Series and Parallel Circuits

Part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program - www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege

Please click here to provide us feedback about this lesson plan.

Lesson Focus
Demonstrate and discuss simple circuits and the differences between parallel and serial
circuit design and functions. Note: This lesson plan is designed for classroom use only,
with supervision by a teacher familiar with electrical and electronic concepts.

Lesson Synopsis
The Series and Parallel Circuits activity encourages students to test two different circuit
designs through the use of low voltage light bulbs. Students work in teams to predict the
difference between the two circuit designs, and then build examples of the two different
circuits using wires, bulbs, and batteries. After testing several predictions about each
circuit type, the groups will compare results and discuss findings.

Age Levels
8-14.

Objectives
 Learn that different circuit designs result in different electrical behaviors.
 Learn about current flow and the operational differences between series and parallel
circuits.
 Learn to predict outcomes and draw conclusions.
 Learn about teamwork and working in groups.

Anticipated Learner Outcomes

As a result of this activity, students should develop an understanding of:

 parallel and series circuits

 circuits and current flow
 making and testing predictions
 teamwork

Lesson Activities
Students perform experiments using two different types of circuit arrangements: series
and parallel circuits. Students compare a set up of series and parallel bulbs, make
predictions about how the circuit will function, record results, and discuss the circuits as a
group.

Resources/Materials
 Teacher Resource Documents (attached)
 Student Worksheet (attached)
 Student Resource Sheets (attached)
Series and Parallel Circuits Page 1 of 8
Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
Alignment to Curriculum Frameworks

See attached curriculum alignment sheet.

Internet Connections

 IEEE Teacher In-Service Program

(www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege/tispt)
 IEEE Virtual Museum (www.ieee-virtual-museum.org)
 ITEA Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology
(www.iteawww.org/TAA/Publications/STL/STLMainPage.htm)
 McREL Compendium of Standards and Benchmarks
(www.mcrel.org/standards-benchmarks)
A compilation of content standards for K-12 curriculum in both searchable and
browsable formats.
 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (www.nist.gov)
Information about measurements and measurement uncertainty.
 National Science Education Standards (www.nsta.org/standards)

Recommended Reading

 DK Eyewitness Series: Electricity (ISBN: 0751361321)

 Make Cool Gadgets for Your Room by Amy Pinchuk and Teco Rodriques (ISBN:
1894379128)
 My World of Science: Conductors and Insulators by Angela Royston
(Heinemann Educational Books, ISBN: 0431137269)

Optional Writing Activity

 Write an essay (or paragraph depending on age) describing how replacing one light
on a holiday string of bulbs with a "blinking" light would cause all the lights in the
string to also blink? Is this an example of a parallel or series circuit? Why?

References

IEEE Teacher In-Service Program

www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege/tispt

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 2 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
 Series and Parallel Circuits
For Teachers:
Alignment to Curriculum Frameworks
Note: All Lesson Plans in this series are aligned to the National Science Education
Standards which were produced by the National Research Council and endorsed by the
National Science Teachers Association, and if applicable, also to the International
Technology Education Association's Standards for Technological Literacy or the National
Council of Teachers of Mathematics' Principals and Standards for School Mathematics.

‹National Science Education Standards Grades K-4 (ages 4 - 9)

CONTENT STANDARD A: Science as Inquiry
As a result of activities, all students should develop
 Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
 Understanding about scientific inquiry

CONTENT STANDARD B: Physical Science

As a result of the activities, all students should develop an understanding of
 Light, heat, electricity, and magnetism

CONTENT STANDARD E: Science and Technology

As a result of activities, all students should develop
 Understanding about science and technology

‹National Science Education Standards Grades 5-8 (ages 10 - 14)

CONTENT STANDARD A: Science as Inquiry
As a result of activities, all students should develop
 Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
 Understandings about scientific inquiry

CONTENT STANDARD B: Physical Science

As a result of their activities, all students should develop an understanding of
 Transfer of energy

CONTENT STANDARD E: Science and Technology

As a result of activities, all students should develop
 Understandings about science and technology

‹Standards for Technological Literacy - All Ages

Design
 Standard 8: Students will develop an understanding of the attributes of
design.
 Standard 9: Students will develop an understanding of engineering design.
 Standard 10: Students will develop an understanding of the role of
troubleshooting, research and development, invention and innovation, and
experimentation in problem solving.

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 3 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
 Series and Parallel Circuits
For Teachers:
Teacher Resources

‹ Materials

• Student Resource Sheets

• Student Worksheet
• Notebooks
• Pencils
• Two set-ups for each group of students, each consisting of:
o 6 pieces of bell wire (6" each) with ends stripped
o Battery holder
o Socket
o Three or more 1.5 volt bulbs
o Size D batteries

‹ Procedure

1. Review the definitions of series and parallel circuits with the class. Use Student
Reference Sheets for background information. These may also be distributed as
homework reading on the night prior to the activity.
2. Divide students into small groups of 3-4 students and distribute Student Worksheet
and two set-ups (see materials above) to each group.
3. Ask the groups to examine the schematic of a series circuit on the Student
Worksheet and draw their own plan for a parallel circuit in the space provided.
4. Have each student group make a series and parallel circuit using batteries, wires,
and bulbs.
5. Once the circuits are complete, ask student groups to make predictions as to how
the circuits will function if a light bulb is removed. Also discuss whether the bulbs
might burn brighter in one set up than another. Students should record their
predictions on the Student Worksheet.
6. Have each student group test their predictions using their circuits, and compare
their results to their predictions.
7. Bring the student groups together to discuss their findings.

‹ Time Needed
45 Minutes

‹ Tips

• Teachers may want to set up the series circuit before class and ask students to
create the parallel circuit to save time.
• Teachers should consider distributing the student resource sheets as reading
material/homework for the night before the activity will be conducted in class.
• Encourage students to compare all the circuits built by different student groups.

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 4 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
 Series and Parallel Circuits
Student Resource:
What is a Simple Circuit?
‹ Simple Circuit

A simple circuit consists of three elements: a source of electricity (battery), a path or

conductor on which electricity flows (wire) and an electrical resistor (lamp) which is any
device that requires electricity to operate. The illustration below shows a simple circuit
containing a battery, two wires, and a low voltage light bulb. The flow of electricity is
from the high potential (+) terminal of the battery through the bulb (lighting it up), and
back to the negative (-) terminal, in a continual flow.

‹ Schematic Diagram of a Simple Circuit

The following is a schematic diagram of the simple circuit showing the electronic symbols
for the battery, switch, and bulb.

Series and Parallel Circuits

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 5 of 8
Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
Student Resource:
What are Series and Parallel Circuits?

Series and parallel describes two different types of circuit arrangements. Each
arrangement provides a different way for electricity to flow throughout a circuit.

‹ Series Circuits

In a series circuit, electricity has only one path on

which to travel. In the example to the right, two
bulbs are powered by a battery in a series circuit
design. Electricity flows from the battery to each
bulb, one at a time, in the order they are wired to
the circuit. In this case, because the electricity can
only flow in one path, if one of the bulbs blew out,
the other bulb would not be able to light up because
the flow of electric current would have been
interrupted. In the same way, if one bulb was unscrewed, the current flow to both bulbs
would be interrupted.

‹ Parallel Circuits

In a parallel circuit, electricity has more than one

path on which to travel. In the example to the right,
two bulbs are powered by a battery in a parallel
circuit design. In this case, because the electricity
can flow in more than one path, if one of the bulbs
blew out, the other bulb would still be able to light
up because the flow of electricity to the broken bulb
would not stop the flow of electricity to the good
bulb. In the same way, if one bulb were unscrewed,
it would not prevent the other bulb from lighting up.

‹ What About Resistance?

The flow of electricity depends on how

much resistance is in the circuit. In our
examples, the bulbs provide resistance.
In a series circuit, the resistance in the
circuit equals the total resistance of all
the bulbs. The more bulbs in the circuit,
the dimmer they will light. In a parallel circuit, there are multiple paths through which
current can flow, so the resistance of the overall circuit is lower than it would be if only
one path was available. The lower resistance means that the current will be higher and
the bulbs will burn brighter compared to the same number of bulbs arranged in a series
circuit.

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 6 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
 Series and Parallel Circuits
Student Worksheet:

‹ Instructions
Construct both a series circuit and a parallel circuit using the batteries, wires, and bulbs
provided to you. Your series circuit will look something like the drawing below:

Draw your own diagram below that illustrates how your Parallel Circuit will look:

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 7 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege
 Series and Parallel Circuits
Student Worksheet (continued):

‹ Group Predictions
After you have constructed both a series and parallel bulb circuit, make some predictions
on the following as a group:

1. Do you think holiday lights are an example of parallel or series bulbs in a circuit?
Explain why:

2. Do you think the bulbs in the parallel circuit or the series circuit will burn brighter?
Explain why:

3. If you remove a bulb in your parallel circuit, with the other bulb(s) still light? Explain
why:

4. If you remove a bulb in your series circuit, with the other bulb(s) still light? Explain
why:

‹ Test and Results

Now test your predictions for questions 2, 3 and 4 above. Then respond to the questions
below:

1. Were your predictions about the brightness of the bulbs accurate? If not, what
happened that was different from what your group expected?

2. Were your predications about what happened if a bulb was removed from the parallel
and serial circuits accurate? If not, what happened that was different from what your
group expected?

Series and Parallel Circuits Page 8 of 8

Developed by IEEE as part of the IEEE Teacher In-Service Program
www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/precollege