valk: Fundamentals of 0¢ 01-08-23 Jn troduck (09 to Di ikal Communteottoo cnawn purpose of —Communteotien 1g transfer informatien from Souree to 0 recipient Via a chamel ov medium. + Basic block diagram of a Comm System modulator demodulator [cone] [Rensmitter bol c hes | \-> [Recewver} > chomnel ig a medium in which we ave tronsmitt |pfernatien "4 I Radro lot [nen - Ate pevgwet A\ess fn Prot ectien| wwwed | wixeless sater\ibe dispersive move, Protection, > Typ & Information « 5 o_o’ Voice data, Video, music ,email e&c >, Rips ot Samant ess) Public Swik ere Lelephone ole “Woice 4am, todenn) Satellite Systero Radio, TV broad Sa Cellulay phoney. r Cornputey nlws (LANs » WANS 2 WLAN s ) > Bc block diaaran [Basic Sgnoh PrOcesking | oparabigns’ w 7 Dei Discrete Woform ation Souree a a ae Basic dC System,+ Any Image Ls an analog Signal to Convert fey Argitet B Steps axe veoqived a Sampling me ben 5G Nee 2. Qaankls ation seg of, Se i % Encoding . ak end required 0 (p bandurdty 1s ron inout + Souyee encoder —> yemoves yedundancy channel encodes —> Exvror decectied & correction, a 1g Meyaticome Gumainits, Gem (tke panty) 4 + channel decodey = Eee detec & Corr © xecew . Sourcad decoder —> Relvteveh of yedundant bits. win anoleg- - modulator —> Converts a Why OC: : : ate the disterted Signal . the brongrnission eyetemaloal) — Easy to regeney = Regenerative mepeoters along can detect a augue Si ean Cootse free) signal ° cummulatkion of Path yekvangmit o new, cl - These repeaters prevenE O¢ noise along the path . - This i¢ not possible woth Ac Systeme ii = Tuo skate [Signal yepresenEakion, re + The Input 0 o arate seystem 1S ww Ahe Term of o Seapence oo bits C binary ov m-ony) = Immunity to ditertion € Inter ference = de te yagged iy the Sence “2 z.Cl er o. _ con Comioine AEE Signat Aypes - = Enemgperon pigad vant ones t xeltable ~\ Synebvoniqation” . Reapires Requires Alp conversions ak high yoke - Vargen wBandurdry. Requyres ° Neon graceful degradation. 2 Performance Criterla. Probability of error Ov ek. exxov veto. > nose (ramunvy NG oo0d An Aigttod . > Exxor probobility, te low 9 digital & high ic analog: > power ConSurmpkod lous Uy ‘Ata (tol & high analog > poka trangsmisston 16 MOVE accuxote in digital & Goals 19 Conm Syieen Design : » To mawimize transmigsion vote sR » To manimize Sustem LEZ ation, U To minienize it error tate» Pe + To comimite wequwed systems band uxdth 5 Ww + To minimize Syste Complentty Pacey - TO MMImMize reaquived power, Ep//Ne > Foy both digit & Analog . Sy Ro Once coliNtor PA alah vyESS Saree Sources ; Ra? ‘ Televisior > Genevates Message man voice te 19) pio “Teletype data. 5 4 —> Message Moxy nok eleckicol io inoture. (ose hansducer ) Sieneccena Signol = signal at Source, => Analog Jrignol. = Analog +o Digital ) penn 9 = Sample Valen Of analog ale oorfamly spaced discrete 2) Quantigalien = Nearest evel 0 Ainite Aiscrete levels. 3) Encoding — eoqvet sid into Code Wor K Channels fer PC : nied OSS Leen wn eanich | “we ane nanan —- Tao. Garkanaag) ences a powey ie Channel bandwidth. — % 99 olsjec ve tse “iso xesourc =, SSBEES desi an ebfrerent or possible. Frequency TeAponse =, ' eet oon “ua . LS ig a GponkitakWwe Measure of the outpe gpectiunn of System and is used to cowe Aynammies ol Ae Sys tery STL AS @ Measure d magnitude a oun Ratio of Gp b> Mp ons dunctior oF hea of Abe votkanes Cole to Ue) is > The yalio Called Ahe amp\\tude \eaponse s The vatio of Abe PhHasa 6 Colled Phase Te apunue Laneax Channel model, \ No omp\itude Astor ki09 ,No delay Siaeere1oy | _ Won = linear /Channe\ TMHecle). Ap \i tude Argtor tie? > Delay dig tortion . The channels > Telopnon® channe\ sVoice Communicakiso > Fransmissieg media — wired lines, > 200-3400 HZ. > coantol aable- > Singe Ore Conductor Centered weide & outer Conductor: i > closely) packed repeaters. aes opk col Porte > Cores cladding > High ckeq , woont % beyond pork icular t t a@bshackion. © j said ; >opkical | teas jane) ak the vote of qmne. > Réfrackive WMder of Cone > ene {yaikt ble 9 r Brides Awe ‘propagabion o} yoy of light into the Cove 6h the ditexe fom one > end tw olher es> Microwave Radio > operating freq, \ to SOGHZ- > Tranemitker & Recewer wtth Seperots antenny, > Antenna are placed oF towetS fox prop \ine ol Siqht (vos) > No) obstacle / > Non -dicperSive medium, > Satellite CParme| >Satellite W GeoSatellite’ ovbit > vplink nigh beg). > Doslink (lower thao uplink ) amplitudes her CLA), > low noise * x Samplyy, ye over) + SRD Sve) Saropling Ad performed at a proped *ake, Ho sate 7 ie lost aout ‘the propesty neconerucked lakev 09 - original Sqn! ¢ Con be + Samplwrq A baseband Syqoo Hawise aleq sc smponenes Brg HE MOY he | Completely recov aheovem (ov Nauict Critertoy): a highet Dan from +he Knowledge of tke Samples taker BC NAc ol eo Veart ofn, Samples bef Second tnak 18> Sarapling Peg. s Fe > ob : ae a Ata Sena = sampling Ine Wer! (Ts =p) oe> re a 3 types ol Sampling Lechniqus __ \mputse Sameling —“ GSignal enaitipled Py delayed Vextiontinn pulse rat) Nakivel Sampling US Tati by pulse) Flat top oes (sew! Arh Glos Both) » \rnpulse Sesnpling , ‘ xe) ? Or | ice Naturvoll Aural S een pling : 4 (Jee Nok top . Yond 4p Know the vole: 8D RANA “Oe feasible, > Flat top Saeypling + 5 P(t) f “ie, vit) \ x Vy Vaf # Sampling Faas): ' Conversion, of a Continuous time Signal into g , , Aiscreke ttwme Signal through measuring Signals Pexiadic instance of time. ' = Re afk) i f | Ve lf | Ts F Let Q(t) Sample Values ave measured at 426 Slane yeec de (ais) 072! oe 2okae 2 Let the discrete time Signal gSCe) can bi Sates 29 Stee 2 pore oe) 6 | pe. | © Ql) = 2 30 E §(e-9Ts) a biuj= ale) §44) —® where €(tNTs) iS divac delta G&L) + 98) —> GSH). FT of @: eee re en)am —_ Sa ee ee cua the order of Summation & Convolutlon. qs) = iS. alt) *« St=rfs) Gs\h) = 4s a Gy 4-™4s). —-Q) = continuoux m= Spechum. @(4)= FT (ated) GQs4) mM & DOAINZS & “a | =f © “ds wv pcan fs = 20 Secover . en , S$ signet . th 43920 : (overlapping ) : => A\tasing effect. bond: th fesaw: (i =) mos 4 FT Prefexroble. w(t) ‘ v Recovery will be aa ee = + Sornpling sheover : (Nats Geaverten feted) TE oa Finite , energy Stgnol. qe) Spee SOSE ADS Requency Wnighex Han Hg” Saco oS Completely. desevilsed by Specifying VES Saenples ak a wskant of Aime as Seconds APpaxk: S,>290n 3 Relea TE ao Finke energy Signal glt) Conkatnc Og Frey Wighex thay vw hy vik Can be Completely Axo — Yetovered gS ics Samples at a vote of 20 a FSamples Per Second. Let the fourier transform of §&G-075) Tes, FT [8(e-nts) } _ -j2t104 Ts OS gle) = F ators) $(E-7) ET of © Aj2toF Ts J asd) = ES 9ts) e n=-& Ts = ‘aus ers G&&) = = 235) ¢ _ nfl, enG\e Eat)" ==) a al) @=> as4)= fs 2 oun AN Ea BOG G) 2 a aa a GU) = ay ae) a ( ayUntfs © 4s E30) ; on wee Takw4 MEW» aw = (a) exp(i2T Ft) de 2. eae =ynn Flea eee : oe E AM) e ne df nee \nterchange (SOR) s- ~ . 4 2N4(E-Dlow gle) = 25 & Wl) (e! lee) at 2-2 = etree law) wo = ESBS sa) ae Ne nea (a) -—w o ‘ = = & Ws): vali a Sot ). few $3) nH--2 sy (2243) ss ZF a)r) ’ ee Beata) an 4 rT (2wk-9) = es S(9}23) ot Sin(QTst - oT) Nz -o anwk -9T Smen SINTH \, aco Q(t) = E avy | Gar Oy) | i PANS allo) elz aaa Sncpulse . Yetrveived Component after Wwnpulse Sarn ling. ye i beets age ~ = Eme pulse, : eS } o& -O8 -23 1 oe * Sle -nt) Ge(s-mh)_ | tt wo Hk) SUPE* Natural Sam wg : Let lt) \§ a band linn ted analog Signal . FJpe) igs a pulse train coith width T and Yq. Nedural Sampling defined ar 4s) = gle): IpQ) yomofst- plein Oe n=- Bien wae ae) Ree as mS Vv : a) —w w ce ap) Splt). Mt. oct Ca S [cae ab sad Tf Gs) | s(t) = 90 Eee NHr-2 FA) e sanntch Qs = Fiat) Zo" 4 iinw ~ Gy awn Galt) = S cok lave’ 4 raeres n=-2 AS) ieee Natural Saenp\tog —> \mpulse Sarn pling cee Cae Sinc (0) ==) = 4s =) Gg = Sas G(4-nfs) = Gg). N=—0 » Flat top Sompling : Flat top “Sampling is usually inplemen ted using tne Semple )& hold Civeuik > — assume lt) fd] feentinucua time Signal. | ggle), i$ $9 \ropulse train. qs) = Ey g(v-9Ts) wee ) glk) as raul Eighed ith \pulse Era Which leads to \mopuilse ‘Carnpoq >») The \npulse Sampled Neston ig rolkiplied | eit, he eae oe P(E) of width 1, ond Fu) Unik eene tities gets) = PI * {9W-9EO} * 9se)= P(e) * fa tas FT @eG)= PU) & [SWS EUSGslt) = PUY). Gilt) * Yee Eg (t- ets) . = P(4) fs dam > Aliasing (rota © Te avoid aliasing ao $e san 5) ae cotl\ be thes_— a SF aaa ai cima a aaa elon eee foo Ways 40 Elienindl Aliasin * pantialiasing F\\kexs + >> Analog signot is prefultered 43 a new MeL hes, A where fen is \eSS thon Selo. \xw) ° Ag-feq pes as as bakes ae 1 Asha : “Reducing men rea, fm of sks to Ie @ Post Filtering of tex | Sampling | > ta. pass Filter. 5 The Ftex freq BONES S ae oWaletng Cornponents | dele Ufs-Fe) (ne) Agen, f= . aa Eom ess Sankey Aseheo > we Can ovescome poe TS bsing” Anti aliazing ieee but tere “a be loss “ot Some Signet ; } ndormation - i, i Since theve WU be | Fransteiep bond Wwiii. Design of transition BU: > Sharper bansition BW — Nigh Cost + > go Io bt aos. of Signal aw. if aot. is tyvansikion Bw Fs > 2.24. Over Sampling : —> Economic Sol? of Conver Eng At p Gp > Reason —> reduce the Cost of eopuipment « > While yekrievel No loss of wo “Loill be PF But imvolves more Sampled =) larger Bw > witbouk over Sasnpling « 2 ze to edu Signal passec frrough © high Perfor analog LPF to fmt ks Bw. Filkexved Stan al AS Garnpled ot the Ng ake for the Coppreximated) trond ented Signal A stctly band linked Signell Xs nok Yealt'cable os - a “Whe Samples ene processed by an A Convertey that maps the continue Values Samples to a finite Inst discrete output levels. 2 With over Sampling. => The Signol is Passed through a low per formpan Cless Castly) analeg LPF Cerefilter) 44 \tonik 1 > Sampled ak Nast rate. Chighex) * axe ocested ae Samples ‘as Bet pa Co nex teranal Si Gi ayer. S Digital Samples ane ther processed by a high performance digital filter 40 veduce the py ot the diqitel Sacnples. _» The Sample sake ot the output of 4oe digital Aker |S seduced in proportion oe bandwidth eduction obtained by) seis 27 | digital Alber: = Reducing the Sampling volte = Resampling. ‘ Advantage of igitol Kilkex : \é ao > CompenSater fox the phase, aoe distorting tduced by the analog prefitter : op > perfornn Anktaltasing Eosk’. \4=08-23 & Rep sSs So caoilatsiyy pe gre ode model > pulse modulation iS 0 *xype of modulation in | | | whieh the Signal is Pons on the fom | of pulses. TE Can be used +0 Anansmit’’ | onalogue snformation - £9) pulse modulation, Continuous Signals axe Sampled iat xegular intervals: > 2 major type - Analog d : v1 “ad Bigueck. idRypes of modulator rae a Conknuous -Wave modulation Pulse amplitude modulation (Pam) pein Aece BINS S MONO = Flattop Samples yvesults in Accordance with the cnessage Signo. She Noise Performance iS nok good - — So we move to digntet modulation “Pee ,PPem, Dm * pulse-code modulation: aS¢ i COCeM eS Se Analog Source of message signs — Pulse-amp Pulse amp modulator - demodulater, < 4 A-D p-A Converter: Converter + ee a raeclniceconaac] poem ~ BIOCK diagram ; tent unas j sn ees aL veh s[Senpie market yen coder a Signok Wove, “Trnsemmtter: | Distorted RARE : OX) LYATING € Gan) => = Regenerative a Regencrated wove ie Peete Sepeatex Peo: Usave. { oe “Wansmissieg patty R ‘ put. egenexabiod | Jr ecodel__\ ror oneruuctiog | nt Crrcuik Ailter - | Receiver - * Regenerate tepeater 5 Remove amp & phase Aistor1ti0ns- ‘LPF 3 emcluden freq, higher than W Hz. y J Soe - Sarnpl 3 Seat) arnpler = Soraping fe E a . Quag gato - g y 1 > Human e071 Can Sense ony Sime intensity Arieren =c&e nok omp Aifferences. afeamtoenent 8 Sere > Guankiqer — cnemronyles £a wngtantancov¥s . a) - > Comes ting analog, ‘Conktinucus Sample inte diartal f : Cusevete) => vorhoim > non. unifor- Sy + : ae> Io Quaantiqation there ane 2 processes ; ') Decision level | decisiva Ahyeshold. “> peak to peak axrange of iMput va Samples. 2) Representation level! Reconshuckion Values Ls ovisevete value assigned to outpy Samples. > \n RuantiSation there ave +xuwoo Aypes ‘ midtyea d. =f Pot wag treads, midrise | = + > ak origin vises => midtead —> Decision 3 =A a \evel a +o 4 » cree sent eue ae oO, tS,toaa eke. \eve| 3 Midiige —> De Sts) el acd 0, ¥5 520 R a ' oat Apes ETO) 3-10), 4o NA level ; KR Quankigakion Extor + bi ae, Katiser > difference blo oriainal Nalite: # Step Sige . -7 AE blo adjacent represen tation levels. +n uniform Quankisation 5 step sige is ola pores decaying pack steps ts falls oo origuoal Sig) i CEs decaying signal.vin non Uniforn) =) Step Sige Changes Qero1s the Stgnad. « ; wf ee Follow ongindl Step all 3 de 4a Park. #¢e Encoding: process to translate the Argcrete set of Sarpple Values to a rave appropudt: foxen ot Signal : > Code . Representation of digevete Samples. into Atgexete events in a specthie Pattern, code Clement | symn'oo\: *NRZ OD nog setuin +o qero- “RZ — vetuin %o Zero. Se c1$109 level # Regeneration: Decision | SARA Mk A Bie rota = be Ay equatiqer , Tin: Cvtont: J Re Variation jn the Signal “tenthg -> \f Spacing eo “the vecetved Signol deviates > pistortion — jitter is the variation (Na j “Liming from nominal Value. + Reconshuction — Post aliasing. *® Pom waveform types: SS Baseband transmission > using Pem , Analogy woretorm Avan sformned x binary digit: > Digits ave just: abstractions —> te describe po 1g message informokton. > Binary dail — Fox transmission to be Co lowe Vel Looe 2 BNary 0 + Non yeluyn +o Jexro (Re) "4 + Retui0 tv Zero (ez). - phase ‘enceded. : Multi level Eaar ®NRZ: — nee —t (4or level) = Mostly used in aiqieal { NRZz—™| (fox mark) NRz—S (for Space) >NRzZ— = Pinay | —one valkogp le level. a! © — Another Volto. (eel, | | —> waveform with Upper Volkage => naaa change iv level cohen data Chomege From one yoltaae to Omothay Voltone \evel. \-o niet oou A ot . ~ LA ae SNRZ=M : COU Feren kiat emdoding) —smagnetic tape Borin Binary | OR Mane —> SN w level. x Binoy 4b) GES Pecado aS Change ww level Ne ©) jj oO av : ee TNRZE=S + —>COmMple ment of Nez—m. Binary ) OR Mark —3 no change, inlevel , Binosy P Ov Space —>1Chanae An Levey moO OCA Th wo 4 aN vl * RZ TYpS: Umpolax —RZ Am) Dalkexnci mark Bipolay HR=Z i ‘Wet sion, Rz —AM) > used in Baseband franamicsion GMa tape Xecerdt \ | a) heiii * Phase encoded Group * > bi-¢-L (bi phase -\evel) > Manchester Codin > pi-bem (bt -phase - mark) —bi-¢-s (bi-phase - Space) 4 e> Belay modulation ox miller Coding, — used i9 Magnetic Recording system , optical \ ° Ni \ ° 0 6 ( \ oO \ ybi-g —L — Manevester coding. SS ainary | > Half bik onde pulse’ posit First att of bit Wtervol = Baty 0 Holt bit wide Pulse Ppositl “Second half of bik inten > bi —P-—-M —> Transition occur et begat each intervel = Biman! —S Cecond fransitloy one half bit eos ee No Secund fransitteg/ i | ybi-f-s —> Trans” ofcuc at Begining ci voterval - i | 3 Bima | 3 No Second tone? ] i 1 ps (a BMaty oF Second fron one alt bik I_ ee ts 5 pelay nodulation OF miller Coding : _> pimany | = Went? at middle point of mk interval. —> Binor Daa toms) bg Multilevel Binary ¢ EN NeNe aia ave waveforms USES mMoOxe than 4 levels +o encod ode dota “—> *nxee Vevels example — Bipolar RZ, Rz-Am) - Cicode & Duc binary . pvcode — NRE Sone to Geto 5 Tero) to, one —> Changes Pulse Polanihy > No bik (Chanag 5) No dota Manemicsion lo) * |. pieede —RzZ > one to Jexo > Jero to one —s Half Cuvattoo Polarity Change 1 ptheroise Jere level tc sent. Dicode RZ K Selection of PCM waveform , on jor Recp oe \) Based of application. 2) Befrre Seleckiod » the Fo\lowing Porometey tte he EramimedComponent Lsitl) be lost — Magnetic vecerioam Or Systers Lith brancfowmey Coupling (ictle "ox to lous Keg Component: W Self clocking > Bit gynarronigation 1S vesuived W) Cxvor detectiog, 3 pucbinary waveform dekecl exe add’ exxor dctection Brkt + Ww) Bandwidth Compyessioy multilevel code in Bw utilisetlor. ay ‘ v) diffexentiol Encoding. big vi) Noise tonmunity — poo of extov 7 SNR Char a Froblero . Represent o1yoot\oy she all. line Coding fovea: ai ORI nn ee + an polat Tous ez Seok | | Zo N aN i RZ-AM oO She Nv j : aN | NQz aa bad 4 i _ . av NRZ- : as Lal al ee AN : NRZS 5 a i"fT ~ a qpda= 4701 | | ed nN i | Se a Pes re x GUOOLIZAHON. > (LING, ot! Some number 10 OES = 2 5 Rae + LD Total goof amp levels 4 ane Qpontiger « * + piserete@ amplitudes mK) K= 1/2, =--U ot the qyrontiger input > vecision {evels Oo percisiog thsesholds, | L quantize: lp ve merece Fation Lexels oF eersSnn ction + - quantum oy Step Sige > Space bla /2 aay representation level is Qpomtum : + Tapes of Quankigation, at i) x > Lorton, —3 midhead, Anise, > Noo unitorn » cnpstty Quantiger woe Use 16 memoryless.R= ————_ uniter + Unvterm — the Nepresentalt0 levels are Spaced. Slo. \nput >midhead > ovigin ther in the middle of Ane dread 1h Stowcose \ike graph s\nput “x(aTe) > ookpul (quantiqed ofp) alate) +B ig Step Sze. + QuaNtiZatod |exvov AAYWNTS) Dea winyiee | 7.° lat tabi Bn 2 x(ats) ESE) Sate 1 ’ , 4 ¢ Bela 4 Bet Roe me ae 4 Sewanee) GNM of rise, Pic raiccemo > So” aah ea) eea setae eae cyoot bits for Quantigacion op 9 4 bis mE (as a0) ' ‘ Buankigatioy lines ’ 3 44-08-23 b Quantigation Noise cand SNR: ie JOC VS RESET soo Sse . Analytical derxwotioo considey x(Ts) be the 19) oe So Sarogea” Signal , xq (Ts) be the quontised ; oubput - Assume @ Sinusoida\ Signal. uaith) an ornplitde of thman - Tota\ arp\itude | Dae S (Sha) old = 2Xkman. = ; oly th 3 be) pe Soom ‘ 2% - Stepsiqe , A = OA SG a)? GAL, By 0S Quantigation \evel. Th tXman = 4) Anen A= Pacis 2 Sty) Rasy Noise power i> i _k Ac Signal power = Tims ERIM ps, | { 2 2 Nims Rg ay] Nueos = Yo] si Assume NW} Ny sine } r Paps | F st 2 f ead i Nei 2 Ne cae abe Fes ae § ae - (cosre ae y . = Nos — 40528 | : Tees } 4 b1)- Gre)" ; aT “ae eo a a Rici, dh Ac ° wit powers , Po (vis) JR 7 N= 4 Quanrigatlen Nev \ N Nee = Nap} \ i Js aNw Ne , e ou Nex) ele (verbs) A 3 oR n> es ee Noise Power ! t Oia “The Boon title noise powe! = Noniank &e 0 dos Noise. 2 - a Vet Eglin) ys the Guankigation noise = ngs) ye-, ea) = a loTs) —x(9Ts) of a =, 1°) -(eos)* + Noxjiance w= Efeaes") -(€ (eater) |* [> E(eqind) = 1 eq in) P(e) S24 =a