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25 Graphs of The Trigonometric Functions

This document discusses the graphs of the trigonometric functions. It describes the sine and cosine functions over one period, noting their domains, ranges, and key points. It then explains how the amplitude, period, and phase shift of functions like y=A sin(Bx + C) + D relate to the parent sine and cosine graphs. Finally, it provides graphs and properties of the other trig functions: tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant.

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antonio.sulay
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115 views5 pages

25 Graphs of The Trigonometric Functions

This document discusses the graphs of the trigonometric functions. It describes the sine and cosine functions over one period, noting their domains, ranges, and key points. It then explains how the amplitude, period, and phase shift of functions like y=A sin(Bx + C) + D relate to the parent sine and cosine graphs. Finally, it provides graphs and properties of the other trig functions: tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant.

Uploaded by

antonio.sulay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions 76

25 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

25.1 The Sine Function: f (x) = sin x


The domain of the sine function is the set of real numbers. Since the values of the sine
function correspond to the y-coordinates of points on the unit circle, then the range is
[−1, 1].
The sine function is periodic with period 2π, that is, the values of y follow the same
pattern over each interval of 2π. This means that the graph repeats after completing one
cycle given by the period of the function.
Using symmetry with respect to the origin, because sin(−x) = − sin x, we obtain the
graph colored red for the interval [−π, π]. (See Figure 13.) This graph can be extended to
a bigger interval by repeating the cycle, as shown in the graph colored blue.

Figure 13. The graph of f (x) = sin x, colored red on the interval [−π, π].

Notice that the important points needed to draw the graph over one period are (−π, 0),
(0, 0), ( π2 , 1), and (π, 0). Thus, we only need five points to draw the graph of the
(− π2 , −1),
sine function over one period. For more than one period, extend the x-values and follow
the pattern.

25.2 The Cosine Function: f (x) = cos x


The domain and the range of the cosine function are the same with those of the sine
function. In this case, the values of the cosine function correspond to the x-coordinates of
the points on the unit circle. Thus, the domain is the set of real numbers and the range is
[−1, 1].
Similar to the graph of the sine function, the cosine function is also periodic with period
2π.
Using symmetry with respect to the y-axis, because cos(−x) = cos x, we obtain the
graph colored red for the interval [−π, π]. (See Figure 14.) This graph can be extended to
a bigger interval by repeating the cycle, as shown in the graph colored blue.

Figure 14. The graph of f (x) = cos x, colored red on the interval [−π, π].

Notice that the important points needed to draw the graph over one period are (−π, −1),
(− π2 , 0), (0, 1), ( π2 , 0), and (π, −1). Thus, we only need five points to draw the graph of the
cosine function over one period. For more than one period, extend the x-values and follow
the pattern.
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions Phase Shift, Amplitude, and Period 77

25.3 Phase Shift, Amplitude, and Period


Consider a function of the form f (x) = A sin(Bx + C) + D. We can write this as
  
C
f (x) = A sin B x + + D.
B

From a previous section on transforming the graphs of functions, we know the following:

• Compared to the parent graph y = sin x, the graph of y = f (x) may be reflected
about the x-axis or vertically stretched/compressed depending on the value of A. We
say that the amplitude of the graph of f (x) is |A|.

• Compared to the parent graph y = sin x, the graph of y = f (x) may be reflected
about the y-axis or horizontally stretched/comparessed depending on the value of B.
It can be shown that the period of the graph of f (x) is 2π
B .

• Compared to the parent graph y = sin x, the graph of y = f (x) may be translated
horizontally depending on the value of C or translated vertically depending on the
value of D. We say that the phase shift of the graph of f (x) is B
C
.

These properties also apply to the graph of f (x) = A cos(Bx + C) + D in relation to


its parent graph y = cos x.

Online Resource. Use the online graphing calculator Desmos (https://www.


desmos.com/calculator) to graph different forms of the sine and cosine functions
and see what each parameter A, B, C, and D does to the parent graphs y = sin x
and y = cos x.
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions 78

25.4 Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions


The Tangent Function Shown below is the graph of the function f (x) = tan x.

Remark.

• The domain of the tangent function is R, except odd integer multiples of 2.


π

• The range of the tangent function is R.

• The tangent function is periodic, with a period of π.

• The tangent function has vertical asymptotes at odd integer multiples of 2.


π

The Cotangent Function Shown below is the graph of the function f (x) = cot x.

Remark.

• The domain of the cotangent function is R, except integer multiples of π.

• The range of the cotangent function is R.


Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions 79

• The cotangent function is periodic, with a period of π.

• The cotangent function has vertical asymptotes at integer multiples of π.


The Cosecant Function Shown below is the graph of the function f (x) = csc x.

Remark.

• The domain of the cosecant function is R, except integer multiples of π.

• The range of the cosecant function is (−∞, 1] ∪ [1, +∞).

• The cosecant function is periodic, with a period of 2π.

• The cosecant function has vertical asymptotes at integer multiples of π.


The Secant Function Shown below is the graph of the function f (x) = sec x.

Remark.

• The domain of the secant function is R, except odd integer multiples of 2.


π
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions 80

• The range of the secant function is (−∞, 1] ∪ [1, +∞).

• The secant function is periodic, with a period of 2π.

• The secant function has vertical asymptotes at odd integer multiples of 2.


π

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