CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 It is also known as processor, Microprocessor, Brain of

computer or heart of computer.

 Material of CPU: - 1) Silicon (1st preference)

2) Germanium
 Nature: - Semi-conductor device

 Processing Speed measurement unit of CPU: - GHz( Giga

Hertz)

 Location: - Motherboard
 Cabinet (When Empty)
Monitor

 Known as system unit when

Keyboard
motherboard inside

Motherboard (or PCB: - Printed Circuit board)

CPU

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 Parts Of CPU

a) ALU is responsible for all arithmetic and ALU

mathematical calculations inside
CU
computer.
b) Control Unit control the movement of Set of Registers
signals between the CPU and the
peripheral devices.
It is also Known as “Heart of CPU”
c) Register: - It is the fastest smallest storage area inside CPU.

Q:- We have to compare two numeric values in a computer

then which component will perform this task ?
a) CU b) CPU c) Memory Unit d) N.O.T.A

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 Memory Units
1) Smallest unit of memory: - bit (Binary digit)
2) 1 Nibble = 4 bits (i.e. a nibble is a combination of 4 bits)
3) 1 byte = 8 bits
(Representation: - Byte  B, Bit  b)
4) 1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 B
5) 1 Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KB
6) 1 Giga Byte (GB) = 1024 MB
7) 1 Tera Byte (TB) = 1024 GB
8) 1 Peta Byte (PB) = 1024 TB PG
9) 1 Exa Byte (EB) = 1024 PB
10) 1 Zetta Byte (ZB) = 1024 EB
11) 1 Yota Byte (YB) = 1024 ZB PEZY
12) 1Bronto Byte (BB) = 1024 YB
13) 1 Geop Byte (GPB) = 1024 BB
Q1. 1GB = ____Byte
(a) 1024 * 1024* 1024* 1024
(b) 1024 * 1024* 1024
(c) 1024 * 1024
(d) 1024

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Q2. 1GB = ____ Byte
a) 210 b) 220 c) 230 d) 240

Q3. 1 GB = _____ Byte

a) 1 Thousand b) 1 Million c) 1 Billion d) 1 Trillion

Note: - 1 Kilo Byte = 1 Thousand Byte

1 Mega Byte = 1 Million
1 Gega Byte = 1 Billion
1 Tera Byte = 1 Trillion , and so on.
Q4. 4096 PB = _____
a) 2 PB b) 4 PB c) 4EB d) 4TB

Q5. 5 MB =
(a) 2 00 00 00 bits (c) 4 00 00 00 bits
(b) 5 00 00 000 bits (d) 4 00 00 000 bits

Q 6. 2 B =____ N
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d)8
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 Types Of Memory
Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

(or Auxilory Memory)

RAM ROM Cache Register

Magnetic Magnetic Optical Disc Flash

Tape Disk Memory

Cassette Floppy Disk CD Pendrive

Zip Disk DVD SD Card
Hard-Disk BRD SSD
HVD

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 Ways To Access a Memory

1. Sequential Access (Ex – Magnetic tape)

2. Random Access (Ex – RAM)
3. Direct Access (It is a combination of sequential and
random access). Ex - HDD
4. Associate Access (It is a special type of random access
method. Here WORD is accessed rather than its address.)
Ex – Cache

Operations Done On Memory

Memory

Read Operation Write Operation

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 Register

 Location: - CPU
 Nature: - It stores the data temporary and is volatile in
nature.
 Data Flow Diagram: -

 How computer starts:-

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 Which memory is close to the CPU: - Cache (1st Priority)
RAM (2nd Priority)

 Which memory interacts with CPU first:- Register

 Cache Memory Lies between: - CPU and RAM
 Fastest memory in Computer: - Register
 Costliest memory in computer: - Register

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 Set of Registers

1. MAR: - Memory Address Register

2. MDR: - Memory Data register
3. IR: - Instruction Register (used by CU)
4. PC: - Program counter ( used by CU)
5. ACC: - Accumulator (used by ALU)
 MAR: -
1) Both MAR and MDR are used to handle the data transfer
between the main memory and the processor.
2) MAR holds the address of the main memory to or from
which data is to be transferred.

 MDR (or MBR): - Memory data(orbuffer) register.

It contains the data to be written into the memory or it
receives the data to be read from the memory.

 IR: - The instruction register (IR) is used to hold the

instruction that is currently being executed.

 PC: - It holds the address of the instruction to be fetched

next.
The value is always incremented by +1 (by default).

 ACC: - It is specifically used to ‘accumulate’ the result of the

currently running instructions.

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 ROM (or MROM)

 Location: - Motherboard.
 ROM is used to start the computer.
 ROM stores a one special program known as BIOS (Basic
Input Output System).
BIOS is the first program that runs inside the computer and
its key role is to load the OS.
 ROM stores the data permanently and thus it is non-volatile
in nature.
 Operation on ROM: - Read only

Types Of ROM
1) PROM: - Programmable Read only Memory.
 It holds the property of WORM (Write once Read
many)
 Dis-adv: - We can’t erase the data from PROM and
thus can’t be updated.

2) EPROM: - Erasable programmable Read only Memory.

 Here data is erased through UV radiations.
 Dis-adv: - The whole data will be erased, not as per our
requirement.

3) EEPROM: - Electrically erasable programmable read only

memory.
 Here data is erased with help of electricity.
 It is also known as flash memory.

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Q:-Which current is used in digital devices.
Ans:-
Q:- What is the source of DC current.
Ans:-
Q:- Name the device used in PC to convert AC into DC.
Ans:-
Q:- Fullform of UPS.
Ans:-

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 RAM (Random Access Memory)

 Location: - Motherboard
 Nature: - Temporary and volatile
 Operation: - both read and write

 RAM is a type of memory that is used to hold the data

(songs,images etc) and program instructions(or applications)
temporary, that are currently in use.

SRAM DRAM

1) Static RAM 1) Dynamic RAM

2) Made up of transistors 2) Made up of capacitors
3) Used in supercomputers 3) Used in PC, Laptop,
Smartphone.
4) Need not to be refreshed 4) It is automatically
5) It is faster and costlier refreshed periodically
than DRAM by the system.
5) It is slower and cheaper
than SRAM.

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FRAM: - Ferroelectric RAM
 It is used in server and super computer.
 It is non-volatile in nature.
SDRAM: - Synchronous dynamic random access memory
ADRAM: - Asynchronous dynamic random access memory
SDR: - Single Data Rate
DDR: - Double data Rate

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 Cache Memory

 It is used to speed up the RAM.

 It is one of the type of SRAM.

 The work that is done by RAM in 180 nsec, is done by cache

in 45 nsec.

 Types of cache Memory: -

1. L1 Cache : Level-1 cache

2. L2 Cache
3. L3 Cache
L1 is the fastest cache and L3 is the slowest cache.
 Storage Capacity: -
1. L1: - 2KB to 64 KB
2. L2: - 256KB to 412KB
3. L3: - 1MB to 8 MB
Architecture Of Cache

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 Virtual Memory

 Memory Hardware (Yes/No)

RAM
ROM
VM

 It is just a concept used by the programmer to make program

believe that it has extra amount of RAM in a system to use.
 It is also known as “Extended RAM”.

 Location: - Hard disk

{Unused space inside hard disk is reserved for virtual
memory and recovery of files}
 (VM size) by default = RAM size
Its size can be increased upto 3 times the size of the RAM.

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 Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory (or
backup memory).

Magnetic Disk
1. Floppy Disk: -
 It is also known as flexible disk.
 Size: - 3.50” ( 768 KB)
5.25” (1.2 MB)
8” (1.44 MB)

2. Zip Disk: - Magnetic coating used in zip disk was of higher

quality and can store more data than floppy disk. (Zip disk of
3.5” capacity = 750MB)

3. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

 HDD is reserved for C-Drive for storing OS source code.

 HDD is connected to motherboard via PATA or SATA
cables.
 PATA: - Parallel advanced technology attachment.
SATA: - Serial advanced technology attachment.

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17
 HDD is divided into tracks and sectors.
 The process of dividing the HDD into tracks and sectors is
known as “Formatting”.

 Storage capacity of HDD=

Total no. of Surfaces* No. of tracks per surface* no. of
sectors per track * no. of bytes per sector.

 Seek time = Time to position the R-W head over the

proper track is called seek time.

 Rotational Latency = Time to spin the required data under

R-W head is rotational Latency.

 Access time = It is the time required to access the data

= Seek time + Rotational Latency.

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 Optical Disc

Optical storage uses a laser beam of light to store and retrieve

data.

1. CD ( Compact Disc): -

 CD-ROM:- (a) It holds the property of WORM.

(b) used in mass production of audio/video CD’s
of Games/Movies etc.
 CD-R: - (a) Compact disc recordable
(b) It also holds the property of WORM.
(c) It is initially blank and is used for personal
storage of data.
 CD-RW: - (a) Compact disc rewriteable.
(b) Here we can delete the data thus it is
reuseable.

Burning:- The process of writing data on cd or dvd is known

as burning.

CD Capacity by default= 700 MB

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2. DVD: - Digital versatile disc
Types: - DVD-R, DVD-RW

Capacity: -
 Single sided Single Layer= 4.7GB (standard DVD)
 Single Sided Double Layer = 8.5 GB
 Double sided Single Layer= 9.4 GB
 Double Sided Double Layer = 17 GB (maximum capacity)

3. BRD: - Blu ray disc

(a) For storing HD movies/games.
(b) BRD Capacity: - Single Layer BRD : - 25 GB
Double Layer BRD: - 50 GB

4. HVD: - Holographic versatile disc

It can store data between 2 to 5 TB.

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 Comparison of Memories
Access Time Of Memory: - It is the time taken by memory to
avail data for CPU.
(Ek memory nu CPU tak data pahuchan layi jina time lagya, uss
time nu memory da access time keha janda hai)

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 Computer Keyboard

1. keyboard is basically divided into 4 parts: -

a. Function Keys C. Special keys d. Numeric

Page Up
b. alphanumeric keys Page down
Keys
(Numbers + Symbols + alphabets + 

Ctrl/spacebar/alt etc) 

2. Modern Keyboards contain 104 keys as per US convention.

3. Father of Keyboard = Christopher Lathom Sholes.

Types of Keyboard

1. QWERTY Keyboard (or standard keyboard)

2. DVORAK Keyboard (used in 1930’s)

3. PDA Keyboard (Personal digital assistant)

It is used to attach with Tablet/I-PAD.

4. Flexible Keyboard

5. Ergonomic Keyboard
It is designed to reduce the strain of constant typing on wrist.
6. Virtual Keyboard:- Type OSK (on screen keyboard) in window
search button to open virtual keyboard.
7. Braille Keyboard:- For blind persons.
8. Multimedia Keyboard:- For web developers.
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 PDA
KeyBoard

Ergonomic
KeyBoard

Dvorak
KeyBoard

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  Why Keyboard is QWERTY not ABCD.
Keys were randomly positioned to actually slow down
Typing speed and to prevent KeyJam.

 Typing speed is Measured in : - WPM ( Words per Minute)

 Toggle Keys (One key, Two work) : - Capslock, Numlock,

Scroll Lock

 Modifier keys: - ctrl, shift and alt.

These Keys doesn’t work alone.

 Function Keys: -
Number Of function keys:-
a) =13 (F1 to F12 and Fn). Fn key is present in laptops.
b) =12 (F1 to F12), These keys are also known as action keys.

Note:- If asked number of function keys then 1st preference is

given to 13.

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 Function Keys Working
1) F1: - help

2) F2: - Rename

3) F3: - Search

4) F4: - Redo, repeat the last action

5) F5: - Refresh

6) F6: - highlights the full URL

7) F7:- To check spelling and grammatical error in MS-WORD.

8) F8: - Open the boot menu (BIOS settings), while turning ON

the computer.

9) F9: - To unselect

10) Shift + F10: - used as right click of mouse

11) F11 : - enter and exit full screen mode.

12) F12: - Save as.

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 Input Devices
1) Keyboard

2) Mouse: -
Father Of Mouse: - Douglas Engelbert
Mouse is also known as ‘Pointing & Selecting’ device.
Types of Mouse:- a) mechanical mouse( having brass ball at
. bottom)
b) optical mouse
c) wireless mouse

3) Trackball: - It is also known as up side down mouse.

4) Joystick: - It is mainly used in playing games on the computer

Shape: - vertical

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5) Light Pen: - (or electronic Pen)
It is used to digitally input the data into the computer.
ex: In Suvidha Kendra we use digit pen to digitally input a
signature in a computer.

6) Scanner: - It is used to convert hardcopy to softcopy.

Types: -1) Handheld scanner
2) Flatbed scanner: - for domestic/ official use
3) Drum scanner

7) BCR: - Bar code reader

8) MICR: - Magnetic Ink character Recognition

It is used to scan the code written on bank cheques.

9) OCR: - Optical Character Recognition

It converts the document to an editable text file.

10) OMR: - Optical Mark Recognition.

It scans the OMR sheet used in competitive exams.

11) QR Code:- Quick response code

12) Digital camera

13) Webcam

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14) Digitizer (or Graphical Tablet)
It is typically designed for CAD/CAM professionals.
It allow users to draw and manipulate graphics the screen.

15) Microphone (MIC)

16) Biometric device

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 Output Devices
1) Monitor
2) Printer
3) Speaker
4) Projector
5) Plotter
Printer

Types
1) Impact Printer 2) Non- Impact Printer
• Dot Matrix Printer • Inkject Printer
• Daisy Wheal printer • Laser printer
• Line Printer • Thermal Printer
• UV Printer

A) Impact printer: - a) Noisy

b) Black and white printing
c) Here print head touch with the paper.
1. Dot Matrix Printer: -
• It is also known as character printer, as it prints one
character at a time.
• Printing is of moderate quality.
• Printing speed is measured in CPS (Character per Second)

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2. Daisy wheel printer: -
• It also prints one character at a time.
• Printing is of higher quality than dot Matrix Printer.

3. Line Printer: -
• It print one line of text at a time.
• It is also known as bar printer.
• Printing speed is measured in LPM(lines per minute)

B) Non-Impact printer
1. Inkjet Printer: -
• Here ink is sprayed on a sheet of paper.
• Liquid (or wet) type of ink is used.
• Colored Printing.
• Combination of 4 colors are used: - CMYK
{cyan (sea Green) , Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black shade)}

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2. Laser Printer: -
• ‘Dry ‘type of ink is used.
• Usage of Cartridge and toner.
• Printing is of higher quality
• Best for usage in home and office.
• Printing speed of both inkjet and laser printer is measured
in PPM (Page per Minute)

3. Thermal Printer: -
• Used in ATM (Automatic Teller Machine), bus ticket,
shopping mall etc.
• Carbon is used as a ink.

4. UV Printer: -
• Used by Govt. agencies for confidential data printing.
• Costly Printers.

Plotter
 Best Quality Graphic Printer for business purpose for printing
car design, architectural designs etc.
 Types: - Drum Plotter and Flatbed Plotter.

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 Resolution
 The word resolution tells about the image Quality.

 Image resolution is measured in : - PPI (Pixels per inch) or DPI

(Dots per inch)
for moniter for printer
 Smallest unit of Image : - Pixel

 Resolution= no. of horizontal Pixels * no. of vertical Pixels

 Resolution= 640 × 480 Pixel, means  Pixel

640: horizontal lines
480: Vertical lines

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