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Adv Dbms Lecture Note - Chapter 3

Object-oriented databases were initially developed to store complex objects but saw limited adoption due to complexity and lack of standards. Many object-oriented concepts were later incorporated into relational databases, leading to object-relational database management systems (ORDBMS). ORDBMS uses object-oriented concepts like object identity, encapsulation, and inheritance while retaining the relational model. XML has emerged as a standard for structuring data on the web and is being explored as a potential data model for databases.

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15 views

Adv Dbms Lecture Note - Chapter 3

Object-oriented databases were initially developed to store complex objects but saw limited adoption due to complexity and lack of standards. Many object-oriented concepts were later incorporated into relational databases, leading to object-relational database management systems (ORDBMS). ORDBMS uses object-oriented concepts like object identity, encapsulation, and inheritance while retaining the relational model. XML has emerged as a standard for structuring data on the web and is being explored as a potential data model for databases.

Uploaded by

Kalu Abiyu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Admas University –Advanced DBMS Lecture Note on Chapter 3 1

Evolution & current trends of database technology

The emergence of object-oriented programming languages in the 1980s and the need to store and share
complex, structured objects led to the development of object-oriented databases (OODBs). Initially,
OODBs were considered a competitor to relational databases, since they provided more general data
structures. They also incorporated many of the useful object-oriented paradigms, such as abstract data
types, encapsulation of operations, inheritance, and object identity.

However, the complexity of the model and the lack of an early standard contributed to their
limited use. They are now mainly used in specialized applications, such as engineering design,
multimedia publishing, and manufacturing systems. Despite expectations that they will make a big
impact, their overall penetration into the database products market remains under 5% today. In addition,
many object-oriented concepts were incorporated into the newer versions of relational DBMSs, leading to
object-relational database management systems, known as ORDBMSs.

Relational DBMS (RDBMS) vendors have also recognized the need for incorporating features that were
proposed for object databases, and newer versions of relational systems have incorporated many of these
features. This has led to database systems that are characterized as object-relational or ORDBMSs. The
latest version of the SQL standard (2008) for RDBMSs includes many of these features, which were
originally known as SQL/Object and they have now been merged into the main SQL specification, known
as SQL/Foundation.

The ORDBMS uses the object oriented concepts used in ODBs including: Object identity, Type
Constructors, Encapsulation of operations, Programming language compatibility, Type hierarchies &
inheritance, Extents & Polymorphism and operator overloading.Generally, the relational model with
object database enhancements is sometimes referred to
as the object-relational model. Additional revisions were made to SQL in 2003 and
2006 to add features related to XML.

Implementation related issues of The object-relational model

 Unique system-generated object identifiers can be created via the reference type in
the latest version of SQL.

 For example, in table below (b), the phrase: REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED indicates that
whenever a new PERSON_TYPE object is created, the system will assign it a unique system-
generated identifier. It is also possible not to have a system-generated object identifier and
use the traditional keys of the basic relational model if desired.
Admas University –Advanced DBMS Lecture Note on Chapter 3 2
Admas University –Advanced DBMS Lecture Note on Chapter 3 3

Syntax for creating tables based on UDTs

External function declarations syntax

In general, a UDT can have a number of user-defined functions associated with it. The
syntax is :

Extended Database storage Systems: XML

Many electronic commerce (e-commerce) and other Internet applications provide Web interfaces to
access information stored in one or more databases. These databases are often referred to as data sources.
It is common to use two-tier and three-tier client/server architectures for Internet applications .In some
cases; other variations of the client/server model are used. E-commerce and other Internet database
applications are designed to interact with the user through Web interfaces that display Web pages. The
common method of specifying the contents and formatting of Web pages is through the use of hypertext
documents. There are various languages for writing these documents, the most common being HTML
(Hyper Text Markup Language).

Although HTML is widely used for formatting and structuring Web documents, it is not suitable for
specifying structured data that is extracted from databases. A new language—namely, XML (Extensible
Markup Language)—has emerged as the standard for structuring and exchanging data over the Web.
XML can be used to provide information about the structure and meaning of the data in the Web pages
rather than just specifying how the Web pages are formatted for display on the screen. The formatting
aspects are specified separately—for example, by using a formatting language such as XSL (Extensible
Stylesheet Language) or a transformation language such as XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language for
Transformations or simply XSL Transformations).

Recently, XML has also been proposed as a possible model for data storage and retrieval, and a few -
experimental database systems based on XML have been developed so far.

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