FLUID MECHANICS

FLUID STATICS –
Manometers & Watergate
ENGR. JERUSA V. ORBON
INSTRUCTOR
Problem 13:
A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in the two pipelines below. Fuel Oil (specific weight = 53
lb/𝑓𝑡 3 ) is flowing in A SAE30 lube oil (specific weight = 57 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 ) is flowing in B. An air pocket has become entrapped in the
lube oil as indicated. Determine the pressure in pipe B if the pressure in A is 15.3 psi.

Given: Req’d:
53𝑙𝑏 𝑃𝐵 =?
𝛾𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑂𝑖𝑙 =
𝑓𝑡 3
57𝑙𝑏
𝛾𝐿𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑂𝑖𝑙 =
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑃𝐴 = 15.3𝑝𝑠𝑖

Solution:

(12𝑖𝑛)2 53𝑙𝑏 3 + 18 62.4𝑙𝑏 6 53𝑙𝑏 6 + 18 57𝑙𝑏

15.3 + ∗ + 13.6 − ∗ +
(1𝑓𝑡)2 𝑓𝑡 2 12 𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑓𝑡 3
5
∗ = 𝑃𝐵
12 2638.02𝑙𝑏 (1𝑓𝑡)2
𝑃𝐵 = ∗ = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 2 (12𝑖𝑛)2
Problem 14:
A closed tank contains compressed air and oil (SGoil = 0.90) as is shown below A U-tube manometer using mercury (SGHg = 13.6) is
connected to the tank as shown. The column heights are h1 = 36 in., h2 = 6 in., and h3 = 9 in. Determine the pressure of the gage.

Given: Req’d:
𝑆𝐺 𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 0.90 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 =?
𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 = 13.6
ℎ1 = 36𝑖𝑛
ℎ2 = 6𝑖𝑛
ℎ3 = 9𝑖𝑛
Solution:

0 62.4𝑙𝑏 9 62.4𝑙𝑏 6 62.4𝑙𝑏 36

𝑃𝑜 + 13.6 ∗ − 0.90 ∗ − 0.90 ∗
𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑓𝑡 3 12
= 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

439.92𝑙𝑏 (1𝑓𝑡)2
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ∗ = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 2 (12𝑖𝑛)2
Problem 15:
In the figure below, the right leg of the manometer is open to the atmosphere. Find the gage pressure in Pa, in the air gap in the tank.
Neglect surface tension.

Solution:

0 9810𝑁 12 + 9 9810𝑁 9
𝑃𝑂 + 13.6 ∗ − 0.8 ∗
𝑚3 100 𝑚3 100
9810𝑁 12 + 8
− 0.8 ∗ = 𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑚3 100

𝑷𝑮𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝑷𝒂

Problem 16:
In the figure below, all fluids are at 20 deg Celsius. Gage A reads 350 kPa absolute.
Determine:
a. The height h in cm
b. The reading of gage B in kPa absolute
Solution:
a.

350𝑥103
9810𝑁 80 9810𝑁
𝑃𝐴 − 13.6 3 ∗ − 3 ∗ ℎ = 180𝑥103 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑚 100 𝑚

100𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 6.45𝑚 ∗ = 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝒄𝒎
1𝑚
Solution:
b.
9810𝑁 645 + 80
180𝑥103 + ∗ = 𝑃𝐵
𝑚3 100
251122.5𝑁 1𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐵 = ∗ = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑚2 1000𝑁
Inclined Tube Manometer

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝜸𝟐 ℓ𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩
ℓ𝟐 =
𝜸𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Problem 17:

Water flows upward in a pipe slanted at a 30 deg. The mercury manometer reads h=12cm. What is the pressure difference between
points (1) and (2) in the pipe?

Solution:

𝐻 2 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛30𝑜 = ;𝐻 = 𝑚
2𝑚 3

9810𝑁 12 9810𝑁 12 9810𝑁 2 3

𝑃1 + ∗ − 13.6 ∗ − ∗ = 𝑃2
𝑚3 100 𝑚3 100 𝑚3 3
H
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝑷𝒂
Problem 18:

In the figure below, both the tank and the slanted tube are open to the atmosphere. If L = 2.13m, what is the angle of the tilt ∅ of the
tube.

Solution:

0 9810𝑁 50 9810𝑁 50
𝑃𝑜 + 0.8 ∗ + ∗
𝑚3 100 𝑚3 100
9810𝑁 0
− ∗ 2.13𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑃𝑜
𝑚3

h 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟓𝒐

ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; ℎ = 2.13𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2.13𝑚
Problem 19:

For the inclined-tube manometer , the pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the gage fluid in the
manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to the differential reading shown?

Solution:

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝜸𝟐 ℓ𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

0.6𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛)2 62.4𝑙𝑏 8

2 ∗ 2 − 𝑃𝐵 = 2.6 3 ∗ ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜
𝑖𝑛 (𝑓𝑡) 𝑓𝑡 12

32.32𝑙𝑏 (1𝑓𝑡)2
𝑃𝐵 = ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 2 (12𝑖𝑛)2
Assignment No. 2

Prob # 1. Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown below. Determine the pressure
difference, pA − pB, between the pipes.
Solution:

9810𝑁 9810𝑁
𝑃𝐴 + ∗ 0.5 + 0.6 − 2.6 ∗ 0.6
𝑚3 𝑚3
9810𝑁
+ ∗ 1.3 − 0.5 = 𝑃𝐵
𝑚3

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝑷𝒂
Forces on Plane

ത𝑰 𝑰𝒙𝒚
ഥ
𝑭 = 𝜸𝒉𝑨 ഥ+
𝒚𝑷 = 𝒚 ഥ+
𝒙𝑷 = 𝒙
𝑨ഥ 𝒚 𝑨ഥ𝒚
Submerged Rectangular Plate

𝒃 𝒃𝟐
𝒚𝑷 = 𝒔 + +
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒔 + 𝒃 + 𝑷 /(𝝆𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)
𝟐 𝒐

𝒉𝑷 = 𝒚𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Problem 20:
Using the figures on the previous slide, compute the resultant force for each condition if a 4mx4m square plate is submerged at a
depth of a) 5m from the top of the plate to the water surface. Assume the pressure read at the water surface to be zero.b) if it is fully
submerged at a depth of 10m from the water surface. Use 𝜃 = 30𝑜
Solution:
@ 1st Figure:
0 4
3
ℎ 𝑦𝑐 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜 + 9810𝑁/𝑚 5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 ∗ (4𝑥4)
2

1𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑟 = 549360𝑁 ∗ = 𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵
1000𝑁

𝐼 𝑏
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑠 + = 5 + 2 = 7𝑚
𝐴𝑦𝑐 2

4(4)3
𝑦𝑝 = 7 + = 7.19𝑚
12(16)(7)
 @2nd Figure:
0 4
3
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜 + 9810𝑁/𝑚 5 + ∗ (4𝑥4)
2

1𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑟 = 1098720𝑁 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵
1000𝑁
𝑦𝑐 = ℎ

𝐼 𝑏
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑠 + = 5 + 2 = 7𝑚
𝐴𝑦𝑐 2

4(4)3
𝑦𝑝 = 7 + = 7.19𝑚
12(16)(7)
@3rd Figure:

9810𝑁
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜 + ∗ 10 ∗ (4𝑥4)
𝑚3

1𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑟 = 1569600𝑁 ∗ = 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝒌𝑵
1000𝑁
Problem 21:

Gate AB below is 5 ft wide into the paper and is hinged at A and restrained by a stop at B. Compute
a. The force at stop B
b. The reactions at A if h = 9.5 ft
Solution:
a.
4
𝑦𝑐 = ℎ = 9.5𝑓𝑡 − 𝑓𝑡 = 7.5𝑓𝑡
2
62.4𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑟 = ∗ 7.5𝑓𝑡 ∗ (4𝑓𝑡𝑥5𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡 3

𝐹𝑟 = 9360𝑙𝑏
𝑦𝑝 𝑦𝑐 = ℎ
𝐼 5(4)3
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + = 7.5 + = 7.68𝑚
𝐴𝑦𝑐 12(20)(7.5)
+𝑀𝐴 = 0 = 𝑅𝐵 4 − 9360(7.68 − 7.5 + 2)
𝐹𝑟
𝑹𝑩 = 𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝒍𝒃

𝑅𝐵
 Solution:
b.

+ ෍ 𝐹𝐻 = 9360 − 4984.2 − 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑦𝑐 = ℎ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝒍𝒃
𝑦𝑝

𝑅𝐴

𝐹𝑟

𝑅𝐵
Problem 22:
A 60-cm square gate has its top edge 12 m below the water surface. It is on a 45 deg. angle and its bottom edge is hinged as shown
below. What force P is needed to just open the gate?
Solution:

0.30
ℎ = 12𝑚 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 = 12.11𝑚
2
𝑦𝑐 = 12.11𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 = 8.56𝑚

h 9810𝑁
𝑦𝑝 𝑦𝑐 𝐹𝑟 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 = ∗ 12.11𝑚 ∗ (0.6𝑥0.6)
𝑚3

𝐹𝑟 𝐹𝑟 = 42767.68𝑁
𝐼 0.6 ∗ (0.63 )
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + = 8.56 + = 8.564𝑚
𝐴𝑦𝑐 12(0.6𝑥0.6)(8.56)

↻ +Σ𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 = 42767.68 8.564 − 8.56 + 0.3 − 𝑃(0.6)

𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟔𝑵
 Problem 23:
Gate AB below is 15 ft long and 8 ft wide into the paper, hinged at B with a stop at A. The gate is 1” thick steel SG = 7.85.Compute the
20 deg Celsius water level h for which the gate will start to fall.
Solution:

ℎ
𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = ; 𝑙 = 1.15ℎ
𝑙
10,000𝑙𝑏
1.15ℎ
𝑦𝑐 =
2
ℎ𝑐 1.15ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 = ; ℎ𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜 ; ℎ𝑐 = ( )𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜
𝑦𝑐 2
𝐹𝑟 ℎ𝑐 𝑦𝑐
ℎ𝑐 = 0.50ℎ
𝑙
62.4𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑦ℎ𝑐 𝐴 ; 𝐹𝑟 = ∗ 0.5ℎ ∗ (1.15ℎ ∗ 8)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐹𝑟 = 287.04ℎ2
𝐼 1.15ℎ 8 ∗ (1.15ℎ)3
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + ; 𝑦𝑝 = + ; 𝑦𝑝 = 0.77ℎ
𝐴𝑦𝑐 2 12(1.15ℎ ∗ 8)(0.575ℎ)
 62.4𝑙𝑏 1
+Σ𝑀𝐵 = 0 = 10000 15 − 287.04ℎ2 ∗ 1.15ℎ − 0.77ℎ − 7.85 ∗ (15 ∗ 8 ∗ )(7.5𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 )
𝑓𝑡 3 12

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒇𝒕
Assignment No. 3

1. Gate AB in the figure below is a semi-circular hinged at B, and held by a horizontal force P at point A.
Determine the required force P for equilibrium.