Chapter : -

2nd
Electrostatic Potential
And Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential (7*02018116,12111)
The amount of work done in
mooing a unit positive
to the charge from
electrostatic
one
point other
potential against the

forces is known as
difference .

£9
gg-•+9o( charge)
Test
0
source A

charge
✗ VB Va SI unit : Holt ( Nme )
=WqA÷
= -

•
Or Jc -

electric field
The
potential
said to be
difference between two points in an
is 1- Volt if 1 Joule of work has to be done
in
moving positive charge
a
of Coulomb
electrostatic
from point 1 one to
the other the
against forces .

potential point charge

Electrostatic due to a PYQ 2016

or
•P B Ago f suppose pointatchargeA
a

0 ⑦ • • > - - - -
•

at
% is
placed point0
distance
r n
from .

z
•

✗ a

By Coulomb 's law ,

the electrostatic force acting go
is

f- = 9- 990
¢1T to 22
 F→
The Force acts away from the charge of The small work done .

in
moving the test charge go from A to B through small
dñ is
electrostatic force
displacement against the

IN = FT dñ = f. dn cos 180° = - Fdn

Total work done in

moving the
charge go from infinity
to the
point P
or

W =

fdkl =

:
J
-
f. du = -

f
•
1

47 Eo
99
22
. da

LEE fix de
99.11-a
-

I]
-

=
-

= * -

. 49 to

IN = I 990
4Th to ^

• .
11 =
II =
I q
4 _KEo the
To

variation of
potential 11 and
field E with r

from a
point charge
of •

PYQ 2012

Potential Due to an Electric

Dipole PYQ 2019

Consider a
dipole of dipole moment P and
calculate the at a
length
at
2A .
Let
distance
us
potential point 0 a

or
from centre of the
dipole .

Mz r t

son
=
a co

= a co so
, re
-
 " Hq + Y
dipole
=

,p -
q

= I 9 -
I 9
ATL to h, ATL to ha

]
-

(
= I 1

Atto r -
acoso-qta.ws -0

9
[ ]
rtacoso -
rtacoso
f- TLEO 92 - at cos 2-0

[ ]
= 9 2. awso
tttto r2 -
a2ws2O-

Up 29A Loso
)
-

I
(
=

47 to q2 - at Cosa -0

r >> a

%) At axial point Ii, At eguitorial point

0=00 -0=900
Cosa = 4- Cos 90 = 1

llaxial = I 9
Vequ =
0
AE Eo 922

Potential due to
system of charges
As electric
potential is a
scaler
Quantity so the

ngf
,

total
potential at
point
P will be
equal to the

algebraic of all
the sum

individual potentials i. e.

11--11 , + V2 -1 V3 -1 -
- -- UN

É %
-

I
-

9N
V % + 92
= 9- =
+ - - -

Atto , rn RN .
Arto ,
;
i =p

Illustration A metal wire is bent in circle

1 : a
of
radius 10cm .
It is a
given
it charge of
uniformly
200 uc
Calculate the
which
spreads on .

electric potential at centre .

Solution : We have
q
=
200 Uc =
2×10
- d
c ,

h =
10cm = 0.10m

We consider the circular wire to be made

Potentialof
can a

large number
of elementary charges dq .

such
due to
elementary charge
one
dq at the centre ,

du = I do
4 Tito h

circular wire ,
Total potential at the centre
of the

11=1 dy E. I da
& dq
gtfo
. =
=

Atto r u

2×10-4
=

knot = 9×109
0.10
✗ = 18×10611

Illustration 3×10 -8C

are located
2 :

15cm
Two
charges
apartis .
At what
point
and -2×10
on the
-8C
line

joining Tthe two

charges the electric potential zero ?
ake the
potential at
infinity to be
zero
.

Solution : First we assume that the point lies b/w the

charges
.

3×10 -8C 9, -2 ✗ 10-8C

q, =
=

O
'
n
>
F '

0.15 - se
>
A

let potential to be zero at p

point such that 0P=n
For electric potential to be zero at P ,

V, +112=0

K[ ÷ +
0015
92
-
N ] = 0

9×109 3×10-8 2×10-8

[ ]
-
=
0
✗ 0015 -
z

In =

0015
2
- N

N =
0.09M
R = 9cm
 Now ,
also we can assume that point lies outside
the line
joining two
-8Ccharges .

9 , =3 ✗ 10 -8C 92=-2×10

O' 0015 7¥ '

R -

0.15 > P
< >
x

As 11 -1112=0
,

K
[
3×10-8
N
- 2×10-8
R -

0.15 ] = 0

3m =

N
2
-

0015
N =
0045 M
N = 45cm

Thus the
potential
electric is
zero
at 9cm and 15cm
away from the positive charge on the side
of
the
negative charge
.

Problem Practice
for
Ques 9- •
Calculate the electric potential at the centre of
a
square
andof
side Izm ,
having charges 100 uc -50 no ,

,
20 uc -
60 UC at the corners four
the
of
square
.

Ques 2 .
Two point charges of -13 uc and -3 uc are
placed
2×10-3 m
apart from each other .
Calculate
lil electric field and electric potential at a distance

ofHis
006m from the
dipole in broad side - -

position
on
electric and electric
field potential at the
same
point after notating the
dipole through 90° .

Quests The electric

. at a point due to a point
electric
field charge
is and the potential at that point
"
20 NC
Calculate the distance the point from the
is 10 Jc
of
-1
.

charge and the magnitude the

of charge .

Electrostatic Potential
Energy
in
Electrostatic potential energy be of
Electric
a
body at a
point an

uniform field can

defined as the work
done
by external force in
moving a
charge with no

from
field .
infinity to the
given point against the
(1) In No External Electric field

Due to system of two charges

suppose a
point charge q .
is at rest at a
point P , in
space
.

It takes no work to
bring the first charge q ,

because there is field get

no to work
against .

•
9, 92
→

1×1=0
-

9
-
-
-
-
-

,
-

• •
-
-

P, Miz Pz

Electric Potential due to at point Pz at

distance rn
charge
will be
q ,
a

from P,

V, = I 9,
4Th €0 942

If charge qz is moved in from infinity to

point Pz the

work required is

IN , Potential
=

V
✗
charge
X
=
, 92

kHz = I 9,92
ATL £0
9h12

: .
The total
potential Energy of a
system is
p, [ 93

☐ = IN , + Wz = I 9,92 923
943
ATL Eo 942

9, 92
Due
system ofto
charges three rise

As like earlier we
,
bring in the
charge 9, from
infinity to the point Pz Work has to be
exerted
.
done
and 92
against the forces by q , .

: . Wz =
Potential at point Ps due to q,
and qz ✗
charge 93
 1^13 =

£aeo[ ¥ -1%2,1×93 ,

IN 3
gly [9193 9293]
= +

, g, 9h13 the 23

: .
V = IN , -11-12-11-13

9192
-

[ ]
☐ = 1 1- 9293 t 9193
44 Eo Riz has 913

(2) In An External Electric Field

Potential
Energy of single charge
a

from infinity to in
It charge
a
q is brought a
given point an
external field Ecr ) its ,
potential energy will be
to
equal
P.E. in external
of a
charge an external field charge
= ✗
electric potential
Uq
11 =

V.
of Vcrs
=

Potential
•
Energy of two
point charges PYQ 2018
94
potential Energy Of System =

h
done
☐ •

92112
work
field
on
due to q , +
92
against the
work done

source
charge
in
bringing q , and 9 , to its
for External field position .

Potential
Energy of =
9,1hr, -19,4s -19192
System
,
47 torn

Of a
Dipole in an Uniform Electric field

¥
+a
>+qE
Consider a small
angular
displacement do
during
!
>

zag basin-0 notation of

work done
dipole
due to
by this
external

¥ ! ¥
-
q→E< -
g-
- - - - - - -

>
displacement
 DH = Edo

deal = PE Sino do

both sides with limit

Integrating
Idw
doo
= PE
③
ino

OR IN = PE [ -
lose ]

OR W - PE [ cos 0 ,
- Cos ⑤a ]
This work done stored as Potential
energy of
the
system .

U = PE ( Cos 0, -
Cos -0 a)

As know torque is maximum at ⑤

Ig
we =

so
by taking 0-1 -

Ig and 0-2=0

☐ =
PECOS -142 -
Los 0 )
0 = p→•E→-

Relation between field and Potential

consider two
closely spaced
equipotential surface A and B

with
DX
potential
is the
11 and 11 DX where
increase in potential
+
,

in the
•

dri
direction
is the small
of Electric
distance
field
b/w
.

Idr
If
given equipotential surface
moving charge
'
work done in '
a
q
from A to
p
did did
q ly
= -
v -

dial q du ⑦
= - -
 also be calculated
From
given data
,
work can as

DIN = F. dei
=
qE dr Loso

dkl =
q Eder - ②

from ⑦ and ② ,

qtdr = -

qdV
Potential
E
¥
= - >

,
gradient
Note field is in the direction in which the
•

: -

(1) Electric
decreases
potential steepest
.

(2)
Magnitude of electric field is equal to change in
magnitude of Potential per unit displacement .

(3) direction of Electric is normal to

field
equipotential surface .

Illustration 3 (a) Determine .

the electrostatic potential
energy of a
system
with no
consisting of two
chargesplaced 7- uc
and ZUC external
field
-

at C- 9cm , 0,0 ) and ( 9cm , 0,01

hlsp .

(b) How much work is required to separate the

from each other ?
two

charges infinitely away

Suppose the same
electric charges
system of is placed in
'

c) now
an external
field E A
£
•
=
,
,

A-
-9 ✗ 105cm ? would the
What electrostatic
energy
of the
configuration be ?
Solution :
(a) q, = 7×10-6 c
qz = -
2×10 -6C
a = 18cm = 0 •
18m
Electrostatic potential energy is
0 = K 9192 of the system
r

⑤ = 9×109 ✗ 7 ✗ 10-6 ✗ C- 2) ✗ 10-6

048

0 =
-0°F J

(b) Work
from
required
each other
to
,
separate two
charges infinitely away
 IN =
V2 -

a
= O -

C - O •
7)

IN = 0.7 J

(c)
Energy of the two
charges in the external electric field
interaction with
Energy of of two charges the
=

electric
external field + Mutual interaction
energy of the two
charges .

V V k 9,92
=
of , Up +
qz ra t

JLZ

[ Any
149,92
9,
§ + 92
An -1 V Er
= = =

, , or

( ]
7- UC -2 MC 9×105 0.7 g-
✗
=
+
-

0.09 0.0g

= 70 -

20 -
007

=
49 •
3J

Illustration 4 : Two positive point charges of uc and 0.2

0.01 uc are
placed 10cm apart Calculate the
.

work done in
reducing the distance to 5cm .

Solution : work done

=
=

F
change in
P E
potential Energy-
I PE

= K 9192 - K 9192

at ri

-6×0-01×10 -6×9×109
¥0s ¥ ]
= 0.2×10 -

KID = 108×10 -4J

Illustration 5 : Two identical particles ,

each
having a

2.0×10 -4C and of 10g kept

charge of mass
,
are
at separation
a and then released
of speeds of the particles when
10cm .

What would be the

the separation
becomes
large
2
.

Solution : Let it be the

speed of each particle at
infinite separation .

By conservation
of energy ,

PE
of two particles at the separation of 10cm =

KE
of the two particles at infinite
separation .
 Koh 92 m v2
or
=

1-2 +
Izmit
v2 = K 9,92
am

• &
9×109 ✗
-

2×10
-

=
✗ 2 ✗ 10

001 ✗ 10-2

= 36 ✗ 104
v2 = 36 0000

U = 600 ms
-
1

Problem for Practice

Quest Calculate needed to balance an oil

. the
voltage
electrons when located between the plates
drop carrying 10

of mass a
capacitor which are 5mm apart g 10ms -2 The
=
.

is 3×10
of oil drop
' •

kg
-

Three A and C lie electric

Ques 2 .

points ,
B in a
uniform
field I E)
of 5 ✗ 103 NC '
shown find the
potential
-

as .

difference between A and C .

A B

3cm
5cm

Ques 3° Two
point charges ,
one
of +100 uc
Find
and another of
-
900 UC
,
are kept 30cm
apart -

the points of zero

the
potential on line
joining the two
charges .

Equipotential surface
Potential is called
Locus of a
point having equal
equipotential surface .

equipotential surfaces
are
spherical surfaces
centred at
the
charge
 Electric field lines
are radial ,
starting
from the
charge

Equipotential surfacefora uniform E→

Dipole Two
positive
charge
Electrostatic of conductors PYQ 2012

Conductors contain mobile carriers and in metallic

conductors
charge electrons
,
these
charge carriers are .

1. Inside a conductor electrostatic field is zero .

is no current
When there inside or on the
surface of
the conductor inside
charge moving electric field the
as no

conductor which leads to no

inside the conductor .

2. At the
surface of be charged
a conductor electrostatic
field must normal to the
surface at
every point
 If E were not normal to the
surface ,
it would have some
non -

zero component along the

surface and
experience force
and free

charges If on the
surface
normal
will
it
more .

E is then must have no

tangential
component .

3 .
The interior of a conductor can have no excess
static situation
charge in the .

When
reside
conductor is
charged all the
in static
,

situation
charge must
follows
excess
at the
's
surface This .

from gauss
Law .

Electrostatic potential
a.

the conductor
is constant
and has the same
throughout the
value ( as
volume
inside )
of
on
the
surface .

This Since
follows from results 1 and 2 .

everywhere
E-
-0
inside the conductor and has no
tangential component ,
no

inside
work is
or on
done
the
in a
moving
surface of
charged
the conductor
particle
here there
is inside
no
potential difference between any two points or
on the
surface of a conductor .

5. Electric field at the

surface of a
charged conductor .

where is the
in
charge
surface unit
-
E = r

Eo
density to
normal
and in is
the surface of
a

the
vector

conductor in the outward direction .

Consider
gaussian surface uniform
a small of any
inside
shape half and
half outside the
conductor .

ñp
'
S
As we know
1
1

§ E. de
I 0
'

!
= .

/ E. ds
,

0 f E. ds
'
= +
[ •
: E inside the
in
0 :
E. s
'
-
① conductor is
zero]
Also
to =

qz
=

r•§÷
-

②
,
?⃝
 and ②
Equating '
⑦ .
we
get
r s =
E- • S
'

Eo
E =
T

Eo

6. Electrostatic
shielding
conductor
It a has
cavity
any and ,
whatever
charge outside
be the

field configuration
remains shielded
.

cavity
i.
e. Electric
no
inside field
the conductor .

Dielectrics And Polarisation

Dielectrics are non -

conducting substances . St have no

charge
carriers
Cmeglibhe) In external field a dipole moment is induces in
.

re
orienting molecules of dielectric The collective
effect of all
-
.

the molecular
dipole moments is net on the
chargesthe external
surface
of dielectric which produces afield that opposes
field .

moment
zero
dipole @ a)
OxygenNon Hydrogen Cd
- -

,
molecules
-

polar
Non -
zero dipole moment -
MCL ,
Hao Polar molecules
( ionic molecules)
 Polarisation
whether
polar or non -

polar ,
a dielectric develops a net
moment in the
dipole presence of an external field .

The dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization .

P Net he is electric
where
susceptibility
=

Dielectric in an External Electric field

consider a dielectric placed in an

external electric
field shown
Eo Due .

to this
charge alignturn
which in
as in

figure create a

field in
opposite to external field
Polarized
called
field .

Ep =
NEO
Net electric
field inside

E- Eo -

Ep
E = to where K is dielectric
A- constant of medium
In case
of conductor
K is •

Capacitors And
Capacitance store
PYQ 12020,19 ,
18.17.16.15 1413,11 )
,

capacitor is an
arrangement to
potential energy in
"
an electric
fieldelectric
.

As we know from field that the electric field

,

btw two conductor is

proportional to charge
"
.

So ,
charge on
parallel plate capacitor is directly
proportional to
potential difference across the
plate .

⑥ ✗ V

① cy
where c is called
capacitance
of capacitor
=
.

A
system of two conductors
insulator
separated by an

forms a
capacitor .
 Types of capacitors
1.
Spherical Capacitors NCERT BACK EXERCISE Q .

2.29

Capacitance of an Isolated spherical capacitor

consider spherical conductor
an isolated
of radius R The .

is distributed its entire

charge Q uniformly over

surface
.

The
the
potential
point on
the spherical
at
any
surface
conductor will of be

11 = 1 Q
44 to R

Capacitance
Qvc
:O
,
C-

= D- .
4-11 to .
R
Q

C = ATL to .
R

two concentric
Ques 2029 A
spherical capacitor consists of
spherical conductors ,
held in position by suitable
insulating
supports figure
shown in . Show that the
capacitance of
a spherical capacitor is given by C = A oh ha
Tl C- ,
,

h, -

Mz
where and ha radii outer and
r, are
of
inner spheres respectively .

Ans :

A
spherical capacitor consists
and
of two concentric

spherical shells of some inner outer radii .

Consider a concentric of
sphere
radius ri the Gaussian
'

as

surface .

Using Gauss 's theorem

'

µ
E
= E. 47h2 = Q
€0

E = Q 1

Atco 922
 The
potential difference"between
r,
the two shells will be
"
v -
- -

h,
fE?dñ =/ 92
E da
-

=/
"
a
Q
478
-

£2
dr

it :L?
= Q
•⇐

4- ÷ ]
" =

DIE, 92

The capacitance of the spherical capacitor is

C =
Q = Q OR C = 4-11-6 Mira

"
F-ae.fr! -1,1 ri ra
-

Illustration seven spherical drops of radius

6 :
Twenty 10-12 combined
and carrying chargecapacitance and
of the
3mm C are

to form single
a drop .
Find
the potential of
the
bigger drop .

Solution Leta and R be the radii and

:
of the small

bigger drops , respectively .

Holm of bigger drop = 27 ✗ volm of a small

drop
}
Ig TLR =

27×43-1793
R =
3M

R = 3×3×10-3
=
9 ✗ 10 -3m

Capacitance of bigger drop

C. = At to R = 1 .

9×10-3 f
9×109
12
= 10
-

C = 1 PF

• :
potential of bigger drop is

V = 9 27×10-12 " = 27 y
=

c 10-12
 Problem for Practice

Ques 1. A
charged
density
spherical conductor has a
surface .

charge of
0.07 Ccm When the
charge is
-2
.

increased
by by
4.4C ,
the
surface density
Find the chargeinitial
changes 0.084 Ccm -2 .

charge
conductor .
and
capacitance of
the spherical

Ques 2 Assuming
.
the earth to be spherical conductor
radius 6400 km calculate its
capacitance
of
.

2 Parallel plate capacitor

A Parallel Plate
capacitor consists
of two
large plane parallel
conducting
'

plates of
'
area A
each separated by 'd!
Consider medium between the
plate as air or vacuum .

potential difference
11 = Eod
= dr

Eo

Y =
Q d
A- Go

As Q - CH or C = ②
,
I
C = Eo A
d

For other medium

any
mdA
C-
Cm =

Cm = EoEeA
d

Cm Er
( GA
d )
=

OR Cm = C-eco
 Illustration 7 capacitor of unknown capacitance is
: A
connected battery of
acrossV volts The
a

charge
.

stored in it is 360 UC When

potential across .

capacitor is reduced by 12011 stored

the
charge
the
,

in it becomes 120 uc .

Calculate % 4) The potential V and the unknown capacitance

C.
will be the stored
it what
charge applied in the
had
capacitor , :p the
voltage ?
increased by 12011

Solution : 4) Case 1- 360 uc V Let

of
= →

C =
360 ✗ 10-6 ,

V
'

Case 2 -

of = 120 UC 11 = V -

120

C = 120 ✗ 10-6 z

11 -
120

Equating both equations we

get ,

✗ = 180 V C = 2nF

Hi ) Q = CY
= 2 MF ✗ 40011

Q = 800 UC

(3) Cylindrical Capacitor NCERT BACK EXERCISE 02032

Q 2032 A cylindrical capacitor has two anial co -

and
cylinders of length
and radii
15cm 1.5cm
1. 4cm The outer
.

cylinder is earthed and the

cylinder given Determine
inner is
charge of 3.5 uc a -

the capacitance of the system and theend potential

of i.the inner cylinder Neglect effects .

e.
bending of field lines at the ends ) .

A
cylindricalofcapacitor consists of two concentric
cylinder radius a and bib > a) -

Let charge
density of b/w
the
cylinder be d. To calculate the
potential
difference cylinder field
'
ai and
'
b' .
Let us consider the
at axis
at a
point P distance
a n from the a .
He know that ,

did = - E. de = - Edu Cosa

b >

du X
dy
= -
-
+ a
+ -

27 to +
-
+
-

[
1lb
-

+ I
+

fdil dr
-

+
✗

→E÷
-

= -

+
+
Va 2K£. r l -

a -
+ +

flnteba
-

vb Va
-

- = -

d -
+
+ -

+
-

21T to +
-

i
-

+ +

lnlba )
11=1
dato
c
¥ de 27 to
= =

d ↳
( bag
C = Lt-Col
lnlb /a)

Note :
Fringing effect End
effect of field for plates
- -

of finite area
,
the
field lines bend
outwards at the
edges .

Illustration 8 : The
negative plate of a.
parallel plate
find
capacitor is
given a
change of -20×10 -8C .

the
charges appearing on the four surfaces of
the
capacitor plates .

Solution let
charge appearing inner
: the on the

surface of the
negative plate be Q Then the
-
.

20×10 -8C
charge outer Q
its
on
surface will be - .
 induced
charge
The on the
inner surface the positive
will be
of and that
plate outer
+Q

will be Q
on the
surface -

as the
positive plate is electrically
neutral To
•

findatQ ,
we consider
the electric
field a
point P
inside the
negative plate .

Field due to
surface a- = Q
9
ZEO A
towards

left
field due to towards
Q
right
2
surface
=

•
zeoa
field due towards left
to
surface 3 = Q
'
26A
field due to
surface 4 = 20×10 -8C towards left .

ZEOA

As the
must
point
be
P lies inside the conductor
,
the field
zeoo .

Q
¥A +
z÷A 1- Q 20×10-8 = 0
-
-

2 CoA 260A

ZQ -
20×10-8 = 0
8
10 C
Q 10X
-

=
-

Charge
•
on
surface 1 -10×10 C
-

+10×10 -8C
charge on surface 2 =

change -10×10 -8C

3
Our
surface
=

-8C
Charge
4 -10×10
on
surface
=

Problem for Practice

Ques 1. A parallel plate capacitor consists

of two circular
plates diameter 8cm At what distance should
of
.

the plates be held so as to have the same

capacitance as that
of a
sphere of
diameter 20cm
?
Ques 2 . A
spherical
radius 10cm
capacitor has
The outer
a inner
is earthed
and outer
sphere of .

sphereWhat
and the inner
capacitance of the
sphere is
capacitor ?
charged .
is the
When a dielectric slab is inserted Between plate of
capacitor PYQ 2016 Go
Q
-
Q
dielectric of dielectric
>
consider a

constant and thickness 't is

'

K a

inserted b/w plates of capacitor Ep

with area and separation as
A and 'd
' -
respecting
" "

• to •
Dielectric
Potential difference across the
plate .
d .
stab

11 = E. ( d- E) + Eat Er=Eo -

Ep
Eo ( d- E)
11
E÷t to
+
=
Er -_

11 = told
-1¥ )
t
-

d- t
11 (
;-)
+

E.
=

✗ = Q_ ( d- t
A- to
-1¥ )
Relation
using
Q=cv
Q
G-
¥
=

Q
A- to @
t
-1¥)
-

c=d¥¥±①
When d=t ,

kEd0A_
c =

C =
kco
slab is inserted between
When a
Conducting plate of
capacitors PYQ 2020 +Q
%
-

Q
E ,
Consider
conducting stab +
.

a
:< +

of thickness inserted
'

ti is +

I
to +
btw plates of capacitor with . +
Er -0
separation d and area of : +

plate A. r t •

• d •
Potential difference between
is
plate
✗ = E- old - t ) + Eat

t)
=¥fd
✗ -
+ 0

✗ =

¥g(d- t )

relation
using G-
¥
-8¥
c-

Ato

C = to A
d- t

combination
of capacitors
a- Series combination
connected
consider the
with each other
two
and
capacitor c. and Cz
battery of emf 11
a
,
have Q each Let the potential drop
charge C
.

across , and Cz be V1 and V2 resp

.

Then we

can say that the total potential drop across

the combination is
equal to the sum
of i. the
potential drops across c, and Cz e. -

11 11
C,
11 =
Vet V2
Cz

%
Q
=
¥ +
Tz
E '

V 1

Cnet
=

¥ +
¥
2 Parallel combination > series

consider the two capacitors c. and Cz connected ,

with each other and battery of emf 11the In

a .

this case , both capacitors will have same

potential difference .
Let the
charge on C, and Ca be
Q and Qz
resp
.

,
 > 11 Q = Q , + Q2
Q.cn
CV = Civ + call
> 1
Q2 C = C, + Cz
Cz

parallel
'
>

Both
of these results are true
for any arbitary
number n
) of capacitors
.

Illustration 9 between the plates

: The space of a

parallel plate capacitor is completely filled in

two
ways In the
.

first case
thickness
it is
and filled with
dielectric
, a
slabs
of Kequal
and shown in the
constants kz resp
as
figure
.

,
.

The capacitanceObtain
of
the
capacitor is same in the
two
K , and
cases . the
relationship between K
,
kz .

Solution : Case 9- -

C =
K A Eo
d

the
case 2- In the
combination
second case
,
we
two
can
imagine
capacitors
capacitor as a

series
of
connected in .

C, = 2k , A to C2 = 2k 2A to
d d
I
c-
=
E. +
D=
I
=

zA% ⇐ +
tkz
C = 2A Go Kikz
d( Kitkat
 Equaling 9
2AEok'
t.AE =

d d KitKat

K =
2kt Kz
K, + K2

Illustration 10 :
If Cn =
20µF ,
Cz = 30nF and ↳ = 1-5 MF and
insulated
the plate of C. be at a
potential of 9011 ,
one
↳ being
plate of the earthed What is .

the potential difference

between
series ?
plates of Cz ,
three capacitors being connected in

20 UP 15nF
30µF
solution : •
I 1 1
Cp Cz C3

The
equivalent capacitance C
the combination
of series =

is given by -

I =

{ ,
+
{ at Zz Cnet =

230 uf

Total potential difference =

=
90-0
9011

% Total
charge . 9 =

=
CV
20×10-6 .
90
3
9 = 600×10-6 C

P Do
.
between the plates of capacitors Ca is

V2 600 ✗ 10-6
9g 2011
= =
=

g
30 ✗ ( o
-

Problem for Practice

Ques 1 . Two capacitors of equal capacitance when connected

in series have net when capacitance c. and connected in
parallel have net capacitance Cz What is .
the value
of C.
?
To
Ques Four Ca connected to
2°
capacitors
shown
, Ca
Find the
, Cs and Ca are a

battery of 1211 ,
as
and B
.

potential difference between

the points A .
 Cp = 8µF Ca = 4µF

[ Cz = 3nF
Cq = beef

1211

sin identical capacitors each value C is

Quests
made
. A network
of Find the equivalent
,
of
,
as shown .

capacitance between
A and B
the
point .

B
C C

stored in the
Energy capacitor PYQ 2019
,
18.17.16.15 14.11.10
,

Consider
•
is
chargeplate
' '
a small SQ
transferred from
done
-
re to + re

plate Work
.
in
displacing 11this
charge in Potential difference is

dial SQ
' '
= Y = SQ

Integrating
limit
both sides with
proper
Q
.

!"dw=S 0
so

Ig f
' '
IN =
Q SQ
0

÷ [ of ]?
=

Iga Q2
=

work done is stored Potential

as
energy
U
=QÉ
.

As Q= CX
2
U =
C2 y
2C
 0=120122 OR U =

1-204

Energy density It is
defined as
energy
stored
per
unit
PYQ 2019 volume .

{ EY E2d2
U =

¥1m = =

Ad

EZ
U
1-2-6
=

Common Potential

If two
capacitor with different potential and capacitance
are connected
chargeis flows in b/w them untill
potential difference same at all
points
+ Qi
-
Qi + Qz -02
Cp Cz
< > < >
✗ , ✗z

is conserved
charge
the
process
during
civ , + Czvz =(C , + Ca) Y

✗ = C, V ,
tczvz
C, 1- Cz

Illustration In stored in
Calculate the
11 :
total
figure ,
the
energy
stored in the
Cg is 27J .

energy system
.

1•R
•

p
g,
3nF

6nF
Cf

Solution :
Energy stored in Ca is 27J

ca 112--27
Iz
112 = 27×2 = 9×106
-6
6 ✗ to
 stored in Ca
Energy
⑦2 10-6 9 ✗ 106
9-2 ✗ 2 ✗ ✗ 9J
= =

stored in cos
Energy
⑦3 -6
1-2×3×10 ✗ 9 ✗ 106 13 5J
=
= •

Energy stored in Ca , Crs and Ca

V2 v3 9+13.5+27 4905 J
= + + Uq = =

Equivalent capacitance of Ca , Cs and Ca connected in parallel

=
3 + 2+5
= 11 UF

92 q2
)
-

go = 49 5 J •
U =

2×11×10-6 -
za

stored in co
Energy ,

U, = q2 = 49.5 ✗ 2 ✗ 11×10-6 = 544.5 J

zc , 2 ✗ I ✗ 10-6

Total stored in the arrangement

Energy =
544 •
5 + 49 5 •

=
594 J

Problem for Practice

Ques 9- Two .

capacitors of unknown capacitance C and Ca ,

are
connected in series
first10011 and then in
parallelthe across a

combinations
battery of
is
If and energy stored the
respectively determine
00045J
.

0025 J
in
two

,
value Also calculate the
the of C. and Cz .

charge on each
capacitor in parallel combination .

Ques 2 %) A 900nF capacitor is

.

much electrostatic is stored

a 9-0011
battery
the capacitor ?
charged by .

How
Iii) The
energy
disconnected from by and connected
capacitor is the
What is the
battery
electrostatic
to another 900pA capacitor
?
.

energy
stored by the
system
Where has the remainder the ?
of energy gone