
Manual cars are controlled by humans. It is easy to manage them, but self-
driven cars cannot manage themselves in different scenarios. Following are
challenging problems for self-driven cars.

Eye contact:

Different types of sensors, radars and detectors used in self-driven cars to

make eye contact in the environment as we know sensors are limited so that
self-driven cars cannot manage eye contact with sudden and unseen
situations.
13 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

Judgment of situation:

There may be algorithm to stop the car when it detects an object, but there
might be situation occurs in which break or detectors fail. In these conditions
self-driven cars may not judge whether to hit non-living object or a human.
Self-driven cars use cameras to detect the road but what if cameras fail to
detect the road. For example: Snow and flood can suddenly occur on the road
so that cameras will not be able to detect the road perfectly it may also
confuse self-driven cars to decide what to do?

Legal responsibilities:

Self-driven cars follow instructions for performing activities, but self-drive cars
could perform some activities which can cause harmful results. There are
issues to with the responsibilities of such activities.

Impacts on society:

There are many companies that manufacture autonomous vehicles like Tesla,
BMW, Mercedes, Ford, Audi and Nissan etc. they all are competitors of each
other but most famous of them is Tesla.
The Tesla model S is one of the most recognizable autonomous vehicle of all
time. Here we are discussing about Tesla model S. this car was introduced in
2012.
14 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

Sales:

Figure 6 The sales chart of Tesla Model S in USA.

Source: https://seekingalpha.com/article/3979245-tesla-demand-problem

Before the release of Tesla model S 520 reservations have been done and by
December 2012, 15000 units were reserved.

Safety:

Figure 7 The overall safety rating of Tesla Model S.

Source: https://www.tesla.com/blog/tesla-model-s-achieves-best-safety-rating-any-car-ever-tested
15 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

In 2014, the Tesla model S has been rated 5 stars by the U.S NHTSA (National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
Cost:
Self-driven cars are too much expensive as compare to normal cars. It’s very
difficult to afford it. The minimum base price of Tesla model 3 has a price tag
of $35,000S and the price of Tesla model 3 has a price tag of is $112,000. There
are separate charges for additional features.

CONCLUSION

From the very beginning of the world humans are trying to make this world a
place where less efforts are required to accomplish big tasks. The reason
behind the invention of autonomous vehicles is also to lessen the efforts of
human beings and provide them more facilities. Since the invention of the very
first self-driven car, the scientists are always trying to invent the things to
facilitate human beings. There are a lot of researches and experiments that will
result in a new invention. The self-driven cars are also the result of years of
researches and experiments. Every new technology has benefits as well as
some disadvantages. Likewise, the autonomous vehicles have some benefits
and disadvantages too. These cars save time, efforts and lives. They provide
facilities like parking assistance, voice recognition, auto pilot, lane changing
assistance and many more. On the other hand, these cars are very much
expensive and cannot be afforded by everyone. They are the cause of
unemployment. They are not suitable for long journey. According to the
research of NHA (National Highway Authority), these cars are the biggest cause
of accidents nowadays. There development is continuously in process. Many
scientists and researchers are working day and night to solve all the problems
and issues to make these cars more reliable. We hope that in future will have a
more reliable and affordable autonomous vehicle.
16 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

GLOSSARY

Actuation The action of causing a machine to

operate
Algorithms Process or set of rules to solve a
problem
Artificial intelligence The ability of a machine to think and
take decisions by itself.
Assistance The action of helping someone
Autonomous Vehicle Self-driven vehicle or robot vehicle
Cruise Control A device which is used to maintain a
constant speed
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency
Distracted Unable to concentrate
Enthusiast A person who is interested in
something
Flawed Having a weakness
Fossil Fuels A natural fuel like coal, gas or petrol.
Gasoline Petrol
GPS Global Positioning System
Malfunction Failure to function normally
NHA National Highway Authority
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration
Revolutionary Causing a complete change
SAE International Society of Automotive Engineers
International
Sensor Device which detects or measures a
physical property and record it or
respond to it
Vehicle Means of transport used for
transportation
 17 Self-Driven Cars: Benefits and Disadvantages

REFERENCES
1. Article title: Self-driving car
Website title: En.wikipedia.org
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car

2. Article title: Tesla Autopilot

Website title: En.wikipedia.org
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot#History

3. Article title: DARPA Grand Challenge

Website title: En.wikipedia.org
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challeng

4. Article title: Tesla Model S

Website title: En.wikipedia.org
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_S#Safety

5. Article title: Pros and Cons of Driverless Cars

Website title: The Frickey Law Firm
URL: https://www.frickey.com/blog/pros-cons-driverless-cars

6. Website title: Digitaltrends.com

URL: https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/history-of-self-driving-cars-
milestones/

7. Singh S, for NHTSA. Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle
crash causation survey—DOT HS 812 115, US Department of Transportation, available
from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812115, 2015.

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