Babinet’s Principle
&
Hertz Antenna
Dr. Md. Mostafizur Rahman
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
In optics it states that when the field behind a screen with an opening is added to the
field of a complementary structure, the sum is equal to the field when there is no screen.
A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted
perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called a ground plane. The driving signal from the transmitter is
applied, or for receiving antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and
the ground plane. One side of the antenna feedline is attached to the lower end of the monopole, and the other side is
attached to the ground plane, which is often the Earth. This contrasts with a dipole antenna which consists of two
identical rod conductors, with the signal from the transmitter applied between the two halves of the antenna.
The monopole is a resonant antenna; the rod functions as an open resonator for radio waves, oscillating with standing
waves of voltage and current along its length. Therefore, the length of the antenna is determined by the wavelength of
the radio waves it is used with. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole, in which the antenna is
approximately one quarter of the wavelength of the radio waves. The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 by radio
pioneer Guglielmo Marconi; for this reason it is sometimes called the Marconi antenna.[1][2][3] Common types of
monopole antenna are the whip, rubber ducky, helical, random wire, umbrella, inverted-L and T-antenna, inverted-F,
mast radiator, and ground plane antennas.
The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 and patented 1896[4] by radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi during his
historic first experiments in radio communication. He began by using dipole antennas invented by Heinrich Hertz
consisting of two identical horizontal wires ending in metal plates. He found by experiment that if instead of the
dipole, one side of the transmitter and receiver was connected to a wire suspended overhead, and the other side was
connected to the Earth, he could transmit for longer distances. For this reason the monopole is also called a Marconi
antenna,[1][2][3] although Alexander Popov independently invented it at about the same time.[5][6][7][8]
WikiPediA
Hertz and Marconi Antenna
The λ/2 or Hertz Antenna : is perhaps the most popular antenna in high frequency
antennas. Any antenna complete in itself and capable of self oscillation, such as half
or full wavelength (λ/2 or λ) is known as a Hertz antenna.
The λ/4 or Marconi Antenna : When an antenna utilizes the ground as part of its
resonant circuit, it is a Marconi antenna. A quarter wave antenna (λ/4) is an example
of Marconi antenna, where the ground operates as the missing quarter wavelength.
Most of the low and medium frequency antenna are of Marconi types. The invention
of the λ/4 earthed antenna in which the earth is one plate of the condenser, is
considered to be the most important contributions of Marconi to the radio
engineering. Marconi produced lofty and efficient antenna system from the short
Hertzian radiator and achieved a long distance communication with low radio
frequency.
Effects of Grounded on Antennas Performance :
Hertz Antenna
Hertz antenna is as like Dipole antenna with ½ wavelength (λ/2).
Very small compared to its wavelength that is about one hundredths of
the wavelength at its operating frequency
Radiation pattern of hertz antenna is not truly isotropic.
Vertically polarized
Antenna is placed perpendicular or vertically with respect to Earth’s
surface.
Hertz antenna normally used for small applications and was used in
set top TV antenna.
Marconi Antenna
Most common vertical antenna is known as Marconi antenna.
Electrically Marconi antenna operates as a Hertz antenna.
Physically Marconi antenna is only a one-quarter wavelength (λ/4) long
Used in radio broadcasting transmitters of high power.
