LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

CHAPTER 04 LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

TERMINOLOGIES
Algebraic expression, Constant, Variables, Linear equation, Degree, Solution, root, term,
Right hand Side, Left hand side, Equation, Standard Form, Statement, Coefficient,
Substitution.

INTRODUCTION
In previous classes, we have learnt about statements of equality called equations involving
only one literal number denoted by x, y, z ect. so the equations in which the highest power
of a variable is one called linear equations. Such an equation is of the form ax + b = c,
where a, b, c are numbers a  0 and x = variable.

4.1 LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

(a) Equation
An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expressions involving constant and
variables. For example : 5x – 7 = 3x + 2.
(b) Linear equation
An equation, in which the maximum degree of a term is one, is called a linear equation.
For example : 2x + 3y = 7.
(c) Linear equation in one variable
A linear equation which has only one variable is called linear equation in one variable. For
example : x + 3 = 5.
General form of the equation is ax + b = 0, where x is variable, a  0 and a, b  R.

(d) Solution
The value of the variable which satisfies the equation is called a solution or a root of the
equation.
(e) The rules used in solving an equation are
1. We can add the same number on both sides of the equation.
2. We can subtract the same number on both sides of the equation.
3. We can multiply both sides of the equation by same non zero number.
4. We can divide both sides of the equation by same non zero number.
5. We can transpose any term of the equation from one side to other with its sign
changed.
Illustration 4.1
Solve : 2x + 1 = 5.
Sol. 2x + 1 = 5 [Subtract 1 from both the sides]
 2x + 1 – 1 = 5 – 1  2x = 4  x = 2.

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Illustration 4.2
x 5
Solve : – =6
3 2
x 5 x 5 5 5 5
Sol. – =6   –   = 6 + [Adding to both sides]
3 2 3 2 2 2 2
x 5 x 17 51
  = 6   = x 
3 2 3 2 2
51
Thus, x = is the solution of the given equation.
2
Illustration 4.3
x 1
Solve : +1= .
3 12
Sol. Given equation is :
x 1
 +1=
3 12
x 1
 = –1 [Carrying 1 on other side and changing its sign]
3 12
x –11
 
3 12
x 11
 3  – 3 [Multiplying both sides by 3]
3 12
11
 x–
4
11
So, x = – is the solution of the given equation.
4
Illustration 4.4
Solve : (5x – 1) (x + 3) = (x – 5) (5x + 1) + 40
Sol. Given equation :
 (5x – 1) (x + 3) = (x – 5) (5x + 1) + 40
 5x2 + 15x – x – 3 = 5x2 + x – 25x – 5 + 40 [Removing the brackets]
 5x2 + 14 x – 3 = 5x2 – 24x + 35
 5x2 + 14x – 5x2 + 24x = 35 + 3
38
 38 x = 38  x=  x = 1.
38
Illustration 4.5
Solve : [(2x + 3) + (x + 5)]2 + [(2x + 3) – (x + 5)]2 = 10x2 + 92
Sol. Given equation : [(2x + 3) + (x + 5)]2 + [(2x + 3) – (x + 5)]2 = 10x2 + 92
 (2x + 3 + x + 5)2 + (2x + 3 – x – 5)2 = 10x2 + 92
 (3x + 8)2 + (x – 2)2 = 10x2 + 92
 9x2 + 48x + 64 + x2 – 4x + 4 = 10x2 + 92
[(a + b)2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2), (a – b)2 = (a2 – 2ab + b2)]
 10x + 44x + 68 = 10x2 + 92
2

 10x2 + 44x – 10x2 = 92 – 68

24 6
 44x = 24   x=  x= .
44 11

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Illustration 4.6
2x  1 9
Solve : 
3 x  2 10
2x  1 9
Sol. 
3 x  2 10
 10 (2x + 1) = 9 (3x – 2)
 20x + 10 = 27x – 18 [By Cross multiplication]
 20x – 27x = – 18 – 10 [By Transposition]
 – 7x = – 28
 x=4
Hence, x = 4 is the solution of the given equation.
Illustration 4.7
xb xb
Solve : = .
ab ab
xb x b
Sol. =
ab ab
 (x + b) (a + b) = (x – b) (a – b) [By cross -multiplication]
 x (a + b) + b (a + b) = x (a – b) – b (a – b)
 ax + bx + ba + b2 = ax – bx – ba + b2
 ax + bx – ax + bx = – ba + b2 – ba – b2
2ba
 2bx = – 2ba  x=  x=–a
2b
Hence, x = – a is the solution of the given equation.
Illustration 4.8
4 x  17 13 x  2 x 7x x  16
Solve : – + = – .
18 17 x  32 3 12 36
4 x  17 13 x  2 x 7x x  16
Sol. – + = –
18 17 x  32 3 12 36
4 x  17 7 x x  16 x 13 x  2
 – + + =
18 12 36 3 17 x  32
Multiplying both sides by 36 i.e. the L.C.M of 18, 12, 36 and 3
 4 x  17   7x   x  16   x  13 x  2 
 36   – 36   + 36   + 36   = 36 
 18   12   36   3  17 x  32 
 13 x  2 
 2 (4x + 17) – 3 (7x) + x + 16 + 12x = 36 
 17 x  32 
 13 x  2 
 8x + 34 – 21x + x + 16 + 12x = 36 
 17 x  32 
 13 x  2 
 50 = 36 
 17 x  32 
 50 (17x – 32) = 36 (13x – 2) [By cross-multiplication]
 850 x – 1600 = 468x – 72

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

1528
 850 x – 468x = 1600 – 72  382x = 1528  x= =4
382
Hence, x = 4 is the solution of the given equation.

A sk yourself

1. Solve the following equation : 4x – 9 = x + 2.

9 5x
2. Solve the following equation : 7 x    21 .
2 2
3. Solve the following equation : 6x – 7 = 3x + 10.

4. Solve : 4(3m + 1) – 2 (2m + 3) = 3 (m + 4) + 2m + 7.

7x 5x
5. Solve : 3 5
5 2
6. Solve 2(1·5 x + 2·5) = 0·5 x + 3.
Answers
11 – 51 17 80
1. 2. 3. 4. 7 5.
3 9 3 11
–4
6.
5

4.2 WORD PROBLEMS

To solve a word problem, denote the unknown by some variable and translate the
statements of the problem into a mathematical statement. Then form an equation and find
the solution of the equation.

Illustration 4.9
The present age of Jacob’s father is three times that of Jacob. After five years, sum of their
ages would be 70 years. Find their present ages.
Sol. Let Jacob’s present age = x years.
Therefore, his father’s present age = 3x years.
Now after 5 years, their ages will be :
Jacob : (x + 5) years.
Jacob Father : (3x + 5) years.
Sum of their ages after 5 years is :
(x + 5) years + (3x + 5) years = (4x + 10) years
As per our problem, it is given to be 70 years.
Therefore,
4x + 10 = 70  4x = 70 – 10
60
 4x = 60  x= = 15
4
Jacob’s present age = 15 years and his father’s present age = 3 × 15 years = 45 years.

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Illustration 4.10
The sum of three consecutive natural numbers is 45. Find the numbers.
Sol. Let the three consecutive natural numbers be x – 1, x and x + 1, where xN.
(x – 1) + x + (x + 1) = 45
 x – 1 + x + x + 1 = 45
 3x = 45
45
 x=
3
 x = 15
First number x – 1 = 15 – 1 = 14
Second number x = 15
Third number x + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16
So, the numbers are 14, 15 and 16.
Illustration 4.11
The ratio of number of boys and girls in a class is 4 : 1. If total number of students in class
is 60, find the number of boys and girls in the class.
Sol. Let number of boys = 4x
Number of girls = x
Total number = 60
4x + x = 60  5x = 60  x = 12
Number of girls = x = 12
Number of boys = 4x = 4 × 12 = 48
Boys : Girls = 48 : 12 = 4 : 1
Total number = 48 + 12 = 60.
Illustration 4.12
The digit at the ten’s place of a two digit number is three times the digit at one’s place. If
the sum of this numbers and the number formed by reversing its digits is 88. Find the
number.
Sol. Let the digit at one’s place be x.
Then, the digit at ten’s place = 3x.
Number = 10 × 3x + x = 30x + x = 31x
If the digits are reversed, the digit at the one’s place will be 3x and that at ten’s place will
be x.
New number = 10 × x + 3x = 10x + 3x = 13x
It is given that the sum of original number and new number is 88.
Therefore,
88
31x + 13x = 88  44x = 88  x= =2
44
Hence, the number = 31x = 31 × 2 = 62
We have, one’s digit = 2 and ten’s digit = 6.
Clearly, ten’s digit is three times the digits at one’s place, which is the same as given in the
problem.
On reversing the digits, we have
New number = 13x = 13 × 2 = 26
Original number + New number = 62 + 26 = 88, which is the same as given in the problem.
Hence, our answer is correct.
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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Illustration 4.13
The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5 % of one number is equal to 8.5 % of the other, find
the numbers.
Sol. Let the first number be x.
Then, second number = 2490 – x
6.5 65 x
Now, 6.5% of the first number = ×x=
100 1000
8.5 85
8.5% of the second number = × (2490 – x) = (2490 – x)
100 1000
It is given that 6.5 % of the first number is equal to 8.5 % of the other.
65 x 85
 = (2490 – x)
1000 1000
 65x = 85 (2490 – x) [Multiplying both sides by 1000]
 65x = 2490 × 85 – 85x  65x + 85x = 249085
2490  85
 x=  x = 1411
150
First number = 1411.
Second number = 2490 – 1411 = 1079.
6.5 91715
We have, 6.5 % of first number = × 1411 =
100 1000
8.5 91715
8.5% of the second number = × 1079 =
100 1000
Clearly, 6.5% of the first number is equal to 8.5% of the second number, which is the same
as given in the problem.

A sk yourself

3 4
1. A rational number is such that when you multiple it by and subtract from the product,
7 7
4
you get . What is the number ?
11
2. The width of a rectangle is three-fourths its length. If the perimeter is 210 m, find the
dimensions of the rectangle.
3. Rama has only 10 paise and 25 paise coins in her purse. If in all she has 60 coins worth
Rs. 8.25, how many coins of each denomination does she have ?

4. The ratio of 2 numbers is 8 : 1. If their difference is 623, find the numbers.

8
5. Find two consecutive even number such that smaller of the 2 number is times the larger
9
number.
6. Rohit is now one- third of his fathers age. After twelve year, age of rohit father will be twice
the age of rohit. Find their present ages.

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Answers
16
1. 2. L = 60 m, B = 45 m 3. 45, 15 4. 89, 712
33

5. 16, 18 6. 12 yrs, 36 yrs

A dd t o Your K nowledge

Linear Equations in Two Variables

An equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0 is called a linear equation.
Where A is called coefficient of x, B is called coefficient of y and C is the constant term
(free from x & y)
A, B, C, R [  belongs to, R  Real No.]
But A and B can not be simultaneously zero.
 Since it involves two variables therefore a single equation will have infinite set of solution
i.e. indeterminate solution. So we require a pair of equation i.e. simultaneous equations.
Standard form of pair of linear equation :
(Standard form refers to all positive coefficients)
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ....(i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ....(ii)
Solution by Elimination By Substitution :
Example. Solve : x + 4y = 14 & 7x – 3y = 5.
Sol. x + 4y = 14 .......(i)
7x – 3y = 5 .......(ii)
From equation (i) x = 14 – 4y .......(iii)
Substitute the value of x in equation (ii)
 7 (14 – 4y) – 3y = 5  98 – 28y – 3y = 5
 98 – 31y = 5  93 = 31y
93
 y=  y = 3.
31
Now substitute value of y in equation (ii) 
  7x – 3 (3) = 5  7x – 3 (3) = 5
14
 7x = 14  x= =2
7
So, solution is x = 2 and y = 3.

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LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Concept Map

LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Word Problems
Standard Form Solution
ax + b = 0 , a , b R , a  0 x =  is solution
of ax + b = 0 Transposition
If a  + b = 0 Change of sign while change sides
+ –
– +
× 
 ×
Ex : ax + b = c
ax = c – b
c–b
x= a

Summary

ax  b
1. In order to solve equations of the type = k, cx + d  0 where a, b, c, d and k are
cx  d
numbers, we write them as ax + b = k (cx + d). This is called method of cross multiplication.

2. To solve a word problem, denote the unknown by some variable and translate the
statements given in the problem step by step into a mathematical statement. From relevant
equalities and solve the corresponding equations.

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