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10.1-10.2 Vectors in Plane and Space

The document discusses vectors in two and three-dimensional space. It introduces vectors and their representation using magnitude and direction. It defines vector operations such as addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. It also discusses position vectors, their representation using coordinate systems and operations on position vectors. Key concepts covered are standard basis vectors, parallel vectors and properties of vector operations.

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b0bp mohamed
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45 views37 pages

10.1-10.2 Vectors in Plane and Space

The document discusses vectors in two and three-dimensional space. It introduces vectors and their representation using magnitude and direction. It defines vector operations such as addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. It also discusses position vectors, their representation using coordinate systems and operations on position vectors. Key concepts covered are standard basis vectors, parallel vectors and properties of vector operations.

Uploaded by

b0bp mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10.

1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Vector Preliminaries
We denote the directed line segment extending from the
point P (the initial point) to the point Q (the terminal
point) by
We refer to the length of the vector as its magnitude,
denoted

We use the term vector to


describe any quantity that
has both a magnitude
and a direction.

Slide 1
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Vector Preliminaries

Slide 2
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Vector Addition

The vector lying along the


diagonal, with initial point at A
and terminal point at C is the
sum

is called the resultant


vector.
Slide 3
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Scalar Multiplication
If we multiply a vector u by a scalar c > 0, the resulting
vector will have the same direction as u, but will have
magnitude
On the other hand, multiplying a
vector u by a scalar c < 0 will
result in a vector with
opposite direction from u
and magnitude

Slide 4
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Position Vectors

Slide 5
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

Operations on Position Vectors


Operations are performed componentwise.
Addition:

Subtraction:

Scalar multiplication:

Further, we have We see this because

Slide 6
CHAPTER
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

The zero vector is defined to be .


We define the additive inverse −a of a vector a to be

The vector −a is a vector with the opposite direction as a.


−a has the same length as a.

Slide 8
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

We define the standard basis


vectors i and j by

We can write any vector a ∈ V2 uniquely in terms of i


and j, as follows:

Slide 9
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

EXAMPLE 1.1 Vector Arithmetic

Slide 10
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

DEFINITION 1.1
Two vectors having the same or opposite direction are
called parallel. The zero vector is considered parallel to
every vector.

It then follows that two (non-zero) position vectors a


and b are parallel if and only if b = ca, for some scalar c.

In this event, we say that b is a scalar multiple of a.

Slide 13
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

We denote the set of all position vectors in two-


dimensional space by

For any two points A(x1, y1)


and B(x2, y2), the vector
corresponds to the
position vector x2 − x1, y2 − y1.

Slide 15
CHAPTER
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

THEOREM 1.1
For any vectors a, b and c in V2, and any scalars d and
e in the following hold:

Slide 18
10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding a Unit Vector

Slide 20
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE

Three Dimensional Space


This orientation of the axes is an example of a right-
handed coordinate system.

Slide 23
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE

Plot the point (3, −2, 4).

Slide 24
CHAPTER

The three coordinate planes in


CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE
The distance formula for a point in is given by

Slide 26
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE

The position vector a with terminal point at A(a1, a2, a3)


(and initial point at the origin) is denoted by a1, a2, a3.
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE
The magnitude of the position vector a = a1, a2, a3 is
given by

The vector with initial point at P(a1, a2, a3) and terminal
point at Q(b1, b2, b3) corresponds to the position vector

Slide 28
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE

We define the standard basis vectors i, j and k by

Slide 30
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
10.2 VECTORS IN SPACE

Slide 35
CHAPTER
CHAPTER

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