FACULTY OF EDUCATION

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
CHM412

EXPERIMENT 1
EXTRACTION AND DRYING OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

PREPARED BY:
NUR AISHAH NAZIRAH BINTI ZULKIFLI
2022646478
ED2601A

PREPARED FOR :
DR. NORAISHAH ABDULLAH

GROUP 2

NUR AIN FARZANA BINTI ZULAZMAN 2022461582

NUR ZARITH BALQIS BINTI ZAINUDDIN 2022830896

NUR AISHAH NAZIRAH BINTI ZULKIFLI 2022646478

NUR FARAHIDAYU BINTI ZOLKIFLI 2022621868

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MOHD ZAINUDDIN 2022608154

 EXPERIMENT 1
EXTRACTION AND DRYING OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

JOTTER
Pre lab question

1.Write a paragraph what do you understand about polar solvents and give at least
three examples of polar solvents.
-Polar solvents are a result of an unsymmetrical distribution of molecules that contain a positive
and negative pole ( dipole ).For example the molecule that lone pairs and also has a different
molecule itself.An example of polar solvents are water (H2O),ethanol and ammonia (NH3).

2.What is the meaning for the term immiscible solution?

-Liquids that do not mix or not soluble in each other.
3.Draw a diagram of separating funnel and a simple distillation apparatus set up.
Chemicals:
1. 20 mL of mixture 50:50 ratio of water and pentane solution.
2. 10 mL of diethyl ether

Apparatus:
1. separating funnel, 150ml
2. retort stand
3. 150 ml measuring cylinder
4. filter funnel
5. 150ml/250ml conical flask

Procedure:
1. 20 mL of 50:50 ratio of water and pentane solution was added into a separating
funnel.(10 mL water and 10 mL pantene)
2. 20 mL of ether was added into the solution and it was shaken vigorously.While
shaking,the tap was open occasionally to reduce the built within.The process
stopped when there was no more or very small amount of pressure left(no more
hissing).The funnel was leaved to stand until the separation of two layers are
stable and clearly seen.
3. A few drops of a bottom layer was tested by mixing with distilled wanted in a
beaker ,after it was identified which are organic and aqueous layers.The ether
layer that containing pantene (organic layer) was drain into a clean and dry
conical flask.The remaining solution(aqueous solution) was used for the second
extraction.
4. Step 2 and 3 was repeated by using a fresh batch of diethyl ether.
5. The volume of aqueous and organic solution obtained was recorded
Results

Amount solution recovered

Aqueous 9.2

Pantene + diethyl ether 26

Calculation

Solution Initial volume (mL) Final volume (mL) Percentage of

recovery (%)

Organic solution 30.00 26.00 86.67%

(diethyl ether +
pantene)

Aqueous solution 10.00 9.20 92%

Percentage of recovery= (final volume / initial volume) x 100

Organic solution = (26.00 mL/ 30.00 mL) x 100%

=86.67%

Aqueous solution = (9.20 mL / 10.00 mL) X 100%

=92%
Questions

1. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate and anhydrous calcium chloride are examples of drying
agents which remove water reversibly. Why is it necessary to filter off these drying
agents before distillation?

-The drying agent needs to be filtered off before distillation because the heat of
distillation can release some of the water.Thus removing the drying agent can make
distillation more efficient.

2. Although most organic solvents are less dense than water, chloroform and
dichloromethane are not. Explain briefly how you would separate chloroform or
dichloromethane extract from an aqueous solution using a separating funnel.

-Separating funnel is used in order to separate chloroform and dichloromethane because

both of the mixture have different in density.Both liquid are added into the separating
funnel and the mixture slowly separate into two layers.After that open the tap and
separate the layer into different beaker.In separating funnel the lower layer will be
chloroform and on the top layer is aqueous because both solution is low in density than
water.

Observation
During separation process two different organic solution was mixed in the separating
funnel with 10 mL of aqueous solution which is H2O.It show that organic solution did not solve
in aqueous solution and when a drop of aqueous solution added it going down to the bottom
layer meanwhile the organic solution added which is pantene and diethyl ether was formed on
the top of separating funnel in the separating funnel.The percentage amount of solution
recovered showing that solution was lost due to some factors.For example diethyl ether can
evaporate easily and may lost to surrounding .This lead to decreasing amount of organic solution
recovered.
Discussion
In this experiment the activity included extraction and drying process of an organic
solution.extraction is a process that used to obtained a targeted organic solution.This was held by
mixing an aqueous solution containing solute in the separating funnel.Then the non soluble water
organic was added into the same separating funnel.thus the organic solution become higher
soluble that the aqueous solution.This is because most of the organic solution have a lower
density than water means it will be on top of the separating funnel.
Meanwhile the drying process of an organic solution was performed with saturated
sodium chloride or an anhydrous magnesium sulfate to remove the bulk of water contained in the
organic solution in order to get the actual amount of the organic solution recovered.
The most important precaution that needs to be taken in this experiment is when shaking
the mixed organic solution and aqueous solution,the tap must be open occasionally and not
facing any of the members.

Diagram
Distillation

Extraction