Chapter 3 - Function

Exercise: 3.1

Page Number: 3.7

Question 1:
Solution :
A function is a set of ordered pairs with the property that no two ordered pairs have the same
first component and different second components.
Sometimes we say that a function is a rule (correspondence) that assigns to each element of one
set, X, only one element of another set, Y.
The elements of set X are often called inputs and the elements of set Y are called outputs.
The domain of a function is the set of all first components, x, in the ordered pairs.
The range of a function is the set of all second components, y, in the ordered pairs.
A function can be defined by a set of ordered pairs.
Example: {(1,a), (2, b), (3, c), (4,a)} is a function, since there are no two pairs with the same first
component.
The domain is then the set {1,2,3,4} and the range is the set {a, b, c}.

Question 2:
Solution :
A function is a correspondence between two sets of elements, such that for each element in the
first set there is only one corresponding element in the second set.
The first set is called the domain and the set of all corresponding elements in the second set is
called the range.
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Let f : A → B be the correspondence which assigns to each element in A its square.
Hence,
f (1) = 12 = 1
f (2) = 22 = 4
f (3) = 32 = 9
Since for each element (1 or 2 or 3) of A, there is exactly one element of B, so f is a function.
In this case, every element of B is not an image of some element of A.

Question 3:
Solution :
Differences between relation and function
If R is a relation from A to B, then domain of R may be a subset of A. But if f is a function from
A to B, then domain f is equal to A.
In a relation from A to B, an element of A may be related to more than one element in B. But in
a function from A to B, each element of A must be associated to one and only one element of B.
Thus, every function is a relation, but every relation is not necessarily a function.

Question 4
Solution :

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(a) Given:
f (x) = x2 − 2x − 3
f (−2) = (− 2)2 − 2(− 2) − 3
=4+4–3
=8−3=5
f (−1) = (−1)2 − 2(−1) − 3
= 1+ 2 − 3
=3−3=0
f (0) = (0)2 − 2(0) − 3
=0−0−3
=−3
f (1) = (1)2 − 2(1) − 3
=1−2−3
=1 − 5 = − 4
f (2) = (2)2 – 2(2) − 3
=4−4–3
=4–7=−3
Thus, range of f(A) = (− 4, − 3, 0, 5).
(b) Let x be the pre-image of 6.
Then,
f(6) = x2 − 2x − 3 = 6
⇒ x2 − 2x − 9 = 0
⇒ x  1  10
Since x  1  10  A , there is no pre-image of 6.
Let x be the pre-image of -3. Then,
f(− 3) ⇒ x2 − 2x − 3 = − 3
⇒ x2 − 2x = 0
⇒ x = 0, 2
Clearly 0, 2  A . So, 0 and 2 are pre-images of −3.
Let x be the pre-image of 5. Then,
f(5) ⇒ x2 − 2x − 3 = 5
⇒ x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
⇒ (x − 4) (x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 4, − 2
Since 2  A , − 2 is the pre-image of 5.
Hence,
pre-images of 6, − 3 and 5 are  , 0, 2, , 2 respectively.

Question 5:
f (1) = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5 [By using f (x) = 4x + 1, x > 0]
f (- 1) = 3 × (-1) – 2 [By using f (x) = 3x – 2, x < 0]
=–3–2=–5
f (0) = 1 [By using f (x) = 1, x = 0]
f (2) = 4 × 2 + 1 [By using f (x) = 4x + 1, x > 0]
=9

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Hence,
f (1) = 5, f (-1) = – 5, f (0) = 1 and f (2) = 9.
Question 6:
Given:
f (x) = x2
Range of f = R+ (Set of all real numbers greater than or equal to zero)
(b)
Given:
f (x) = x2
⇒ x2 = 4
⇒x=±2
∴ {x : f (x) = 4 } = { – 2, 2}.
(c)
{ y : f (y) = -1}
⇒ f (y) = -1
It is clear that x2 = -1 but x2 ≥ 0 .
⇒ f (y) ≠ -1
∴ {y : f (y) = -1} = Φ
Question 7
Solution :
Given:
f : R+ → R
and f (x) = logex ………….(i)
(a) f : R+ → R
Thus, the image set of the domain f = R .
(b) {x : f (x) = -2
⇒ f (x ) = -2 …..(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get :
logex = -2
⇒ x = e-2
Hence, { x : f (x) = – 2} = { e – 2} . [Since logab = c ⇒ b = ac]
(c) f (xy) = loge(xy) {From(i)}
= logex + logey [Since logemn = loge m + logen]
= f (x) + f (y)
Thus, f (xy) = f (x) + f (y)
Hence, it is clear that f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) holds.
Question 8:
Solution :
(a)
Given:
{(x, y) : y = 3x, x ∈ {1, 2, 3}, y ∈ [3,6, 9, 12]}
On substituting x = 1, 2, 3 in x, we get :
y = 3, 6, 9, respectively.
∴ R = {(1, 3) , (2, 6), (3, 9)}
Hence, we observe that each element of the given set has appeared as the first component in one
and only one ordered pair in R . So, R is a function in the given set.

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(b)
Given:
{(x, y) : y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and y = 2, 4, 6}
On substituting x = 1, 2 in y > x + 1, we get :
y > 2 and y > 3, respectively.
R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 6)}
We observe that 1 and 2 have appeared more than once as the first component of the ordered
pairs. So, it is not a function.
(c)
Given:
{(x, y) : x + y = 3, x, y, ∈ [0, 1, 2, 3]}
x+y=3
∴y=3–x
On substituting x = 0,1, 2, 3 in y, we get:
y = 3, 2, 1, 0, respectively.
∴ R = {(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)}
Hence, we observe that each element of the given set has appeared as the first component in one
and only one ordered pair in R . So, R is a function in the given set.

Question 9:

Solution :
It is given that
f : R → R and g : C → C are two function defined as f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x2 .
Thus,
domain ( f ) = R and domain ( g ) = C .
Since, domain ( f ) ≠ domain ( g ),
f (x) and g (x) are not equal functions.

Question 10:
Solution :
(i) Given:
f (x) = x2
Range of f(x) = R+ (set of all positive integers)
= {y ∈ R| y ≥ 0}
(ii) Given:
g(x) = sin x
Range of g(x) = {y ∈ R : -1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
(iii) Given:
h (x) = x2 + 1
Range of h (x) = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 1}

Question 11

Solution :

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(a) Given:
f1 = {(1, 1), (2, 11), (3, 1), (4, 15)}
f1 is a function from X to Y.
(b) Given:
f2 = {(1, 1), (2, 7), (3, 5)}
f2 is not a function from X to Y because 2 ∈ X has no image in Y.
(c) Given:
f3 = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}
f3 is not a function from X to Y because 2 ∈ X has two images, 9 and 11, in Y.
Question 12:
Solution :
Given:
A ={12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}
f : A → Z be defined by f (x) = the highest prime factor of x.
f (12) = the highest prime factor of 12 = 3
f (13) = the highest prime factor of 13 = 13
f (14) = the highest prime factor of 14 = 7
f (15) = the highest prime factor of 15 = 5
f (16) = the highest prime factor of 16 = 2
f (17) = the highest prime factor of 17 = 17
The range of f is the set of all f (x), where x  A
Therefore,
range of f = {2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17}.
Question 13:
Solution :
If f : A → B is such that y ∈ B, then f 1  y   { x  A : f  x   y} .
In other words, f -1{ y} is the set of pre – images of y.
Let f 1 17  x .
Then, f  x  17 .
 x 2  1  17
 x 2  17 – 1  16
x   4
 f 1 17   4, 4
Again,
let f 1 3  x .
Then, f  x  – 3
2
x  1  – 3
 x2  – 3 – 1  – 4
⇒ x  4
Clearly, no solution is available in R.
So f 1  3   .

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Question 14:
Solution :
(c) R3 = [(p, 1), (q, 2), (p, 2), (s, 3)
All the relations in (a), (b) and (d) have a unique image in B for all the elements in A.
R3 is not a function from A to B because p ∈ A has two images, 1 and 2, in B.
Hence, option (c) is not a function.
Question 15:
Solution :
Given:
A ={9, 10, 11, 12, 13}
f : A → N be defined by f (n) = the highest prime factor of n.
f (9) = the highest prime factor of 9 = 3
f (10) = the highest prime factor of 10 = 5
f (11) = the highest prime factor of 11 = 11
f (12) = the highest prime factor of 12 = 3
f (13) = the highest prime factor of 13 = 13
The range of f is the set of all f (n), where n  A .
Therefore,
range of f = {3, 5, 11, 13}
Question 16:
Solution :
 x 2 0x3
The function f is defined by f  x   
3x 3x10
It is observed that for 0  x  3, f  x   x 2 .
3  x  10, f  x   3x
Also, at x  3, f  x   32  9. And
f  x  3  3  9.
That is, at x  3, f  x   9.
Therefore, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, the images of f (x) are unique.
Thus, the given relation is a function.
Again,
 x 2 , 0x2
the relation g is defined as g  x   
3x, 2x10
It can be observed that for x = 2, g(x) = 22 = 4 and also,
g(x) = 3 × 2 = 6.
Hence, 2 in the domain of the relation g corresponds to two different images, i.e. 4 and 6.
Hence, this relation is not a function.
Hence proved.
Question 17:
Solution :
Given:
f(x) = x2
Therefore,

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 2 2
f 1.1  f 1 1.1  1 1.21  1 0.21
    2.1
1.1  1 1.1  1 0.1 0.1
Question 18:
Solution: function f : X  R given by f  x   x 3  1 where X  1, 0,3, 9, 7 .
3
f  1   1  1  0
f  0   03  1  1
f  3  33  1  28
f  7   73  1  344
f  9   93  1  730
So, f   x, f  x   : x  X    1, 0 ,  0,1 ,  3, 28 ,  7,344 ,  9, 730

Exercise: 3.2
Page Number:3.11
Question 1:

Solution :

Given:
f  x   x 2 – 3x  4
Therefore,
2
f  2x  1   2x  1 – 3  2x  1  4
 4 x 2  1  4 x – 6x – 3  4
 4x 2 – 2x  2
Now,
f  x  f  2x  1
 x 2 – 3x  4  4x 2 – 2x  2
 4 x 2 – x 2 – 2x  3x  2 – 4  0
 3x 2  x – 2  0

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 3x 2  3x – 2 x – 2  0
 3x  x  1 – 2  x  1  0
  3x – 2  x  1  0
  x  1  0 or  3x – 2  0
2
 x  1or x 
3
2
Hence, x  1,
3

Question 2:
Solution :

Given:
f (x) = (x – a)2(x – b)2
Thus,
f (a + b) = (a + b – a)2(a + b – b)2
= b2a2
Hence, f (a + b) = a2b2 .

Question 3:
Solution :

Given:
ax  b
f  x 
bx  a
Let y = f (x) .
⇒ y( bx – a) = ax – b
⇒ xyb – ay = ax – b
⇒ xyb – ax = ay – b
⇒ x(by – a) = ay – b
ay  b
x
by  a
⇒ x = f (y)

Question 4:
Solution :

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Given:
1
f  x 
1 x
Thus,
 1 
f  f  x   f  
1  x 

1

1
1
1 x

1

1 x 1
1 x
1 x

x
x 1

x
Again,

 x 1 
f  f  f  x   f 
 x 
1

 x 1 
1  
 x 
1

x  x 1
x
x

1
x

Therefore, f  f  f  x   x .
Hence proved.

Question 5:
Solution :

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Given:
f(x) = (a − xn)1/n, a > 0
Now,
f  f  x   f (a  x n )1/ n
 [a – {(a – x n )1/ n }n ]1/ n
 [ a – (a – x n )]1/ n
 [ a – a  x n )]1/ n  ( x n )1/ n  x nx1/ n   x

Thus, f  f  x   x .
Hence proved.

Question 6:
Solution :

Given:

 x 2 , when x  0

fx=x2 f  x    x, when 0  x  1
1
 , when x  1
x
Now,

1 1
(a) f    [ Using f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x < 1]
2 2
(b) f (-2) = ( – 2)2 = 4
1
(c) f 1   1
1
1
 
(d) f 3 
3
(e) f  3 
Since x is not defined in R, f  
3 does not exist.

Question 7:
Solution :
Given:
1
f  x   x3  …(i)
x3

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Thus,
3
1 1 1
f     3
 x  x 1
 
 x

1 1
 
x3 1
x3

1 1
 f    3  x 3 …(ii)
x x

1  1   1 
f  x   f     x3  3    3  x3 
 x  x  x 

1 1
 x3  3
 3  x3  0
x x

1
Hence, f  x   f    0
x

Question 8:
Solution :
Given:
2x
f  x 
1  x2
Thus,
2  tan  
f  tan   
1 tan 2 
sin 
2
 cos 
 sin 2  
1  2 
 cos  
2 sin  cos 2 
 
cos  cos 2   sin 2 
2 sin  cos 
  cos 2   sin 2   1
1

 sin 2  2 sin  cos   sin 2 

Hence, f (tan θ) = sin 2θ.

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Question 9:
Solution :

Given:
1 1
af  x   bf     5 …(i)
 x x
1 1
 af    bf  x    5
 x 1
x
1
 af    bf  x   x  5 …(ii)
x

On adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:

1 1 1
af  x   bf  x   bf    af     5  x  5
x x x
1 1
  a  b  f  x    a  b  f     x  10
 x x
1 1 1 
 f  x  f      x  10  …(iii)
 x   a  b  x 

On subtracting (ii) from (i), we get:

1 1 1
af  x   bf  x   bf    af     5  x  5
x  x x
1 1
  a  b f  x  f    a  b   x
x x
1 1 1 
 f  x  f      x  …(iv)
 x  a  b  x 

On adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get:

1 1  1 1 
2 f  x    x 10     x
ab x  a b x 
1 1
 a  b    x 10   a  b    x 
 2 f  x  x  x 
 a  b  a  b 
a b a b
 ax 10a   bx 10b   ax   bx
 2 f  x  x x x x
a2  b2

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 2a
 10a  10b  2bx
 2 f  x  x
a 2  b2
1 1  2a 
 f  x  2 2
   10a  10b  2bx 
a b 2  x 
1 a 
 2 2 
 5a  5b  bx 
a b x 

Therefore,
1 a 
f  x  2 
2
 bx  5a  5b 
a b  x 
1 a  5 a  b
 2 2   bx   2 2
a b x  a b
1 a  5a  b
 2 2 
 bx  
a b x   a  b  a  b 
1 a  5
 2 2 
 bx  
a b x  a  b

Hence,
1 a  5
f  x   x  bx    a  b  .
a  b2
2

Question 10:
Solution :

Given:
x 1
f  x 
x 1
Therefore,
 x 1 
f  f  x   f  
 x 1 
 x 1 
  1
 x 1 

 x 1
  1
 x 1 
x  1  x 1 2x
x 1 2x
  x 1  x
x 1 x 1 2 2
x 1 x 1
Thus,
f  f  x   x
Hence proved.

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Exercise: 3.3

Page Number: 3.18

Question 1: Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

1
(i) f  x  
x

1
(ii) f  x  
x7

3x  2
(iii) f  x  
x 1

2x 1
(iv) f  x  
x2  1

x2  2 x  1
(v) f  x  
x 2  8 x  12
Solution :

1
(i) Given: f  x  
x
Domain of f :
We observe that f (x) is defined for all x except at x = 0.
1
At x = 0, f (x) takes the intermediate form . .
0
Hence, domain ( f ) = R -{ 0 }

1
(ii) Given: f  x  
 x  7
Domain of f :
Clearly, f (x) is not defined for all (x – 7) = 0 i.e. x = 7.
1
At x = 7, f (x) takes the intermediate form . .
0
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – { 7 }.

3x  2
(iii) Given: f  x  
 x  1
Domain of f :
Clearly, f (x) is not defined for all (x + 1) = 0, i.e. x = – 1.

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 1
At x = -1, f (x) takes the intermediate form . .
0
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – { -1 }.

2x 1
(iv) Given: f  x  
x2  9
Domain of f :
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x ∈ R except for x2 – 9 ≠ 0, i.e. x = ± 3.
1
At x = -3, 3, f (x) takes the intermediate form . .
0
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – { – 3, 3 }.

x2  2x 1
(v) Given: f  x   2
x  8 x  12

x2  2 x  1

x 2  6 x  2 x  12

x2  2 x  1

x  x  6  2  x  6

x2  2x 1

 x  6  x  2 
x2  2x  1
Domain of f : Clearly, f (x) is a rational function of x as is a rational expression.
x 2  8 x  12
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those values of x for which x2 – 8x + 12
= 0, i.e. x = 2, 6.
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – {2,6}.

Question 2: Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:

(i) f  x   x  2

1
(ii) f  x  
x2  1

(iii) f  x   9  x 2

x2
(iv) f  x  
3 x

Solution :

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(i) Given: f  x   x  2
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values if x – 2 ≥ 0.
⇒x≥2
⇒ x ∈ [2, ∞)
Hence, domain (f) = [2, ∞) .

1
(ii) Given: f  x  
x2  1
Clearly, f (x) is defined for x2 – 1 > 0 .
(x + 1)(x – 1) > 0 [ Since a2 – b2 = ( a + b)(a – b)]
x < -1 and x > 1
x ∈ (-∞ , – 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
Hence, domain (f) = (- ∞ , – 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

(iii) Given: f  x   9  x 2
We observe that f (x) is defined for all satisfying
9 – x2 ≥ 0 .
⇒ x2 – 9 ≤ 0
⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) ≤ 0
⇒ -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
x ∈ [ – 3, 3]
Hence, domain ( f ) = [ -3, 3]

x2
(iv) Given: f  x  
3 x
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values if
x – 2 ≥ 0 and 3 – x > 0
⇒ x ≥ 2 and 3 > x
⇒ x ∈ [2, 3)
Hence, domain ( f ) = [2, 3) .

Question 3: Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:

ax  b
(i) f  x  
bx  a

ax  b
(ii) f  x  
cx  d

(iii) f  x   x  1

(iv) f  x   x  3

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 x2
(v) f  x  
2 x

(vi) f  x   9  x 2

(vii) f  x    x

(viii) f  x   9  x 2

Solution :

(i)
Given:
ax  b
f  x 
bx  a
ax  b
Domain of f : Clearly, f (x) is a rational function of x as is a rational expression.
bx  a
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those values of x for which ( bx – a) = 0,
i.e. bx = a.
a
x
b
a 
Hence, domain ( f ) = R   
b 
Range of f :
Let f (x) = y
ax  b
 y
bx  a
⇒ (ax + b) = y (bx – a)
⇒ (ax + b) = (bxy – ay)
⇒ b + ay = bxy – ax
⇒ b + ay = x(by – a)
b  ay
x
by  a
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those values of x for which ( by – a) = 0,
a
i.e. by = a.  y  .
b
a 
Hence, range ( f ) = R   
b 
(ii)
Given:
ax  b
f  x 
cx  d
ax  b
Domain of f : Clearly, f (x) is a rational function of x as is a rational expression.
cx  d

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Clearly, f (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those values of x for which ( cx – d) = 0,
d
i.e. cx = d.  x  .
c
d 
Hence, domain ( f ) = R   
c 
Range of f :
Let f (x) = y
ax  b
 y
cx  d
⇒ (ax – b) = y( cx – d)
⇒ (ax – b) = (cxy – dy)
⇒ dy – b = cxy – ax
⇒ dy – b = x(cy – a)
dy  b
x
cy  a
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those values of x for which ( cy – a) = 0,
a
i.e. cy = a.  y  .
c
a 
Hence, range ( f ) = R    .
c 

(iii)
Given: f  x   x  1
Domain ( f ) : Clearly, f (x) assumes real values if x – 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 1 ⇒ x ∈ [1, ∞) .
Hence, domain (f) = [1, ∞)
Range of f : For x ≥ 1, we have:
x–1≥0
 x 1  0
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0
Thus, f (x) takes all real values greater than zero.
Hence, range (f) = [0, ∞) .

(iv)
Given: f  x   x  3
Domain ( f ) : Clearly, f (x) assumes real values if x – 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 3 ⇒ x ∈ [3, ∞) .
Hence, domain ( f ) = [3, ∞)
Range of f : For x ≥ 3, we have:
x–3≥0
 x 3  0
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0
Thus, f (x) takes all real values greater than zero.
Hence, range (f) = [0, ∞) .

(v)
Given:

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 x2
f  x 
2 x
Domain ( f ) :
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x satisfying: if 2 – x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 2.
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – {2}.
Range of f :
Let f (x) = y
x2
y
2 x
⇒ x – 2 = y (2 – x)
⇒ x – 2 = – y (x – 2)
⇒y=–1
Hence, range ( f ) = {- 1}.

(vi)
The given real function is f (x) = |x – 1|.
It is clear that |x – 1| is defined for all real numbers.
Hence, domain of f = R.
Also, for x ∈ R, (x – 1) assumes all real numbers.
Thus, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Hence, range of f = [0, ∞) .

(vii)
f (x) = – | x |, x ∈ R
We know that
 x, x  0
x 
 x x  0
  x, x  0
 f  x   x  
 x, x0
Since f(x) is defined for x ∈ R, domain of f = R.
It can be observed that the range of f (x) = – | x | is all real numbers except positive real numbers.
∴ The range of f is (– ∞, 0).

(viii) Given:
f  x   9  x2
9  x   0
2

 9  x2
 x  3,3

9  x 2 is defined for all real numbers that are greater than or equal to – 3 and less than or equal
to 3.
Thus, domain of f (x) is {x : – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3} or [– 3, 3].
For any value of x such that – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3, the value of f (x) will lie between 0 and 3.
Hence, the range of f (x) is {x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 3} or [0, 3] .

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Exercise: 3.4

Page Number: 3.38

Question 1:
Solution :

(a) Given:
f (x) = x3 + 1 and g (x) = x + 1
Thus,
(f + g) (x) : R → R is given by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = x3 + 1 + x + 1 = x3 + x + 2.
(f – g) (x) : R → R is given by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x) = (x3 + 1) – (x + 1 ) = x3 + 1 – x – 1 =
x3– x.
cf : R → R is given by (cf) (x) = c(x3 + 1).
(fg) (x) : R → R is given by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = (x3 + 1) (x + 1) = (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) (x + 1) =
(x + 1)2 (x2 – x + 1).
1 1 1 1
: R  1  R is givenby    x    3 .
f  f  f  x   x  1

f  x   x  1  x  1  x  x  1
3 2
f  f 
: R  1  R is given by    x    
g g g  x   x  1  x  1
  x 2  x  1 .

Note that : (x3 + 1) = (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1)]

(b) Given:
f  x   x  1 and g  x   x  1
Thus,
(f + g) ) : [1, ∞) → R is defined by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = x  1  x  1 .
(f – g) ) : [1, ∞) → R is defined by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x) = x  1  x  1 .
cf : [1, ∞) → R is defined by (cf) (x) = c x  1 .
(fg) : [1, ∞) → R is defined by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = x  1  x  1  x 2  1 .
1 1 1 1
: 1,    R is defined by    x    .
f f  f x x 1
f f  f x x 1 x 1
: 1,    R is defined by    x     .
g g gx x 1 x 1

Question 2:

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Solution :

Given:
f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = x2 + x
Clearly, f (x) and g (x) assume real values for all x.
Hence,
domain (f) = R and domain (g) = R.
 D  f  D  g   R .

Now,
(i) (f + g) : R → R is given by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = 2x + 5 + x2 + x = x2 + 3x + 5.
Hence, domain ( f + g) = R .

(ii) (f – g) : R → R is given by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x) = (2x + 5) – (x2 + x) = 5 + x – x2

Hence, domain ( f – g) = R.

(iii) (fg) : R → R is given by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = (2x + 5)(x2 + x)

= 2x3 + 2x2 + 5x2 + 5x
= 2x3 + 7x2 + 5x
Hence, domain ( f.g) = R .

(iv) Given:
g(x) = x2 + x
g(x) = 0 ⇒ x2 + x = 0 = x(x+ 1) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or (x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x = – 1
f f  f  x  2x  5
Now, : R  1, 0  Ris givenby    x    .
g g g  x  x2  x
f 
Hence, domain    R  1, 0
g

Question 3:
Solution :

Given:
1, 2x0
f  x  
 x  1, 0  x2
Thus,

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g  x  f  x   f  x
 x  1  1, 2x0

  x  1    x  1 , 0  x  1
 x  1  x  1, 1 x  2

 x, 2x0

 0, 0  x 1
2 x  2, 1  x  2


Question 4:
Solution :

Given:
f  x   x  1and g  x   9  x 2
Clearly, f  x   x  1 is defined for all x ≥ -1.
Thus, domain (f) = [ -1, ∞]
Again,

g  x   9  x 2 is defined for
9 -x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 – 9 ≤ 0
⇒ x2 – 32 ≤ 0
⇒ (x + 3)(x – 3) ≤ 0
⇒ x   3, 3
Thus, domain (g) = [- 3, 3]
Now,
domain ( f ) ∩ domain( g ) = [ -1, ∞] ∩ [- 3, 3]
= [ -1, 3]
(i) ( f + g ) : [ – 1 , 3] → R is given by ( f + g ) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = x  1  9  x 2 .

(ii) ( g – f ) : [ -1 , 3] → R is given by ( g – f ) (x) = g (x)- f (x) = 9  x 2  x  1 .

(iii) (fg) : [ -1 , 3] → R is given by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x)=

x  1. 9  x 2   x  1  9  x2   9 9 x  x 2  x3 .

f  f  f  x x 1 x 1
(iv) :  1,3  R is givenby    x     .
g g g  x 9  x2 9  x2

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 g g g  x 9  x2 9  x2
(v) :  1,3  R is givenby    x     .
f  f  f  x x 1 x 1

 
(vi) 2 f  5 g :  1,3  R is givenby 2 f  5 g  x   2 x  1  5  9  x2 
 2 x  1  45  5 x 2 .


(vii) f 2  7 f :  1,   Ris givenby f 2  7 f   x   f  x  7 f  x
2
{Since domain(f) = [- 1,
∞]}
2
=  
x 1  7  
x 1  x 1 7 x 1

5 5 5
(viii) :  3,3  R is defined by    x   . . {Since domain(g) = [- 3, 3]}
g g 9  x2

Question 5:
Solution :

Given:
f(x) = loge (1 − x) and g(x) = [x]
Clearly, f(x) = loge (1 − x) is defined for all ( 1 – x) > 0.
⇒1>x
⇒x<1
⇒ x ∈ ( -∞, 1)
Thus, domain (f ) = ( – ∞, 1)
Again,
g(x) = [x] is defined for all x ∈ R.
Thus, domain (g) = R
∴ Domain (f) ∩ Domain (g) = ( – ∞, 1) ∩ R
= ( – ∞, 1)

Hence,
(i ) ( f + g ) : ( -∞, 1) → R is given by ( f + g ) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = loge (1 − x) + [ x ].

(ii) (fg) : ( – ∞, 1) → R is given by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = loge (1 − x)[ x ] = [ x ]loge (1 − x).

(iii) Given:
g(x) = [ x ]
If [ x ] = 0,
x ∈ (0, 1)
Thus,

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 f
domain    domain  f  domain  g    x : g  x   0
g
f f  f  x  log e 1  x 
:  , 0   R is defined by    x    ..
g g g  x  x
(iv) Given:
f(x) = loge (1 − x)
1 1
 
f  x  log e 1  x 
1
is defined if loge( 1-x) is defined and loge(1 – x) ≠ 0.
f  x
⇒ (1- x) > 0 and (1 – x) ≠ 0
⇒ x < 1 and x ≠ 0
⇒ x ∈ ( – ∞, 0)∪ (0, 1)
g
Thus, domain     , 0    0,1 = ( – ∞, 1) .
f
g g
:  , 0    0,1  R defined by    x  
g  x

 x
f f  f  x  log e 1  x 

(f + g)( -1) = f( -1) + g( -1)

= loge{1 – (- 1)}+ [ -1]
= loge 2 – 1
Hence, (f + g)( – 1) = loge 2 – 1

(fg)(0) = loge ( 1 – 0) × [0] = 0

 f  1 
    does not exist. .
 g  2 
1
 g  1 
  2  0
  
 f   2  log 1  1 
e 
 2

Question 6:
Solution :

Given:
1
f  x   x  1, g  x   and h  x   2x 3  3
x
Clearly, f (x) is defined for x + 1 ≥ 0 .

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⇒x≥–1
⇒ x ∈ [ -1, ∞]
Thus, domain ( f ) = [ -1, ∞] .
Clearly, g (x) is defined for x ≠ 0 .
⇒ x ∈ R – { 0} and h(x) is defined for all x such that x ∈ R .
Thus,
domain ( f ) ∩ domain (g) ∩ domain (h) = [ – 1, ∞] – { 0}.
Hence,
(2f + g – h) : [ – 1, ∞] – { 0} → R is given by:
(2f + g – h)(x) = 2f (x) + g (x) – h (x)
1
 2 x  1   2x2  3
x
 2 f  g  h 1  2 2  1  2  3  2 2  4  2  2 2  2
(2f + g – h) (0) does not exist because 0 does not lie in the domain x ∈[ – 1, ∞] – {0}.

Question 7:
Solution :

Here,
f (x) = 1 – x for x < 0. So,
f (- 4) = 1 – ( – 4) = 5
f (- 3) = 1 – ( – 3) = 4
f (-2) = 1 – ( – 2) = 3
f (-1) = 1 – (- 1) = 2 etc.

Also, f(x) = 1 for x = 0.

Lastly, f (x) = x + 1 for, x > 0.

and f (1) = 2, f (2) = 3, f (3) = 4, f (4) = 5 and so on.

Thus, the graph of f is as shown below:

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Question 8:
Solution :

f, g : R → R is defined, respectively, by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x − 3.

(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (x + 1) + (2x – 3)
= 3x – 2
∴ (f + g) (x) = 3x – 2

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

= (x + 1) – (2x – 3)
= x + 1 – 2x + 3
= -x + 4
∴ (f – g) (x) = – x + 4

f  f  x
  x  , g  x   0, x  R
g g  x

f x 1
   x  , 2 x  3  0 or 2 x  3
g 2x  3

f x 1 3
    x  ,x 
g 2x  3 2

Question 9:
Solution :

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It is given that f : [0, ∞) → R and g : R → R such that f  x   x and g(x) = x .
D  f  g    0,   R   0,  
So, f + g : [0, ∞) → R is given by
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x   x  x

D  f  g   D  f   D  g    0,    R   0,  
So, f – g : [0, ∞) → R is given by
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x   x  x

D  fg   D  f   D  g    0,    R   0,  
So, fg : [0, ∞) → R is given by
3
 fg  x   f  x  g  x   x .x  x 2

f
D     D  f   D  g    x : g  x   0   0,  
g
f
So, :  0,    R is given by
g
f  f  x x 1
   x   
g g  x x x

Question 10:
Solution :

Given:
f (x) = x2 and g (x) = 2x + 1
Clearly, D (f) = R and D (g) = R
 D f  g  D f  Dg  R  R  R
D  fg   D  f   D  g   R  R  R
f   1  1
D    D  f   D  g    x : g  x   0  R  R     R   
g  2  2
Thus,
(f + g) (x) : R → R is given by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = x2 + 2x + 1= (x + 1)2 .
(f – g) (x) : R → R is given by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x) = x2 – 2x -1.
(fg) (x) : R → R is given by (fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = x2(2x + 1) = 2x3 + x2 .

f   1 f  f  x x2
  : R  
   Ris givenby   
x  
g  2 g g  x 2x 1

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Exercise: Very Short Solution
Questions Page Number:3.41
Question 1:

Solution:

Given:
f (x) = | x |, x ∈ R
We know that
 x, x  0
x 
 x x  0
It can be observed that the range of f (x) = | x | is all real numbers except negative real numbers.
∴ The range of f is [0, ∞) .

Question 2:
Solution :

Given:
 1 1
f  x    x2  2
 x x
1
 x2  2  2  2
x
2
 1
x  2
 x
Thus,
2
 1  1
f x  x  2
 x  x
Hence,
f (x) = x2 – 2 , where | x | ≥ 2.

Question 3:
Solution :

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 π π
Given : f(x) = sin [x], where x .
4 4
 
 x
4 4
 7.85  x  0.785
 x   7.85, 7.85
Or x  0,1
Thus, range of f  x   sin  x  is
sin 0, sin1  0, sin 1
Question 4:
Solution :

f(x) = cos [π2]x + cos [−π2] x

Thus, f    cos  2    cos   2  
 f    cos 9.8   cos  9.8 
 f    cos10  cos 9
 f    1   1  0

Question 5:
Solution :

π π
Since f(x) = cos [x], where x ,
2 2
 
 x
2 2
 1.57  x  1.57
  x   1, 0,1, 2
Thus, cos  x   cos  1 , cos 0, cos1, cos 2  .
Range of f  x   cos 1, 1, cos 2 .

Question 6:
Solution :

f(x) = ex-[x], x ∈ R

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We know that x   x    x , which is the fractional part of any number x.
Thus, f  x   ex
Also, 0   x  1
 e0  ex  e1
 1  f  x  e

Thus range of f  x  is 1, e  .

Question 7:

Solution :

Given:
x
f  x  , x  1
x 1
Since f  f  x    x,
 x 
 
 x 1   x
x
1
x 1
 2x
 x
 x  x 1
  2 x   x2   x2  x   0
Solving the quadratic equation in  :
x2  x4  4 x  x2  x 
 
2x
   x  1 or  1
Since,   x  1,
   1.

Question 8:
Solution :

Given:
1
f  x  1
x

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Now,
1 1
f    1  1 x
x 1
x
  1 
 f  f     f 1  x 
  x 
Again,
1
If f  x   1 
x
Thus,
1
f 1  x   1 
1 x

1 x 1

1 x
x

1 x
x

  x  1
x

x 1

Question 9:
Solution :

Given:
x2
f  x 
2 x
Domain ( f ) :
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x satisfying: if 2 -x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 2.
Hence, domain ( f ) = R – {2}
Range of f :
Let f (x) = y
x2
⇒ y
2 x
⇒ x – 2 = y (2 – x)
⇒ x – 2 = – y (x – 2)
⇒y=–1
Hence, range ( f ) = {- 1}.

Question 10:

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Solution :

Given:
f(x) = 4x − x2, x ∈ R
Now,
f(a + 1) = 4(a + 1) – (a + 1)2
= 4a + 4 – (a2 + 1 + 2a)
= 4a + 4 – a2 – 1 – 2a
= 2a – a2 + 3
f(a – 1) = 4(a – 1) – (a – 1)2
= 4a – 4 – (a2 + 1 – 2a)
= 4a – 4 – a2 – 1 + 2a
= 6a – a2 – 5
Thus,
f(a + 1) − f(a − 1) = ( 2a – a2 + 3) – (6a – a2 – 5)
= 2a – a2 + 3 – 6a + a2 + 5
= 8 – 4a
= 4(2 – a)

Question 11:
Solution :

Given : f(x) = x2, g(x) = tan x and h(x) = loge x.

 π    π 
(hogof)   = h  g  f    
 4    4 
    2  
 h  g    
   4   
  
   
 h g  
  4 
   
 h  tan  
  4 
 h 1
 log e 1  0

Question 12
Solution :

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Given:
1
f  x 
x x

We know that
 x, if x  0
x 
 x, if x  0
 x  x  0, if x  0
 x x  
 x  x  2 x, if x  0
⇒ x – | x| ≤ 0 for all x.
1
 does not take any real values for any x ∈ R.
x x
⇒ f (x) is not defined for any x ∈ R.

Hence,
domain ( f ) = Φ and range ( f ) = Φ .

Question 13:
Solution :

f  x   x   x
Since f  x  is defined for all values of x, x  R.
Or dom  f  x    R
Since, x   x    x , which is the fractional part of any real number x,
f  x   x ..... 1
We know that
0   x  1
 0  x  1
 0  f  x   1  from 1
Thus, range of f  x  is  0,1 .

Question 14:
Solution :

f  x   x  x

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We know that
 x   x    x , which is the fractional part of any real number x.
Thus, f  x     x .
Since  x is always a positive number , f  x  is not defined for any x.
Or dom  f   
Thus, range  f    .

Exercise: Multiple Choice

Questions Page Number:3.42
Question 1.

Solution :

(c) {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}

We have
R = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
We observe that each element of the given set has appeared as first component in one and only
one ordered pair of R.
So, R = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is a function.

Question2.
Solution :
(c) {−3, 3}
If f : A → B, such that y ∈ B, then f-1{ y }={x ∈ A: f (x) = y}.
In other words, f-1{ y} is the set of pre-images of y.
Let f-1{9} = x
Then, f (x) = 9
⇒ x2 = 9
⇒x=±3
∴f-1{9} = {- 3, 3}.

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Question3
Solution :

(b) {(x, y) : x, y ∈, R, y2 = x}

y 2  x gives two values of y for a value of x.

i.e. there aretwoimages for a valueof x.
For example: (2)2  4 and (2)2  4Thus, it is not a function.

Question4.
Solution :

(d) None of these

Given:
f  x   cos  log x 
 
 f  x 2   cos log  x 2   f  x 2   cos  2 log  x  

Similarly,
f  y 2   cos  2 log  y  

Now,
 x2    x2  

f  2   cos  log  2    cos log x 2  log y 2 
y    y 
and
f  x 2 y 2   cos  log x 2 y 2   cos  log x 2  log y 2 

 x2 
 f  2   f  x 2 y 2   cos   2 log x  2 log y    cos   2 log x  2 log y  
y 
 x2 
 f  2   f  x 2 y 2   2 cos  2 log x  cos  2 log y 
y 
1   x2  
 f  2   f  x y    cos  2 log x  cos  2 log y 
2 2

2  y  
1   x 2  
 f  x2  f  y2    f  x2 y2   f  2    cos  2 log x  cos  2 log y   cos  2 log x  cos  2 log y   0
2   y  

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Question5.
Solution:

Given:

f  x   cos  log x 

f  y   cos  log y 

Now,

 x   x 
f   cos  log     cos  log x  log y 
 y   y 

And

f  xy   cos  log xy   cos  log x  log y 

x
 f    f  xy   cos  log x  log y   cos  log x  log y 
 y
x
 f    f  xy   2 cos  log x  cos  log y 
 y
1  x 
  f    f  xy    cos  log x  cos  log y 
2  y 

1  x 
 f  x  f  y    f  xy   f    cos  log x  cos  log y   cos  log x  cos  log y   0
2  y 

Question6.
Solution :

(d) None of these

f  x  x 1
Since, x 2  1  x  1 2 ,
f  x2    f  x  2

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Thus,  i  is wrong.
Since, x  y  1  x  1 y  1 ,
f  x  y  f  x f  y
Thus,  ii  is wrong.

Since x  1  x  1  x  1 ,
f  x   f  x
Thus,  iii  is wrong.

Hence, none of the given options is the answer.

Question7.
Solution :
(b) {cos 1, cos 2, 1}

π π
Since, f(x) = cos [x], where x ,
2 2
 
 x
2 2
 1.57  x  1.57
  x   1, 0,1, 2
Thus, cos  x   cos  1 , cos 0, cos1, cos 2 
Range of f  x   cos 1, 1, cos 2

Question 8.

Solution :

(b) {(x, y) : y = |x|, x, y ∈ R}

For every value of x ∈ R, there is a unique value y∈ R.

i.e. there is a unique image for all values of x ∈ R.
Also, values of x occur only once in the ordered pairs.
Thus, it is a function.

Question9.
Solution :

(c) 3f(x)

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  1 x  3x  x3
f  x   log   and g  x  
 1 x  1  3x 2
Now,
3 x  x3
1 g  x 1
 1  3x 2
1 g  x 3x  x3
1
1  3x 2
1  3x 2  3x  x3

1  3 x 2  3 x  x3
(1  x)3

(1  x)3
 1 g  x 
Then, f  g  x    log  
 1 g  x 
3
 1 x 
 log  
 1 x 
 1 x 
 3 log  
 1 x 
 3 f  x )

Question10.
Solution :

(b) 8

Given:
Number of elements in set A = 3
Number of elements in set B = 2
Therefore, the number of functions that can be defined from A into B is = 23 = 8.

Question11.
Solution :

(c) 2f(x)

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  1 x 
f  x   log  
 1 x 
 2x 
 1 
 2x  1  x2
Then, f  2   log  
1 x   1  2x 2 
 1 x 
 1  x2  2 x 
 2 
 log  1 2 x 
 1 x  2x 
 
 1  x2 
 (1  x) 2 
 log  2 
 (1  x) 
1 x 
 2 log  
 1 x 
 2  f  x 

Question12.
Solution :

(c) 0

Given : f(x) = cos (log x)

1 x 
Then, f  x  f  4    f    f  4 x  
2 4 
1  x 
 cos  log x  cos  log 4   cos  log   cos  log 4 x  
2  4 
1 1  x 
  cos  log x  log 4   cos  log x  log 4    cos  log   cos  log 4 x  
2 2  4 
1  x  x 
 cos  log 4 x   cos  log   cos  log   cos  log 4 x  
2  4  4 
1
 0  0
2

Question13.
Solution :

1
(a)  f  2 x   f  2 y  
2

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Given:
2 x  2 x
f  x 
2
Now,
 2 x  y  2  x  y   2 x  y  2 x  y 
f(x + y) f(x − y) =   
 2  2 
1
⇒ f(x + y) f(x − y) =  22 x  2 2 y  22 y  22 x 
4
1  22 x  22 x 2 2 y  2 2 y 
⇒ f(x + y) f(x − y) =   
2 2 2 
1
⇒ f(x + y) f(x − y) =  f  2 x   f  2 y  
2

Question14.
Solution :

(a) -74

1
2f (x) - 3 f    x 2 (x ≠ 0) ….(1)
 x
1
Replacing x by :
x
1 1
2 f    3 f  x  2 ...  2 
 x x
Solving equations 1 &  2 
3
5 f  x   2
 2 x2
x
1  3 2
 f  x   2  2x 
5 x 
1  3 
Thus, f  2     2 4
5 4 
1  3  32 
  
5  4 
7

4

Question15.

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Solution :

(b) 2|x|

f(x) = 2x + |x|
Then, f(2x) + f(−x) − f(x)
 2  2 x   2 x   2 x    x  2 x  x
 4x  2x  2x  2 x   x  x
 02 x  x  x
2 x

Question16
Solution :

(c) 2f(x)

 1 x 
f  x   log  
 1 x 
 2x 
Then, f  2 
 1 x 
 2x 
 1  1  x2 
 log  
 1 2x 2 
 1 x 
 1  x2  2 x 
 2 
 log  1 2 x 
 1 x  2x 
 
 1  x2 
 (1  x) 2 
 log  2 
 (1  x) 
 1 x 
 2 log  
 1 x 
 2  f  x 

Question17.
Solution :

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(c) 3
x 1
f  x 
x 1

f f  f  2 
  2 1 
 ff 
  2 1  
 f  f  3 
 3 1
 f 
 3 1 
 f  2  3

Question18.
Solution :

Given:
f  x   cos  log e x 
1   1 
 f    cos  log e   
 x   x 
1
 f    cos   log e  x  
 x
1
 f    cos  log e  x  
 x

Similarly,

1
f    cos  log e y 
 y

Now,
f  xy   cos  log e xy   cos  log e x  log e y 
and
x  x
f    cos  log e   cos  log e x  log e y 
 y  y

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  x
 f    f  xy   cos  log e x  log e y   cos  log e x  log e y 
 y
 x
 f    f  xy   2 cos  log e x  cos  log e y 
 y
1 x 
  f    f  xy    cos  log e x  cos  log e y 
2  y 
1 1 1  x 
 f  f     f  xy   f     cos  log e x  cos  log e y   cos  log e x  cos  log e y   0
x  y 2  y 

Question19.
Solution :

(d) x ∈ R, x ≠ 0

Given:
1
f(x) = x, g  x   and h(x) = f(x) g(x)
x
Now,
1
h  x  x 1
x
We observe that the domain of f is R and the domain of g is R-0.
∴ Domain of h = Domain of f ⋂ Domain of g = R  R  0  R  0
⇒x ∈ R, x ≠ 0

Question20.
Solution :

(a) 1

Given:
sin 4 x  cos2 x
f  x 
sin 2 x  cos4 x

On dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 4 x , we get

tan 4 x  sec 2 x 1  tan 4 x  tan 2 x 1  tan 4 x  tan 2 x
f  x     1 (For every x ∈ R)
 
1  tan 2 x sec 2 x 1  tan 2 x 1  tan 2 x 1  tan 4 x  tan 2 x

For x = 2002, we have

f (2002) = 1

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Question21.

Solution :
(c) (3/4, 1)

Given:
f(x) = cos2x + sin4x
 f  x   1  sin 2 x  sin 4 x
2
 1 3
 f  x    sin 2 x   
 2 4
3
The minimum value of f  x  is .
4
Also,
sin 2 x  1
1 1
 sin 2 x  
2 2
2
 1 1
  sin 2 x   
 2 4
2
 1 3 1 3
  sin 2 x     
 2 4 4 4
 f  x  1

The maximum value of f  x  is 1.

∴ f(R) = (3/4, 1)

Question22.
Solution :

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  x, x  0
As, x  
 x  0
x
So, f  x  
x
When x  0 i.e. x   4, 0 
x
f  x   1
x
and when x  0 i.e. x   0, 4
x
f  x   1
x
So, range  f   1,1

Question23.
Solution :

(c) −1, −2
f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2+ 7

g  f  x   8
2
  f  x   7  8
 (2 x  3)2  7  8
 x 2  3x  2  0
  x  2  x  1  0
 x   1, 2

Question24.
Solution :

 1
(c)  
 2

Given:
 1, for 2  x  0
f  x  
 x  1, for 0  x  2
We know,
x 0
⇒ f  x   x  1 …(1)

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Also,
If x  0 , then x   x …(2)

∴ {x ∈ [−2, 2]: x ≤ 0 and f (|x|) = x}

=  x : x  1  x Using 1 
=  x :  x  1  x Using  2  
 1 
=  x :2x  
 2
 1 
= x : x  
 2
 1
= 
2

Question25.
Solution :

(a) 0.5

f  x 10  x
e 
10  x

 10  x 
 f  x   log e   …(1)
 10  x 
 200 x 
f  x   kf  2 
 100  x 
 200 x 
 10 
 10  x  100  x 2   from 1
 log e    k log e  200 x 
 10  x   10  
 100  x 2 
 10  x   1000  10 x 2  200 x 
 log e    k log e 2 
 10  x   1000  10 x  200 x 
 10  x    x  10  2 
 log e    k log e  2


 10  x    x  10  
 10  x   x  10 
 log e    2k loge
 10  x   x  10 
 1  2k
 k  1 / 2  0.5

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Question26.
Solution :

(d) None of these

Given:
1
f  x   27 x3 
x3
 1  1 
 f  x    3x   9 x 2  2  3 
 x  x 
2
 1  1 
 f  x    3x     3x    9 
 x    x 

2
 1  1 
 f     3     3    9 
      

1
Since α and β are the roots of 3 x   12 ,
x
1 1
3   12 and 3   12
 
 2
 
 f    12 12   9 and f     12 12   9
2


 f    f     12 12   9
2


Question27.
Solution :

(a) f    f     9

Given:
1
f  x   64 x 3 
x3
 1  1 
 f  x    4 x  16 x 2  2  4 
 x  x 
2
 1  1 
 f  x    4 x     4 x    12 
 x    x 


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 2 2
 1  1   1  1 
 f     4     4    12  and f      4     4     12 
      
       

1
Since α and β are the roots of 4 x   3,
x
1 1
4   3 and 4  3
 
 2
  2
 f    3  3  12  9 and f     3  3  12  9 
 f    f     9

Question28.
Solution :

(d) None of these

1 1
3 f  x   5 f     3 …(1)
 x x

Multiplying 1 by 3 :
1 3
15 f    9 f  x    9 .....  2 
x x
1
Replacing x by in 1 :
x
1
3 f    5 f  x  x  3
 x
Multiplying by 5 :
1
15 f    25 f  x   5 x  15 ....  3
x
Solving  2  and  3 :
3
16 f  x    5 x  6
x
1 3 
 f  x     5x  6 
16  x 

Question29.
Solution :

(c) f(x) + f(1 − x) = 1

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 4x
f  x  ;x∈R
4x  2
41 x
f 1  x   1 x
4 2
4

2  4x  4
2
 x
4 2
4x 2
f  x   f 1  x   x
 x
4 2 4 2
4x  2
 1
4x  2

Question30.
Solution :

(a) f(π/2) = 1

f(x) = sin [π2] x + sin [−π2]x

 f  x   sin 9.8 x  sin  9.8 x
 f  x   sin 9 x  sin 10 x
   
f    sin 9   sin 10 
2 2 2
 
 f    1 0  1
2

Question 31:
Solution :

(b)  1  3, 1  3 

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f  x   2  2x  x2
Since, 2  2 x  x 2  0,
x2  2x  2  0
 x2  2 x  2  1  1  0
2
2
  x  1   3  0
  x   1  3    x   1  3    0
  
  1  3   x   1  3 

Thus, dom  f    1  3, 1  3  .

Question 32:

Solution :

(a) (−∞, −3] ∪ (2, 5)

x3
f  x 
 2  x  x  5
For f  x  to be defined ,
 2  x  x  5   0
 x  2, 5 .... 1

Also,
 x  3  0
 2  x  x  5

 x  3 2  x  x  5  0
2 2
 2  x   x  5
  x  3 x  2  x  5   0
 x   , 3   2,5  ....  2 
From 1 and  2  ,
x   , 3   2,5 

Question 33:
Solution :

(a) [−1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)

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f  x 
 x  1 x  3
x2
For f  x  to be defined ,
 x  2 0
x2 ... 1
Also,
 x  1 x  3  0
 x  2

 x  1 x  3 x  2   0
( x  2)2
  x  1 x  3 x  2   0
 x   1, 2   3,   .....  2 
From 1 and  2  ,
x   1, 2   3,  

Question 34:
Solution :

(d) [1, 3]

f  x   x 1  3  x
For f  x  to be defined ,
 x  1  0
 x  1 ... 1
and  3  x   0
 3  x ...  2 
From 1 and  2  ,
x  1,3

Question 35:
Solution :

(c) ϕ

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 x2 1 x
f  x  
x2 1 x
For f  x  to be defined ,
x2  0
 x  2 ... 1

And1  x  0
 x   1 ....  2 
x2
Also, 0
x2


 x  2  x  2   0
( x  2) 2
  x  2  x  2   0
 x   , 2    2,   ...  3
1 x
And 0
1 x


1  x 1  x   0
(1  x)2
 1  x 1  x   0
 x   , 1  1,   ...  4 
From 1 ,  2  ,  3 and  4  , we get ,
x  .
Thus, dom  f  x     .

Question 36:
Solution :

(d) R − {0}

f(x) = log |x|

For f  x  to be defined ,
x  0, which is always true.
But x  0
 x0
Thus, dom  f   R  0 .

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Question 37:
Solution :

(d) [0, 4]

Given:
f  x   4x  x2
Clearly, f (x) assumes real values if
4x – x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x(4 – x) ≥ 0
⇒ – x(x – 4) ≥ 0
⇒ x(x – 4) ≤ 0
⇒ x ∈ [0, 4]

Hence, domain (f )= [0, 4].

Question 38:
Solution :

(a) [4, ∞)

f  x  x  3  2 x  4  x  3  2 x  4

For f  x  to be defined , x  4  0
 x4  0
 x4 .... 1
Also, x  3  2 x  4  0
 x 3 2 x  4  0
 x 3  2 x 4
2

 ( x  3) 2  2 x  4 
 x2  9  6x  4  x  4
 x 2  10 x  25  0
  x  5  2  0, which is always true.
Similarly, x  3  2 x  4  0 is always true.
Thus, dom  f  x     4,  

Question 39:

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Solution :

(c) [−3, − 2] ∪ [2, 3]

f  x   5 x  x2  6
For f  x  to be defined , 5 x  x 2  6  0
 5 x  x2  6  0
 x2 5 x 6  0
For x  0, x  x
 x 2  5x  6  0
  x  2  x  3  0
 x   2,3 ........ 1
For x  0, x   x
 x 2  5x  6  0
  x  2  x  3  0
 x   3, 2 .......  2 
From 1 and  2  ,
x   3, 2  2,3
or , dom  f    3, 2  2,3

Question 40:
Solution:
(c) {−1, 1}

x
f  x 
x
x
Let y 
x
For x  0, x  x
x
y 1
x
For x  0,   x
x
y  1
x
Thus, range of f  x  is 1,1 .

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Question 41:
Solution :

(a) {−1, 1}

x2
f  x  , x ≠ −2
x2
x2
Let y 
x2

For x  2  0,
or x  2 ,
x2
y 1
x2

For x  2  0,
or x  2,
x2
y  1
  x  2
Thus, y  1,1
or range f  x   1,1 .

Question 42:
Solution :

(b) [0, ∞)

f  x   x  1  0 x  R
Thus, range  [0,  ).

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