Unit : 3 introduction to Computer Networks

Network:-
The collection of interconnected computing devices is called a network. Two computing
devices are said to be interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging
information.

Benefits of Network: -
(1) Resource Sharing: Resource Sharing means to make the
applications/programs, data(files) and peripherals available to anyone on the
network irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the user.
(2) Reliability: Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different
machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any
other) them its other copy can be used.
(3) Cost Factor: Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can
be shared. For example a Printer or a Scanner can be shared among many
computers in an office/Lab.
(4) Communication Medium: Communication Medium means one can send and
receive messages. Whatever the changes at one end are done, can be
immediately noticed at another.

EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING
ARPANET (1969) – US Government formed an agency named ARPANET( Advanced
Research Project Agency Network) to connect computers at various universities and
defence agencies to share data/information efficiently among all of them.
NSFNET (1985) - National Science Foundation Network was a program of
coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from
1985 to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United
States. The program created several nationwide backbone computer networks in
support of these initiatives. Initially created to link researchers to the NSF-funded
supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry
partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.
INTERNET (1990)- INTER-connection NETwork , The worldwide network of
networks.

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Data communication terminologies:
Concept of communication: Communication is the act of sending and receiving data
from one device to another device or vice-versa. Data can be of any form i.e. text, image,
audio, video and multimedia files.
Components of Data communication:
Sender: A device that can send data over a network i.e. computer, laptop, smart phone
etc.
Receiver: A device can receive data over a network i.e. computer, laptop, smart phone
etc.
The sender and receivers are basically called nodes.
Message: It is the data/information that needs to be shared between the sender and
receiver.
Communication media: It is the medium through which the data/information is
travelled between the
sender and receiver. These may be wired or wireless.
Protocols: A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is
transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows
connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differencesin their
internal processes, structure or design.
Measuring Capacity of Communication Media: In data communication, the
transmission medium is also known as channel. The capacity of a channel is the maximum
amount of signals or traffic that a channel can carry. It is measured in terms of bandwidth
and data transfer rate as described below:
Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for transmission of data
through that channel.
Higher the bandwidth, higher the data transfer rate.
Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum frequency contained in
the composite signals.
Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).
1 KHz = 1000 Hz, 1 MHz =1000
Data Transfer Rate
Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One signal carries one or more bits over
the channel. Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted between source and
destination in one second. It is also known as bit rate. It is measured in terms of bits per
second (bps). The higher units for data transfer rates are:
1 Kbps=1024 bps
1 Mbps=1024 Kbps
1 Gbps=1024 Mbps
IP Address:
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local
network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format
of data sent via the internet or local network.
Switching techniques:
In large networks, there may be more than one path for transmitting data from sender to
receiver. Selecting a path that data must take out of the available options is called
switching. There are two popular switching techniques – circuit switching and packet
switching.
Circuit switching: Circuit switching is a type of network configuration in which a
physical path is obtained and dedicated to a single connection between two endpoints in
the network for the duration of a dedicated connection. Ordinary landline telephone

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service uses circuit switching.
Packet switching: Packet switching is the method by which the internet works; it
features delivery of packets of data between devices over a shared network. For example
the school web server is sending you a webpage over the internet or you sending an email
to a friend.
Transmission Media: Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver. All the computers or communicating devices
in the network must be connected to each other by a Transmission Media or channel.
➢ A Transmission medium is a medium of data transfer over a network.
➢ The selection of Media depends on the cost, data transfer speed, bandwidth and
distance. Transmission media may be classified as

Transmission Media: Guided (Wired)

Twisted Pair Cable: Twisted pair or Ethernet cable is most common type of media which
consists four insulated pairs of wires twisted around each other. It is low-cost, low-weight
and easy to install flexible cables. It can transfer data up to 1Gbps speed covering 100
meters distance. It uses RJ-45 Connector for connecting computers and network devices.
Co-axial Cable: This type of cable consists a solid insulated wire surrounded by wire
mesh, each separated by some kind of foil or insulator. The inner core carries the signal
and mesh provides the ground. Co-axial Cable or Coax, is most common in Cable TV
transmission. It can carry data up to 500 meters.
Fiber Optic Cable: Optical fiber consists of thin glass or glass like material and carries
light signals instead of electric current. Signal are modulated and transmitted in the form
of light pulses from source using Light Emitting Diode (LED) or LASER beam. Optical
fibers offer secure and high-speed transmission up to a long distance.
Transmission Media: Unguided (Wireless)
Infrared Wave: It used for short-range (approx. 5 meters) communication using wireless
signals. It is mostly used in Remote operated devices like TV, Toys, Cordless phones etc.
Radio waves: Radio wave uses Radio frequencies (3KHz-3 GHz) to make broadcast
network like AM/FM network within city. Radio wave propagates in Omni direction
(surrounding) and penetrate solid walls/buildings.
Microwaves: Microwave are high energy radio waves, used for line of sight
communication using Parabolic antenna aligned with each other. It is high speed wave
and can cover distance up to 100 km).
Network Devices: Hardware device that are used to connect computers, printers, fax
machines and other electronic devices to a network are called network device. There are
many types of network devices used in networking and some of them are described
below:
MODEM (Modulator Demodulator): It is a device that converts digital signal to analog
signal (modulator) at the sender’s site and converts back analog signal to digital signal
(demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in order to make communication possible via
telephone lines. It enables a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines.
There are two types of MODEM, which are as follows
(i) Internal Modem Fixed within a computer.
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 (ii) External Modem Connected externally to a computer.
Ethernet card: An Ethernet card in your computer serves one basic function: to transmit
data from the network to your computer. Ethernet cards are physical expansion cards
that insert into a PCI expansion slot on a computer.
RJ45: RJ45 connectors are commonly seen with Ethernet network cables. Ethernet cables
with RJ45 connectors are also called RJ45 cables. These RJ45 cables feature a small plastic
plug on each end, and the plugs are inserted into RJ45 jacks of Ethernet devices.
Hub: A Hub is a connecting device which connects multiple computers together to form
a Local Area Network (LAN). Hubs make broadcast type Network and do not manage
traffic over the network channel. Signal entering any port is broadcast out on all other
ports. It broadcast the signals to all computers connected in the network. It provides
various RJ-45 ports to connect Twisted Pair cable in STAR topology, making them act as
a single network segment. Now days, Switch is used in place of Hubs.
Types of Hub:
➢ Active Hub: Amplifies the signal when required and works as a Repeater.
➢ Passive Hub: It simply passes the signal without any change.
Switch: A switch is a hardware device, which is used to connect several nodes to form a
Network. It redirects the received signals only to the intended Node i.e. controls Network
traffic.
It is also used to segment a big network into different Sub networks (Subnet) to control
the network traffic and security. It can also use to combine various small network
segments to form a big Network (as in Tree topology).
Hub V/s Switch: There is a vast difference between switch and hub. A hub forwards each
incoming packet (data) to all the hub ports, while a switch forwards each incoming packet
to the specified recipient.
Repeater: Repeater is a hardware device, which is used to amplify the signals when they
are transported over a long distance. The basic function of a repeater is to amplify the
incoming signal and retransmit it, to the other device.
Router: A router is used to connect different networks together. i.e. for two or more LANs
to be interconnected, you need a router
➢ The basic role of Routers in a network is to determine the best possible route
(shortest path) for the data packets to be transmitted. In a large network (WAN),
multiple routers works to facilitate speedy delivery of data packets.
➢ Router maintains a table of addresses (called routing table) that keeps a track of
paths connected to it.
Gateway:
➢ A gateway is a device, which is used to connect dissimilar networks. The gateway
establishes an intelligent connection between a local network and external
networks, which are completely different in structure.
➢ Gateway is also called protocol converter that convert data packets from one protocol to
other and connects two dissimilar networks.
➢ A gateway can be implemented in hardware, software or both, but they are usually
implemented by software installed within a router.
➢ A LAN gets connected to Internet (WAN) using a gateway.

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Network Topologies:
Topology: Topology refers to the way in which the
device/computer/workstations attached to the
network are interconnected.
The layout of interconnection of devices in a
network is called Topology.
Different Topologies are: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh.
BUS Topology: - The bus topology uses a common
single cable (backbone cable) to connect all the workstations. Each computer performs
its task of sending messages without the help of the central server. However, only one
workstation can transmit a message at a particular time in the bus topology.
Advantages:
(i) Easy to connect and install.
(ii) Involves a low cost of installation time.
(iii) Can be easily extended.
Disadvantages:-
(i) The entire network shuts down if there is a failure in the central cable.
(ii) Only a single message can travel at a particular time.
(iii) Difficult to troubleshoot an error.

STAR Topology: -In Star topology, each node is directly connected to a central device like
Hub or Switch. It is most popular topology to form Local Area Networks (LAN).
Advantages:
(i) Easy to troubleshoot
(ii) A single node failure does not affects the entire network.
(iii) Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
(iv) In case a workstation fails, the network is not affected.
Disadvantages: -
(i) Difficult to expand.
(ii) Longer cable is required.
(iii) The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it expensive
over others.
(iv) All nodes are dependent on central node. if the central device (Switch) goes down
then entire network breaks down.

TREE Topology: - The tree topology combines the characteristics of the linear bus and
the star topologies. It consists of groups of star – configured workstations connected to a
bus backbone cable.
Advantages:
(i) Eliminates network congestion.
(ii) The network can be easily extended.
(iii) Faulty nodes can easily be isolated from the rest of the
network.
Disadvantages:
➢ Uses large cable length.
➢ Requires a large amount of hardware components and
hence is expensive.
➢ Installation and reconfiguration are very difficult.
Types of Computer Network:
A computer network may be small or big as per number of computers and other
network devices linked together. A computer network may contain devices ranging from

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handheld devices (like mobile phones, tablets, laptops) connected through Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth within a single room to the millions of computers spread across the globe.
Based on the size, coverage area, data transfer speed and complexity, a computer network
may be classified as:
LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is limited to
a small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as within lab, school or
building. It is generally privately-owned networks over a distance up to a few kilometers.
Now-a-days, we also have WLAN (Wireless LAN) which is based on wireless network.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): MAN is the networks cover a group of nearby
corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public. Cable TV network or cable
based broadband internet services are examples of MAN.

WAN (Wide Area Network):These are the networks spread over large distances, say
across countries or even continents through cabling or satellite uplinks are called WAN.
Typically, a WAN combines multiple LANs that are geographically separated. It is a
network of network. The world’s most popular WAN is the Internet.

PAN (Personal Area Network): A Personal Area Network is computer network

organized around an individual person. It generally covers a range of less than 10 meters.
Personal Area Networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly.

Comparison between PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN: -

Parameter PAN LAN MAN WAN

Area covered Small Area (upto A building or A city (upto 100 Entire country,
10m radius) campus Km radius) Continent or
(upto 1 km) Globe
Networking Negligible inexpensive expensive Very expensive
Cost
Transmission Speed High High speed Moderate speed Low speed
speed
Error Rate Lowest Lowest Moderate Highest
Network WLAN, USB LAN/WLAN, Router, Gateway Router, Gateway
Devices used Dongle, Blutooth HUB/Switch,
Repeater,
Modem
Technology/ infrared, Ethernet, Wi- Optical fiber, Microwave,
Media used Bluetooth Fi Radio wave, Satellite
Microwave

Network Protocols:

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) :

➢ The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to access/retrieve
linked web pages across the web using web browser program.
➢ The more secure and advanced version is HTTP is HTTPS (HTTP Secure), which
controls the transfer of information in encrypted form to provide more security
and privacy.
➢ Other protocols like File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Telnet can also be used with
URL. FTP is used to transfer files from web server to web client or vice-versa.

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 ➢ Telnet is protocol which used for login on remote computer to access/transfer
files or trouble shooting.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transmitting files between
computers over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connections.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to connect one
computer system to another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone
network or the Internet. A PPP connection exists when two systems physically connect
through a telephone line.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of

communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP
is also used as a communications protocol in a private computer network.
TELNET is commonly used by terminal emulation programs that allow you to log
into a remote host. However, TELNET can also be used for terminal-to-terminal
communication and interprocess communication. TELNET is also used by other protocols
(for example, FTP) for establishing a protocol control channel.
E-Mail (Electronic Mail):
Email is the short form of electronic mail. It is one of the ways of sending and
receiving message(s) using the Internet. An email can be sent anytime to any number of
recipients at anywhere. The message can be either text entered directly onto the email
application or an attached file (text, image, audio, video, etc.) stored on a secondary
storage. An existing file can be sent as an attachment with the email.
E-Mail Protocols:
Email are handled and exchanged through various mail servers in order to deliver
email to mail client. The mail client and mail servers exchange information with each
other using some protocols. The followings are commonly used protocols for email
handling-
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to send emails from
sender to recipient’s mail server.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): This is a standard client/server protocol for
accessing e-mails from local e-mail server.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3): This protocol facilitates users to access mailboxes and
download messages to their computer.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP):
➢ Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows voice call (telephone service) over the
Internet. VoIP offers voice transmission over a computer network (IP) rather than
through the regular telephone network. It is also known as Internet Telephony or
Broadband Telephony. Examples of VoIP:- WhatsApp, Skype, Google Chat etc.
➢ VoIP works on the principle of converting the analogue voice signals into digital
and then transmitting them over the broadband line.
➢ These services are either free or very economical. That is why these days
international calls are being made using VoIP.

Overview of Internet:
➢ Internet is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks, that are linked by various wired,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
➢ The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users
worldwide.

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 ➢ The modern Internet is an extension of ARPANET (Advance Research Project
Agency Network), created in1969 by the American Department of Defense.
➢ In 1990 the British Programmer Tim Berners-Lee developed Hypertext and HTML
to create World Wide Web (WWW).
➢ The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the
communicational infrastructure to support mail, chat and transfer of Text, Images,
Audio, Video etc.

Introduction to web services:

World Wide Web (WWW):

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web
pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet.
These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the
content of these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such
as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. The WWW, along with internet, enables the
retrieval and display of text and media to your device.
There sources of the Web (HTML pages) are transferred via the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), may be accessed by users by a software application called a web
browser, and are published by a software application called a web server.
Tim Berners-Lee—a British computer scientist invented the revolutionary World Wide
Web in 1990 by defining three fundamental technologies that lead to creation of www:
HTML ,URL, HTTP.

HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language):

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a language which is used to design
standardized Web Pages, so that the Web contents can be read and under stood from any
computer using web browser.
Basic structure of every web page is designed using HTML. HTML uses tags to
define the way page content should be displayed by the web browser. Web pages are
stored as .html or .htm files.
Extensible Markup Language (XML): Extensible Markup Language is a markup
language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It
defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable
and machine-readable.

Domain Name: A domain name is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access

websites, such as 'google.com', and 'facebook.com'.

URL(Uniform Resource Locator):

URL—Uniform Resource Locator is a unique address of web resources located on the
web. It provides the location and mechanism (protocol) to access the resource. URL is
sometimes also called a web address.
A URL contains protocol, domain, sub domain and name of web page along with directory.

In the above URL, http is the protocol name, it can be https, http, FTP, Telnet, etc.
www is a sub domain. ncert.nic.in is the domain name. Textbook is directory and
textbook.htm is webpage.

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The complete unique address of the page on a website is called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) e.g. http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.html
Since computers on the network are identified by its IP addresses, so it is required
to convert a Domain name or URL typed in the Browser, in to its corresponding IP
address. This process is called Domain Name Resolution. This resolution is done by the
designated servers called DNS servers, provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISP)
like BSNL, Airtel, Jio etc.
Website:
➢ Website is a collection of related web pages that may contain text, images, audio
and video. The first page of a website is called home page. Each website has
specific internet address (URL) that you need to enter in your browser to access a
website.
➢ A website is a collection of web pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on a
web server. A visitor can navigate pages by clicking on hyperlinks.
➢ The main purpose of website is to make the information available to people at
large. For example, a company may advertise or sell its products, a government
organization may publish circulars, float tenders, invite applications for
recruitments etc.
➢ A website can be accessed by providing the address of the website (URL) in the
browser. The main page of website (Home page) will be open when it is opened
on the browser.
Web Page:
➢ A web page is a document on the WWW that is viewed in a web browser. Basic
structure of a web page is created using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).
➢ To make web pages more attractive, various styling CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
and formatting are applied on a web page.
➢ Further, program codes called scripts also used to make webpage interactive and
define different actions and behavior. JavaScript, PHP and Python are commonly
used script language.
➢ The first page of the website is called a home page which contains Menus and
Hyperlinks for other web pages.
➢ A web page is usually a part of a website and may contain information in different
forms, such as: text, images, audio & video, Hyperlinks, interactive contents (chat
etc.)
A web page can be of two types: Static Web Page and Dynamic Web Page

Web Browsers:
➢ A web browser or simply ‘browser’ is a software application used to access
information on the World Wide Web. When a user requests some information, the
web browser fetches the data from a web server and then displays the webpage
on the user’s screen.
➢ The popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer,
Opera, Safari, Lynx and Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Edge etc.
➢ A web browser essentially displays the HTML documents which may include text,
images, audio, video and hyperlinks that help to navigate from one web page to
another. The modern browsers allow a wide range of visual effects, use encryption
for advanced security and also have cookies that can store the browser settings
and data.

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Web Server:
➢ A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a website to web clients
such as a browser.
➢ A Computer stores web server software and a website's contents (HTML pages,
images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files). The server needs to be connected to the
Internet so that its contents can be made accessible to others.
➢ Web server as a software, is a specialized program that understands URLs or web
addresses coming as requests from browsers, and responds to those requests.
➢ The server is assigned a unique domain name so that it can be accessed from
anywhere using Internet. The web browser from the client computer sends a HTTP
request for a page containing the desired data or service. The web server then accepts
request, interprets, searches and responds (HTTP response) against request of the
web browser. The requested web page is then displayed in the browser of the client. If
the requested web page is not found, web server generates “Error: 404 Not found” as
a response.
Web Hosting:
➢ A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and
organisations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. In Simple,
uploading of website on Web Server is known as hoisting. To upload the website, we
need some web space on server to upload website. This space is available on some
nominal charges.
➢ All web servers are assigned a unique numeric address called IP address when
connected to the Internet. This IP address needs to be mapped/changed to domain name
(Textual name) of the website using DNS (Domain Name Service). Thus, user can access
website by providing domain name through a browser (URL). The domain name has to
be registered (purchased) with an authorized agency i.e. Registrar Domain Names.

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 EXPANDED FORMS
ARPANET= Advance Research Project Agency Network (1969)
NIU= Network Interface Unit
LAN= Local Area Network
MAN= Metropolitan Area Network
WAN= Wide Area Network
ISP= Internet Service Provider
OSS= Open Source Software
ISDN= Integrated Service Digital Network
FLOSS= Free Libre Open Source Software
NIC= Network Interface Card
UTP= Unshielded Twisted Pair
STP= Shielded Twisted Pair
MODEM= Modulator Demodulator
RJ-45= Registered Jack -45
XML= Extensible Markup Language
FTP=File Transfer Protocol
TCP= Transmission Control Protocol
SMTP= Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
POP3= Post Office Protocol 3 (Version 3)
IMAP= Internet Message Access Protocol
IP= Internet Protocol
SLIP= Serial Line Internet Protocol
PPP= Point To Point Protocol
PDA= Personal Data Assistant
GSM= Global System For Mobile
SIM=Subscriber Identity Module
CDMA= Code Division Multiple Access
WLL= Wireless In Local Loop
WWW= World Wide Web
URL=Uniform Resource Locator
DHTML= Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
OSS= Open Source Software
GNU= GNU’s Not Unix
FSF= Free Software Foundation
OSI= Open Source Initiative
HTTP=Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
HTML= Hyper Text Markup Language
W3C= World Wide Web Consortium
ASP= Active Server Pages
JSP=Java Server Pages

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 Important Question-Answers as per CBSE Sample Paper 2022-23 Pattern

1-Mark Questions (MCQs, Fill in the blank & One Word answer types)
1. The main computer in any network is called as
(a) Switch (b) Hub (c) Client (d) Server
Ans: (d) Server

2. ……………………… transmission media has the highest bandwidth.

(a) Co-axial cable (b) Fiber optic cable
(c) Twisted pair cable (d) None of these
Ans: (b) Fiber optic cable

3. Which switching technique follows the store and forward mechanism?

(a) Message (b) Circuit
(c) Packet (d) All of these
Ans: (a) Message

4. Which network topology requires a central controller or hub?

(a) Star (b) Mesh (c) Ring (d) Bus
Ans: (a) Star

5. Data communication system within a building or campus is________

(a) LAN (b) WAN (c) MAN (d) PAN
Ans: (a) LAN

6. In a network, participating computers are referred to as:

(a) Clients (b) Servers (c) Nodes (d) both a and c
Ans: (c) Nodes

7. Which of the following networking devices forwards data packets between

computer networks?
(a) Router (b) Gateway (c) Switch (d) Hub
Ans: (a) Router
8. A device that connects networks with different protocols –
(a) Switch (b) Hub (c) Gateway (d) Proxy Server
Ans: (c) Gateway
9. Which of the following allows user to view a web page?
(a) Website (b) Compiler (c) Web browser (d) Operating System
Ans: (c) Web browser

10. Who invented the World Wide Web(WWW) in 1989?

(a) Robert E Kahn (b) Linus Torvalds (c) Tim Berners-Lee (d) Ted Nelson
Ans: (c) Tim Berners-Lee
11. Protocols are set of rules to govern _________
(a) Communication (b) Standard
(c) Metropolitan communication (d) Bandwidth
Ans: (a) Communication
12. The term HTTP stands for?
(a)Hyper terminal tracing program (b) Hypertext tracing protocol
(b) Hypertext transfer protocol (d) Hypertext transfer program
Ans. Hypertext transfer protocol
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 Sample Questions of 2-Marks (Short Answer type)
1. Suresh, a Class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet
and web technologies. He is bit confused in between the terms “ World Wide Web ‘ and
‘Internet’ . Help him in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples
of each.
Ans: World Wide Web is a set of programs, standards and protocols that allows the
multimedia and hypertext files to be created, displayed and linked on the Internet.
Eg: www.microsoft.com, www.amazon.com etc.
Internet is a computer-based worldwide communications network, which is composed
of large number of smaller interconnected networks.
Eg: Web, E-mails, Social media etc.
While internet is a collection of computers or networking devices connected together;
WWW is a collection of documents, linked via special links called hyperlinks. WWW
forms a large part of Internet but is not the Internet.

2. Mahesh, a Class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet
and web technologies. He is bit confused in between the terms “ Website‘ and ‘Webpage’
. Help him in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples of each.
Ans: Website: Website is a collection of web pages displayed on web with a web
browser.
It contains more than one webpages.
Webpage: It is a part of website that includes information and content and is displayed
on the browser to user. It is a single document display on browser
3. Sushil, a Class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet
and web technologies. He is bit confused in between the terms “ Web page ‘ and ‘Home
Page’ . Help him in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples of
each.
Ans:
Home Page Webpage
It is the first or main page of a It is a part of website that includes
website information and content and is displayed on
the browser to user.
Every website has this page and It is a single document display on browser
appears when the user go to a even home page is also a webpage
website.

4. Yuvika, a Class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet
and web technologies. She is bit confused about the term ‘web servers’ . Help her in
understanding the terms along with the utility of web servers.
Ans: A web server is a computer or a group of computers that hosts or stores content of
website.
It processes and delivers web pages of the websites to the users.
The main job of a web server is to display the website content.
A web server provides four major functions:
(i) Serving web pages
(ii) Running gateway programs and returning output
(iii) Controlling access to the server.
Monitoring and logging server access statistics.

53
5. Neeta is a bit confused between the term URL and Domain Name. Help him in
understanding both the terms with the help of suitable explanation using an example.
Ans:
URL Domain Name
It stands for Unifom Resource It is a website address.
locator.
It is the complete address of a It is the address we give on browser's
website on the internet. search bar to directly access your website
e.g.www.no2jaipur.com/index.html e.g. cbse.nic.in

6. Nirmala is a bit confused between the terms Web server and Web browsers. Help
her in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable example.
Ans:
Web Server Web Bowser
A web server is a computer or a group of A web browser is an application
computers that hosts or stores content of used to access and view websites.
website. Common web browsers include
It processes and delivers web pages of the Microsoft Internet Explores,
websites to the users. Google Chrome etc.
The main job of a web server is to display the
website content

7. Neeta is a bit confused between the terms Website and Web hosting. Help her in
understanding both the terms with the help of suitable example.
Ans:
Website Web Hosting
A collection of webpages which Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the
are grouped together and web content on a web server to make it available
usually connected together in on WWW (World Wide Web).
various ways is called a In case an individual or a company wants to make
website. It is a group of web its website available on the internet, it should be
pages, containing text, images hosted on a web server.
and all types of multimedia
files.

8. Yamini has her own business of Garments but she is unaware about Internet.
Give any two application of Internet that could be beneficial for her business.

Ans: (i) Exchanging and communicating among friends and other people.
(iii) Publish information world wide.
9. Virat wants to develop a website. He has to acquire information on webhosting
and various services provided in webhosting. Help him to understand about web
hosting and its functions.

Ans: Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the web content on a web server to
make it available on WWW (World Wide Web).
In case an individual or a company wants to make its website available on the internet,
it should be hosted on a web server.

54
10. Raman wants to develop a website for his garments business. He has to acquire
information on website and various components of a website. Help him to understand
about website and its components.

Ans: Website is a group of web pages, containing text, images and all types of multi-
media files.
Components of Website are:
Web host, URL, Home page, Design, Web page with content, Navigation Structure.
11. Kiran needs a network device that should regenerate the signal over the same
network before signal becomes weak or corrupted. Arun needs a network device to
connect two different networks together that work upon different networking models
so that the two networks can communicate properly. Name the devices that should be
used by Kiran and Arun.

Ans: Gateway
12. Priyanka is a web developer but is a bit confused between Add-ons and Plug-ins
that are used by web browser. Help her to understand the above two terms along with
method to install them.
Ans:
Add-ons Plug-ins
It is either a hardware unit that is added It is a software component that adds a
to a computer to increase the capabitilies specific feature to an existing computer
or a program unit that enhances primary program. When a program supports
program. plug-ins, it enables customization. They
Examples include card for sound, graphic are commonly used in internet
acceleration, modem capability. Software browsers but also can be utilized in
add-ons are common games, word- numerous other types of applications.
processing and accounting program.

13. Identify the following device:

(i) A device that is used to connect different types of dissimiliar networks. It
performs the necessary translation so that the connected network can
communicate properly ?
(ii) A device that regenerates(amplifies) the received signal and retransmits it to
its destination.

Ans: (i) Router

(iii) Repeater
14. How is it easier to diagnose fault in Star topology than in Bus topology ?
Ans: Fault diagnosis is easier in Star topology as if there is any problem in a node
will affect the particular node only. While in bus topology, if problem exists in
common medium it will affect the entire nodes.
15. A school with 20 stand-alone computers is considering networking them
together and adding a server. State 2 advantages of doing this.
Ans: Resource sharing, less cost
16. How is hub different from switch while they both are used for connecting devices
in a network ?
Ans: Hub - is an electronic device that connects several nodes to form a network and
redirects the received information to all the connected nodes in broadcast mode
55
Switch - It has the same function as that of a hub: to connect multiple
computers/devices in a network. But, it is an intelligent device. It redirects the
received information only to the intended node(s).

17. Rehan wants to edit some privacy settings of her browser. How can she
accomplish her task ?
Ans: She can accomplish her task by performing following steps:
➢ Open your web browser.
➢ Open browser settings.
➢ Look for privacy and security settings. If not directly found, click on advance
settings.
After reaching Privacy and security settings she can edit their settings.

18. What are the different services provided by Web Servers?

Ans: (i) Centralized File Storage
(iv) Resource sharing
(v) Centralized Backup
19. Name any two websites that provide free web hosting?
Ans: WordPress, GoDaddy or any two correct examples.
20. Given the below URL:
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/SQP_CLASSXII_2021-22.html
Identify the following:
(i) Protocol
(ii) Host name
(iii) Domain name
(iv) Domain type
(v) File path
(vi) File name
Ans: Protocol – https
Host name – www
Domain name – cbseacademic.nic.in
Domain type – in
File path - https://cbseacademic.nic.in/SQP_CLASSXII_2021-22.html
File name - SQP_CLASSXII_2021-22.html
21. Given below are two web addresses:
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/SQP_CLASSXII_2021-22.html
https://cbseacademic.nic.in
Identify which among the following is a website and which is a web page.
Ans: https://cbseacademic.nic.in/SQP_CLASSXII_2021-22.html- web page
https://cbseacademic.nic.in- website

22. Expand the following abbreviations:

(i) HTTP (ii) MODEM (iii) WWW (iv) ARPANET
Ans: (i)Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (ii) Modulator Demodulator
(iii) World Wide Web (iv) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
23. Expand the following abbreviations:
(i) VPN (ii) DNS (iii) LAN (iv) WAN
Ans: (i)Virtual Private Network (ii) Domain Name System

(iii) Local Area Network (iv) Wide Area Network

24. Expand the following abbreviations:
(i) TCP/IP (ii) E-Mail (iii) MAN (iv) PAN
56
Ans: (i) Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (ii) Electronic-Mail

(iii) Metropolitan Area Network (iv) Personal Area Network

25. Expand the following abbreviations:
(i) ISP (ii) URL (iii) VoIP (iv) HTTPs
Ans: (i) Internet Service Provider (ii) Uniform Resource Locator

(iii) Voice over Internet Protocol (iv) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol secure

Sample Questions of 5-Marks (Networking application)

Q. 1:
Bhagwati Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in Ahmedabad. There are four
departments—MrktDept, FunDept, LegalDept and SalesDept.

Mrkt Dept

MrktDept

Distance between various buildings is as under:

MrktDept to FunDept 80 m
MrktDept to LegalDept 180 m
MrktDept to SalesDept 100 m
LegalDept to SalesDept 150 m
LegalDept to FunDept 100 m
FunDept to SalesDept 50 m
Number of computers in the buildings:

MrktDept 20
LegalDept 10
FunDept 08
SalesDept 42

(i) Suggest the network type between the Departments and specify
topology.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable building to place the server with a suitable
reason.
(iii) Suggest the placement of Hub/Switch in the network.
57
 (iv) The organization is planning to link its sale counters situated in various
parts of the same city. Which type of network out of LAN, WAN, MAN
will be formed? Justify.
(v) Suggest the Economical way for reasonable high speed Internet
connectivity.
Answer :
(i) Star topology layout
(ii) SalesDept , Maximum no. of computer are installed there.
(iii) Each block
(iv) MAN, due to all the offices are situated in same city.
(v) Broadband

Q. 2:
Star Info Solution is a professional consultancy company. The company is planning to
set up their new offices in India with its hub at Jaipur. As a network adviser, you have to
understand their requirement and suggest them the best available solutions. Their
queries are mentioned as (i) to (iv) below.
Physical Locations of the blocked of Company

(i) What will be the most appropriate block, where company should plan to install
their server?
(ii) Draw a block to cable layout to connect all the buildings in the most appropriate
manner for efficient communication.
(iii) What will be the best possible connectivity out of the following, you will suggest to
connect the new setup of offices in Bangalore with its London based office:
o Satellite Link
o Infrared
o Ethernet Cable
(iv) Which of the following device will be suggested by you to connect each computer
in each of the buildings:
o Switch
o Modem
o Gateway
(v) Which protocol will be used to transfer files over this network?
58
Answer :

(i) Finance block because it has maximum

number of computers.

(ii)
(iii) Satellite link
(iv) Switch
(v) FTP

Q. 3:
1. Hello IT Solution is an online, corporate training provider company for IT related
courses. The company is setting up their new campus in Mumbai. You as a
network expert have to study the physical locations of various buildings and the
number of computers to be installed. In the planning phase, provide the best
possible answer for the following questions (i) to (v):

Building to Building distances (in Mtrs.)

(i) Suggest the most appropriate building to install the server.

(ii) Suggest the most appropriate building to building cable layout to connect all three
buildings for efficient communication.

59
 (iii) Which type of network out of the following is formed by connecting the computers
of these three buildings?
o LAN
o MAN
o WAN
(iv) Which wireless channel out of the following should be opted by the company to
connect to students of all over the world?
o Infrared
o Microwave
o Satellite
(v) Suggest the device to be used to connect all the computers together in each
building.

Answer :
(i) Faculty Studio Building
(ii) Bus Topology
(iii) LAN
(iv) Satellite
(v) Switch/Hub in each building

Q. 4:
Smart Solution is a skill development organisation which has an aim to promote the
standard of skills in the society. It is planning to set up its training centers in multiple
towns and villages Pan India with its head offices in the nearest cities. They have
created a model of their network with a city ABC Nagar, a town (UVW town) and 3
villages.
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions for
their issues/ problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between
various locations and other given parameters.

Note:
– In Villagers, there are community centers, in which one room has been given as
training center to this organization to install computers.
– The organization has got financial support from the government and top Multinational
Organizations.
(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the SERVER in the Cluster (out of the 4
locations), to get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (location to location) to
efficiently connect various locations within the Cluster.
60
 (iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to connect all the computers within each
location.
(iv) Which service/protocol will be most helpful to conduct live interactions of
Experts from Head Office and people at all locations of Cluster?
(v) Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or
from the network.

Answer :
(i) Best location for the server is UVW-TOWN, because it is approximately
equidistant from the village P, Q and R.
(ii) For connectivity between UVW-TOWN to head office is optic Fiber and to connect
the villages, P, Q and R with server at UVW- TOWN is co-axial cable.
(iii) The villages R Q and R can be connected with server at UVW-TOWN by a Hub and
the head office is connected by a Bus topology.
(iv) Between head office and UVWTOWN
we recommend for Bus topology, so HTTP protocol and other terminal can be
connected by UDP or FTP protocols.
(v) Firewall

Q. 5:
Alka Institute is planning to set up its center in Bikaner with four specialized blocks for
Medicine, Management, Law courses along with an Admission block in separate buildings.
The physical distances between these blocks and the number of computers to be installed
in these blocks are given below. You as a network expert have to answer the queries
raised by their board of directors as given in (i) to (iv).

Admin Managemen Medicine

Law
t

distances between various locations in meters:

Admin Block to Management Block 60

Admin Block to Medicine Block 40
Admin Block to Law Block 60
Management Block to Medicine Block 50
Management Block to Law Block 110
Law Block to Medicine Block 40

Number of Computers installed at various locations:

Admin Block 150
Management Block 70
Medicine Block 20
Law Block 50

(i). Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this institution to get
efficient connectivity.
(ii). Suggest by drawing the best cable layout for effective network connectivity of the
61
blocks having server with all the other blocks.
(iii). Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these buildings for connecting
computers installed within the building out of the following:
• Modem
• Switch
• Gateway
• Router

(iv) Suggest the most suitable wired medium for efficiently connecting each computer
installed in every building out of the following network cables:
• Coaxial Cable
• Ethernet Cable
• Single Pair
• Telephone Cable.

Answer:
i) Admin Block
(ii)

(iii) Modem or Switch or Router

(iv)Ethernet Cable

Q. 6:Adarsh School in Delhi is setting up the network between its different wings.
There are 4 wings named as SENIOR(S), MIDDLE(M), JUNIOR(J) and OFFICE(O).

Distance between the various wings are given

below:
Number of Computers
Wing O to Wing S 100m
Wing O 10
Wing O to Wing M 200m
Wing S 200
Wing O to Wing J 400m
Wing M 100
Wing S to Wing M 300m
Wing J 50
Wing S to Wing J 100m
Wing J to Wing M 450m

(i) Suggest a suitable Topology for networking the computer of all wings.
(ii) Name the wing where the server to be installed. Justify your answer.
(iii) Suggest the placement of Hub/Switch in the network.
(iv) Where do you install repeater?
(v) Mention an economic technology to provide internet accessibility to all wings
Answer : (i) Star or Bus or any other valid topology.
(ii) Wing S, because maximum number of computers are located at Wing S.
(iii) Hub/ Switch in all the wings.
(iv) Coaxial cable/Modem/LAN/TCP-IP/Dialup/DSL/Leased Lines or any other
valid technology.
(v) Between those Wings whose distance more than 100m.

62
Q. 7: Soft Foundation Ltd. is a Mumbai based organization which is expanding its office set-up to
Chennai. At Chennai office compound, they are planning to have 3 different blocks for
Admin, Training and Accounts related activities. Each block has a number of computers,
which are required to be connected in a
network for communication, data and
resource sharing.
As a network consultant, you have to
suggest the best network related
solutions for them for
issues/problems raised by them in 1
to 5, as per the distances between
various blocks/locations and other
given parameters.
1. Suggest the most appropriate
block/location to house the SERVER in
the CHENNAI office (out of the 3
blocks) to get the best and effective
connectivity. Justify your answer.

2. Suggest the best wired medium

and draw the cable layout (Block to
Block) to efficiently connect various blocks within the CHENNAI office compound.

3. Suggest a device/software and its placement that would provide data security for
the entire network of the CHENNAI office.

4. Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide wireless Internet
access to all Smartphone/laptop users in the CHENNAI office.
5. Device required connecting computers together in each block.

Answer :

1. Training Block due to having maximum computers.

2.

3. Firewall
4. Device: Wi-Fi Card and protocol: TCP/IP
5. Hub /Switch In each block

Q. 8: DM Center has set up its new center in Kolkata. It has four buildings as shown in the
diagram given below: Distance between various buildings
Accounts to research Lab 55m
Accounts to store 150m
Store to packaging unit 160m
Packaging unit to research lab 60m
Accounts to packaging unit 125m
63
 Store to research lab 180m

Number of Computers

Accounts 25
Research Lab 100
Store 15
Packaging Unit 60

As a network expert, provide the best possible answer for the following queries:
i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.
ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. buildings) to house the server of this
organization.
iii) Suggest the placement of the following device with justification: Repeater
iv) Suggest the placement of the following device with justification: Hub/Switch
v) Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or
from the network.

Answer: (i) Layout

(ii) The most suitable place/ building to house the server of this
organization would be building Research Lab, as this building
contains the maximum number of computers
(iii) For layout1, since the cabling distance between Accounts to Store
is quite large, so a repeater would ideally be needed along their
path to avoid loss of signals during the course of data flow in this
route. For layout2, since the cabling distance between Stores to
Research Lab is quite large, so a repeater would ideally be placed.
(iv) In both the layouts, a Hub/Switch each would be needed in all the
buildings to interconnect the group of cables from the different
computers in each building.
(v) Firewall

64
Q. 9:
Professional Training Institute is planning to set up its centre in Amritsar with four
specialized blocks for Medicine, Management, Law courses along with an Admission
block in separate buildings. The physical distances between these blocks and the number
of computers to be installed in these blocks are given below. You as a network expert
have to answer the queries as raised by their board of directors as given in (i) to (v).
Shortest distances between various locations in metres:

Admin Block to Management Block 60

Admin Block to Medicine Block 40
Admin Block to Law Block 60
Management Block to Medicine Block 50
Management Block to Law Block 110
Law Block to Medicine Block 40

Number of Computers installed at various locations are as follows :

Admin Block 150

Management Block 70
Medicine Block 20
Law Block 50

(i) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server
of this institution to get efficient connectivity.

(ii) Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these

buildings for connecting computers installed within the
building out of
the following :
➢ Modem
➢ Switch
➢ Gateway
➢ Router
(iii) Suggest by drawing the best cable layout for effective
network connectivity of the blocks having server with all the
other blocks.
(iv) Suggest the most suitable wired medium for efficiently
connecting each computer installed in every building
65
 out of
the following network cables :

➢ Co-axial Cable
➢ Ethernet Cable
➢ Single Pair Telephone Cable
(v) Suggest the Economical way for reasonable high speed Internet
connectivity.

Answer :
(i) Admin Block
(ii) Switch
(iii)

(iv) Ethernet Cable

(v) Broadband
Question 10:
Smart School, in Jaipur is starting up the network between its different wings. There are
four Buildings named as SENIOR, JUNIOR, ADMIN and HOSTEL as shown below:

SENIOR JUNIOR

HOSTEL ADMIN

The distance between various buildings

Number of Computers in Each Building

ADMIN TO SENIOR 200 M
ADMIN TO HOSTEL 50 M
SENIOR 130
ADMIN TO JUNIOR 150 M
JUNIOR 80
JUNIOR TO HOSTEL 340 M HOSTEL 50
SENIOR TO HOSTEL 300 M ADMIN 160
SENIOR TO JUNIOR 250 M

(i) Suggest the cable layout of connections between the buildings.

(ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., building) to house the server of this school,
provide a suitable reason.
(iii) Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or
from the network.

66
 (iv) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification.
o Repeater
o Hub/Switch
(v) The organisation also has inquiry office in another city about 50-60 km away in hilly
region. Suggest the suitable transmission media to interconnect to school and
inquiry office out of the following :
o Fiber optic cable
o Microwave
o Radio wave

Answer :

(i)
(ii) Server can be placed in the ADMIN building as it has the maximum number of
computer.
(iii) Firewall.
(iv) Repeater can be placed between ADMIN
and SENIOR building as the distance is more than 110 m.
(v) Radio waves can be used in hilly regions as they can travel through obstacles.

67