(B) Unit Vector : Z

A vector of unit magnitude and whose direction is same

as that of the given vector is called unit vector.
^ 
A is the unit vector in the direction of A
  
 A Vector 
 symbol  Â    Magnitude of the vector  .
 A 
  ^j
It is read as A cap or A hat or A caret.
 Note : X
^I
(i) A unit vector is used to specify the direction of a ^k
vector.
(ii) Unit vector has no unit.
(C) Orthogonal Unit Vector :
Y
Set of unit vectors, which are having the directions of
positive x, y and z axis of the three dimensions of the POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT VECTORS
rectangular coordinate system. They are denoted by
To describe the position of an object moving in a plane,
i, j,k . we need to choose a convenient point, say O as origin.
Let P and P be the positions of the objects at time t
and t, respectively. We join O and P by a straight line.
Then OP is the position vector of the object at time t. It

is represented by r . Point pis represented by another
Any vector can be written as product of unit vector in
position vector, OP denoted by r . The length of vector
that direction and magnitude of the given vector.
r represents the magnitude of the vector and its
(D) Equal Vectors : direction is the direction in which P lies as seen from
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have equal O. If the object moves from P to P then vector PP is
magnitudes and same direction. called the displacement vector.
  
r  r  r
 
Eg. : A B

(E) Like Vectors :

Vectors having same direction are called like vectors.
Their magnitude may or may not be same.

Eg. :
(F) Unlike Vectors : 45. Find position vector of a particle whose coordinate are
(2,3,4)
Two vectors having opposite directions and unequal

magnitudes are called unlike or parallel vectors in Sol. Position vector, r  x î  yĵ  zk̂
opposite sense.

A r  2 î  3 ĵ  4k̂

Eg. : SOME IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING VECTORS

B
(i ) Op posi te Vec tors : Two vectors of equal (a) If a vector is displaced parallel to it self it does not
magnitudes but drawn in opposite directions are said change.
to be opposite vectors.

A
   C
Eg. : 
 A–B
B A B
( j) Co-planar vectors :

Vectors lying in the same plane are termed as co-planar.

Eg. : î and ĵ , ĵ and k̂ , î and k̂ are co-planar but î , ĵ , k̂ A= B= C

all three are noncoplanar.

PAGE # 15
 (b) If a vector is rotated through an angle other then
multiple of 2 or 360º it changes

B y
A

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS

Angle between two vectors means smaller of the angle

between the vectors when they are placed tail to tail by
displacing either of two vectors parallel to itself.
Eg. (i) (ii) Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition :

(A) Statement : If two vectors acting simultaneously at

a point are represented in magnitude and direction by
B the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
point represents the resultant in magnitude and
=
direction.

A (B) Analytical approach to parallelogram law of

vector addition :
 
(ii) Let the two vectors P and Q be represented in

B magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides OA
 
A and OB of the parallelogram OACB. Suppose the
angle between the vectors is , i.e.  AOB = . According
Note : Remember 0°    180º
to parallelogram law of vector addition, the diagonal
 
MATHEMATICAL OPERTIONS ON VECTORS represents the resultant R ( OC ) in magnitude and
 
(a) Addition of Vectors: direction. Suppose R makes an angle  with P i.e.
Two or more vectors are added by following laws :  AOC = 
(i) triangle law (ii) parallelogram law
(iii) polygon law

(i) Triangle law of vector addition : If two vectors are

represented both in magnitude and direction by the
two sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then
the resultant of these two vectors is represented in
magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle (C) Magnitude of Resultant :
taken in the opposite order. From C, draw CD perpendicular on OA produced. From
geometry,  DAC = 
Given two vectors a and b , put the tail of b at the In right angled  ODC
(OC)2 = (OD)2 + (CD)2
head of a , then the sum of a and b is defined as the R2 = (OA + AD)2 + (Q sin )2
 [ AD = Q cos , CD = Q sin ]
vector c drawn from the tail of a to the head of b . = P2 + Q2 cos2  + 2 P Q cos  + Q2 sin2 
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos 

 R= P 2  Q 2  2PQcos θ
PAGE # 16
(D) Direction of resultant : 
with the head of C . Then the single vector drawn form
From right angled triangle ODC

CD CD Q sin  the tail of A to head of 
D
tan  = = =
OD OA  AD P  Q cos 

Qsinθ S
 tan  =
P  Qcosθ
D D C
C
Different cases :

)
T

B+C
Q
(i) When the vectors act along the same direction i.e. 

(A +
= 0º : B R
B
R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos 0º
A O P
A
R= 2
(P  Q )
R=P+Q
   
Q sin 0º will thus, it is clear it the vectors A B C and D are
tan = =0
P  Q cos 0º represented in magnitude and direction by the sides
 = 0º    
OP , PQ , QS and ST of an open polygon taken in the
(ii) When vectors are at right angle to each other i.e.  =
90º :
same order, then their resultant vector 
R
will be rep-
R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos 90º resented in magnitude and direction by the closing
R= P2  Q 2  of the polygon taken in opposite order. This
side OT

Q sin 90º Q(1) Q method of finding the resultant is called polygon law of
tan = = =
P  Q cos 90º P  Q(0) P vectors.

Q Polygon law of vectors is an extension of the triangle

tan =
P law of vectors, which is explained below.
According to polygon law of vectors :
(iii) When vectors act along opposite direction :
 = 180º
     
A + B + C +D = R , where R is the resultant
R= 2 2
P  Q  2PQ cos 180 º    
vector of A , B , C and D .
= (P  Q)2
         
R=P–Q In A = OP  , B = PQ  , C = QS  , D = ST  and R = OT  .

Q sin180 º Join O to Q and O to S, with straight lines.

tan  =
P  Q cos180 º
From triangle law of vectors :
 = 0º or 180º
    
In OPQ , A + B = OP  + PQ  = OQ
(iii) Polygon Law of Vector Addition :
     
If a number of vectors are represented both in
In OQS, ( A + B ) + C = OQ + QS  = OS 
magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon
taken in the same order, then the resultant vector is        
represented both in magnitude and direction by the In OST, ( A + B + C + D ) = OS  + ST  = OT  = R
closing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order.
    
   Here , is the resultant vector of A + B + C and D
Let the number of vectors A , B , C and  D etc. be
R

acting in different directions as shown in figure. If number of vectors acting on an object at the same
time are represented in magnitude and direction by

To find their resultant vector, coincide the tail of B with the various sides of a closed polygon taken in the same
order, their resultant vector is zero and the object is in
  
the head of A , tail of C with the head of B and tail 
D
equilibrium.

PAGE # 17
      (b) Subtraction of Vectors :
In given figure F + F + F + F + F = 0
1 2 3 4 5
The negative of a vector is defined as a vector of same
magnitude but opposite direction.
F2 S
F3
F4 F3
T Q
F1
F5  
F2 The Subtraction of a vector b from another vector a is
F4
O  
F5 F1 defined as the addition of – b to a , as shown in
figure.
Properties of Vector Addition :

(i) Vector addition is commutative : a

b
It makes no difference whether vector b is added to a –b
–b
a –b
or vector a is added to b . a

This is, a  b  b  a
Resolution of A Vector :

It is the process of splitting a single vector into two or

b
more vectors in different directions which together
a+b
b produce the same effect as is produced by the single
a vector alone. The vectors into which the given single
a+b a vector is splited are called component vectors.
Infect, the resolution of a vector is just opposite to
(ii) Vector addition is Associative :
composition of vectors.
The addition of three vectors follows the associative
A vector can have infinite component vectors but for
property.
simplicity a vector is resolved into two or three mutually
      perpendicular components
That is ,  a  b   c  a   b  c 
    (i) Resolution into mutually Perpendicular Vectors in
a plane (2D Resolution) :
b

The figure shows resolution of a vector
A into two
b b+ c
a c
a+  
oblique vectors A and A y . Using the elementary
x
(a + b) + c
 NOTE :  
In general, the order of addition does not effect the knowledge of trigonometry the vectors A and Ay
x
vector addition.
   
are given by A  A cos  , A y  A sin 
x

Y
Ax

Ay A Ay
      
g =a +b +c +d +e+ f X
Ax
      
g = d + f + b +a+e +c
Resolution of a vector into mutually
perpendicular components

PAGE # 18
(ii) Resolution into mutually Perpendicular Vectors means,
in three dimensions : 

The figure show a right-handed Cartesian coordinate

c  (a x î  a y ĵ  a zk̂ )  (b x î  b y ĵ  b z k̂ )

system in which a vector a is located. If the origin is 
or c  (a x  b x ) î  (a y  b y ) ĵ  ( a z  b z )k̂
assumed to be located at the tail of the vector, then its

components along the x, y and z axes are given by a x , 
thus, c  c x î  c y ĵ  c zk̂
 
a y and a z respectively.. where c X = ax + bx ; cy =ay + by
and cz = az + bz
  
Z Also d  a  b

means

  
d  a x î  a y ĵ  a zk̂  b x î  b y ĵ  b zk̂ 
 
ay
Q
or  
d  a x  b x î  a y  b y ĵ  a z  b z k̂

 thus d  dx î  dy ĵ  dzk̂
a
O  X where dx =ax – bx; dy = ay – by
ax R
and dz = az– bz

az
S (c) Multiplication of Vector :
P (i) By A scalar :
Y 
The multiplication of a vector b by a scalar k is defined

The components of a vector along the as a vector of magnitude k| b | which is oriented in a
three mutually perpendicular axis
direction

From  law of vector addition • same as that of b if k > 0

........(i) 
OQ  OP  PQ • opposite to that of b if k < 0
Now from parallelogram law it is expressed as new vector
OS  OR  OP ........(ii)  
i.e. a = k b
From equation (i) and (ii), we have  
where b has magnitude | b |
OQ  OS  OR  PQ
(A) Application in Physics :
a  î a x  ĵ a y  k̂a z
The practical examples from physics in which a vector
From OPQ is multiplied by a scalar are force and momentum.
a2 = (OP)2 + ay2 ........(iii)

and from OSP • When the acceleration vector a is multiplied by the
(OP)2 = az2 + ax2 ........(iv)
scalar quantity mass m, we obtain the force vector
from equation (iii) and (iv), we have
a2 = ax2 + ay2 + az2  
F ma
thus, magnitude | a | a2x  a 2y  a 2z 
• In momentum the velocity vector v is multiplied by

(iii) Algebraic form of addition and subtraction of  

vectors : the scalar quantity mass m, i.e., p  m v

(B) The Distributive Law :

The addition or subtraction of two vectors is equivalent
to the addition or subtraction of corresponding    

components of the two vectors,

 b  c    b   c
 
  
For example, c  a  b

PAGE # 19
 It implies that multiplying the sum of two vectors by a  Special points :
scalar gives the same result as separately multiplying
the two vectors by the scalar first, and then adding the (i) The scalar product of two parallel vectors,
two vectors. It is illustrated in figure.  
If a is parallel to b then  = 0º
   
a . b = | a | | b | cos 0 = ab
(ii) The scalar product of two perpendicular vector is
b zero.
b+c 

If a is perpendicular to b then  = 90º
c
   
a . b = | a | | b | cos 90º = 0
Distributive property of vectors
(iii) The scalar product of two similar unit vector is one.
Algebraic form of Multiplication of a Vector by a
î.î = 1 × 1 × cos0 = 1
Scalar:
similarly, ĵ. ĵ = k̂.k̂ = 1

When a vector b is multiplied by a scalar k then each (iv) The scalar product of two perpendicular unit vector

component of the vector is multiplied by k. That is is zero. î. ĵ = 1 × 1 × cos90 = 0

 

a  k b  k b x î  b y ĵ  b zk̂  similarly, ĵ.î = î.k̂ = k̂. î = ĵ.k̂ = k̂. ĵ = 0

 NOTE :

or a  kb x î  kb y ĵ  kb zk̂ Unlike the product of two numbers , the scalar product
of two vectors may be equal to zero even if either of the
two vectors is not a zero vector or null vector. It happens
 when both the vectors are perpendicular (or orthogonal)
or a  a x î  a y ĵ  a zk̂
 
where ax = kbx ; ay = kby ;az = kbz 47. If a = a x î  a y ĵ  a zk̂ and b  b x î  b y ĵ  b zk̂

   
46. If a  2 î  4 ĵ  2k̂ and b  3 î  ĵ  2k̂ then find then find a . b ?

 
2a 3b . Sol. In the algebraic form the scalar product of two vectors
 
  a and b may be expressed as
Sol. 2a 3b = 2( 2 î  4 ĵ  2k̂ ) – 3( 3 î  ĵ  2k̂ )

= ( 4 î  8 ĵ  4k̂ ) – ( 9 î  3 ĵ  6k̂ ) a  b = (a x î  a y ĵ  a zk̂ )  (b x î  b y ĵ  b zk̂ )

or a  b = axbx +ayby + azbz

=  5 î  5 ĵ  10k̂

(ii) Scalar Product : because î.î = ĵ. ĵ = k̂.k̂ = 1

The multiplication of two vector is a scalar quantity then î. ĵ = ĵ.î = î.k̂ = k̂. î = ĵ.k̂ = k̂. ĵ = 0
such type of product is called scalar or dot product.
  (A) Properties of scalar product :
The scalar product of two a vectors and b is defined

as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors by The scalar product is commutative that is, a  b = b . a
the cosine of the angle  between the vectors. That is,
The scalar product is distributive that is, a.( b  c )
   
a . b | a | | b | cos  .
= a  b + a .c
 
Because of the notation, a . b is also known as the (B) Application of scalar product :
(i) In physics, the examples of scalar product of two
dot product and is spoken as “a dot b”.
vectors are work and power.

PAGE # 20
 Thus, the two vectors are anti-parallel
Work is defined as the dot product of force F and the

displacement s of its point of application. (iv) Let c  a  b , then magnitude of c in terms of the

That is, W = F . s angle  between the two vectors is given by

c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos
Power is defined as the dot product of force F and the
here a = 3 units, b = 4 units, c = 5 units.
velocity v of its point of application.
 52 = 32 + 42 + 2(3)(4) cos

That is, P = F . v 
or cos = 0 =
2
(ii) The scalar product can be used to determine the
49. Using the dot product between two vectors, determine
angle  between the two vectors a and b as
the angle between a = 3 î  3 3 ĵ and b

a.b a x b x  a y b y  a zb z = 5 3 î  5 ĵ .
cos = =
|a||b| a 2x  a 2y  a 2z b 2x  b 2y  b 2z
Sol. Using equation a  b = axbx +ayby + azbz, we have

If the vectors a and b are perpendicular, then axbx +ayby  

a  b = 3 î  3 3 ĵ . 5 3 î  5 ĵ 
+ azbz = 0
or a  b = (3) (5 3 ) + (3 3 ) (5) = 30 3

48. Two vectors a and b have magnitudes of 3 unitss By the definition of dot product, we have
and 4 units, respectively. Determine the angle
a.b
cos =
between the directions of a and b if |a||b|

(i) a . b = 0 here | a | = | 3 î  3 3 ĵ | = (3 )2  (3 3 ) 2 = 6

(ii) a . b = 12 units | b | = | 5 3 î  5 ĵ | = (5 3 )2  (5)2 = 10

(iii) a . b = – 12 units 30 3 3
 cos = =
( 6)(10 ) 2
(iv) a + b = 5 units
Sol. (i) By the definition of dot product of two vectors, we  3 
 
or  = cos–1   = .
know  2  6
(iii) Vector Product :
a . b = ab cos
The multiplication of two vector is a vector then such
type of product is called vector product.
Since a  0 ; b  0, therefore, a . b = 0 implies that cos = 0  
The vector product of two vectors a and b is defined

 to be a vector c
Thus, the angle between the two vectors is .
2 • which is oriented in a direction perpendicular to the
 
plane formed by a and b .
a .b
(ii) We know that cos = • its magnitude is given by the product of the magnitudes
ab
of two vectors and sine of the angle between them.
12 That is,
For a . b = 12, we have cos = =1
(3)(4) c = ab sin 
 =0 the vector product is represented as
Thus, the two vectors are parallel   
c =a ×b
 12 The vector product is also called the cross product
(iii) For a . b = – 12, we have cos = =–1 and is read as “a cross b”.
(3)(4)
  
 = The direction of the cross product c = a × b is
determined according to the Right Hand Thumb Rule.

PAGE # 21
 The name vector product is given because  
multiplication of vectors in this way results into a vector a × b = (aybz – azby) î + (azbx – axbz) ĵ + (axby – aybx) k̂
quantity.
because
Right Hand Thumb rule :
Stretch the fingers of your right hand such that the thumb
points perpendicular to the stretched fingers but lie in
î × î = 0 ĵ × ĵ = 0 k̂ × k̂ = 0
their plane. Align the fingers of your right hand towards

the vector written, first in the order (vector a ) and curl
the fingers inwards toward the vector written second in î × ĵ = k̂ ĵ × k̂ = î k̂ × î = ĵ

the order (vector b ) ; then the direction of the thumb
 ĵ × î = – k̂ k̂ × ĵ = – î î × k̂ = – ĵ
give the direction of the cross product (vector c )
In the determinant form the cross product of the vectors
 
a and b may be expressed as

î ĵ k̂
   ax ay az
c =a ×b =
bx by bz
  
c =a ×b

= (aybz – azby) î + (azbx – axbz) ĵ + (axby – aybx) k̂

 Special points :
   
(i) The vector product of two parallel vectors : 50. a = 2 î  3 ĵ and b = 4 ĵ  k̂ find a × b
 
If a is parallel to b then  = 0º
    î ĵ k̂
a × b = | a | | b | sin 0 = 0 
  2 3 0
(ii) The vector product of two perpendicular vectors : Sol. c = a × b =
0 4 1
 
If a is perpendicular to b then  = 90º
    = (3×1 – 0×4) î + (0×0 – 2×1) ĵ + (2×4 – 3×0) k̂
| a × b | = | a | | b | sin 90º = ab

= 3 î – 2 ĵ + 8 k̂
(iii) The vector product of two similar unit vectors :
The vector product of two similar unit vector is zero.
(B) Properties of vector product :
î  î = 1 × 1 × sin 0 = 0
The vector product is not commutative, that is,
similarly, ĵ  ĵ = k̂  k̂ = 0
a  b  –b  a
(iv) The vector product of two perpendicular unit vectors,
The vector product is distributive that is,
The vector product of two perpendicular unit vector is
unit vector :  
a b  c  ab  ac

î  ĵ  k̂ , ĵ  î  k̂ (C) Physical application of Vector Product :

In physics, the examples of vector product of two vectors
ĵ  k̂  î , k̂  ĵ   î are torque and angular momentum.

k̂  î  ĵ , î  k̂   ĵ The torque  is defined as the cross product of the


(A) Algebraic Form of Vector Product : position vector r and the force vector F .

  
In the algebraic form the vector product of two vectors That is,  = r × F
 
a and b may be expressed as • The angular momentum

L is defined as the cross
 
  
a × b = a x î  a y ĵ  a z k̂ × b x î  b y ĵ  b z k̂  product of position vector

r and the linear momentum

vector p .
PAGE # 22
    Using the definition of cross-product, we have
That is, L  r  p

  ab
• a  b = area of parallelogram having adjacent sides
sin  
 
ab
a and b .

1    a  b   30k̂  30
• a  b area of triangle having adjacent sides a and b .
2
here
a  3 î  3 3 ĵ  36  6
51. Two vectors a and b have magnitude of 3 units and 4
units, respectively. Determine the angle between the
directions of a and b , if b  5 3 î  5 ĵ  5 3  2
 5 2 = 10

(i) | a  b | = 12 units
ab 30 1
 
(ii) | a  b | = 0  sin  = (10 )(6) 2
ab
Sol. (i) By the definition of cross-product of two vectors we
know that
 1 
   sin 1  
| a  b | = | a | | b | sin  2 6

|ab| 53. A man starts at A and walks 10 m along a straight road

or sin  = and then turns left, walks 8 m straight and once again
| a || b |
turns to the left and then walks 4 m to reach a point B.
here | a | = 3 units; | b | = 4 units and | a  b | =12 (i) Assuming that, initially , the man moves along the
positive x-axis, then draw a diagram showing the initial
units.
and final positions of the man.
12  (ii) Find the displacement of man.
 sin  = (3)(4 )  1    2
(iii) Find the total distance traveled by man.

(ii) If | a  b | =0 , then sin  =0    0 Sol. (i) The fig. shows the initial and final positions of man.
Thus, the two vectors are parallel to each other. y

52. Using the cross product between two vectors,

B 4m
determine the angle between a  3 î  3 3 ĵ and
sAB
A 8m
b  5 3 î  5 ĵ . 0
x
10 m
Sol. In the determinent form, the cross product of two vectors (ii) Obviously, from the figure, the displacement vector
is given by
s AB is given by
 
a  b  3 î  3 3 ĵ  5 3 î  5 ĵ 
s AB = 10 î  8 ĵ – 4 î = 6 î  8 ĵ

î ĵ k̂ The magnitude of displacement is

3 3 3 0
or a  b 
5 3 5 0

= k̂ (3 ) (5)  ( 3 3 )(5 3 )  sAB  62  82  36  64  10m

(iii) The total distance traveled by man is

or a  b  –30 k̂ d =10 +8 +4 =22m

PAGE # 23
  
54. The magnitudes of two vectors a and b are 3 units
EXERCISE-1

are 4 units respectively, and the vector c is defined as TR IGNOME TR Y :
  
c  a b. 1. sin 300º is equal to
(A) 1/2 (B) –1/2

(i) Obtain an expression for the magnitude of c in
3 3
(C)  (D)
  2 2
terms of | a |,| b | and the angle  between the two
2. Value of tan225º is :
 
vectors a and b , as shown in figure. 1
(A) 3 (B)
3
(C) 1 (D) –1
c
b
3. Value of sin15º. cos15º is :
0 (A) 1 (B) 1/2
a
(ii) Find the maximum and minimum value of c.
3
(C) 1/4 (D)
2
Sol. (i) Applying the cosine rule in the triangles as shown in
fig. , we have c2 = a2 +b2 + 2ab cos  4. Value of sin (37°) cos (53°) is -
9 12
(A) (B)
25 25
c
b
16 3
180- 0 (C) (D)
0 25 5
a
(ii) The value of c becomes maximum when  =0, that 1
5. If sin  = , then cos  will be -
 
3
is, when the two vectors a and b are parallel.
8 4
(A)  (B) 
2
thus c max =a2 + b2 +2ab cos0º =(a +b)2 9 3

or Cmax = a + b = 3 + 4 = 7 unit 2 2 3
(C)  (D) 
3 4
and, the minimum value of c occurs when  =  , that
is , when the two vectors are anti-parallel.
6. Which of the following has value zero ?
thus, (A) Sin 0° (B) tan 0°
2
c min  a2  b2  2ab cos180º  (a  b)2 or c min  a  b (C) cos 0° (D) cot 0°

4 – 3 = 1 unit
A LGE B R A :
     
55. If A  B = A  B then prove that A  B . x 1
7. If f(x) = , then the value of f(f(f(x))) is :
x –1
   
Sol. Given A  B = A  B x 1
(A) (B) 1
x 1
So, A 2  B 2  2 ABCOS  = A 2  B 2  2 ABCOS  x 1
(C) (D) x
 x 1
4 ABcos = 0 =
2 
8. If f(x) = tanx , then the value of f ( ):
4
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) none of these

PAGE # 24
D I F FE R E N T I AT I O N : 20. The displacement of a body at any time t after
dy starting is given by s = 15t – 0.4t 2. The velocity
9. y = x3 + 2x2 + 7x + 8 then will be - of the body will be 7 ms–1 after time :
dx
(A) 3x2 + 2x + 15 (B) 3x2 + 4x + 7
(A) 20 s (B) 15 s
(C) x3 + 2x2 + 15 (D) x3 + 4x + 7 (C) 10 s (D) 5 s
21. A particle is moving in a straight line. Its
10. Differentiation of 2x2 + 3x w.r.t. x is :
(A) 4x + 3 (B) 4x displacement at time t is given by s (in m) = 
(C) 3 (D) 4x + 1 4t 2 + 2t, then its velocity and acceleration at time
11. Equation of straight line is 2x + 3y = 5. Slope of the
straight line is :
t= 1
2 second are
(A) 3/2 (B) 2/3
(A)  2 m/s,  8 m/s2 (B) 2 m/s, 6 m/s2
(C) –2/3 (D) –3/2
(C)  2 m/s , 8 m/s2 (D) 2 m/s, 8 m/s2
dy
12. If y = x l nx then will be
dx
22. A particle moves along a straight line such that
its displacement at any time t is given by :
(A) l nx + x (B) 1 + l n x
(C) l nx (D) 1 s = t 3 – 6t 2 + 3t + 4 metresThe velocity when the
acceleration is zero is :
nx dy
(A) 3 ms–1 (B) – 12 ms–1
13. If y = then will be :
x dx (C) 42 ms –1
(D) – 9 ms–1
1  nx 1  nx
(A) (B) I N T E GR AT I O N :
x x2
3

(C)
1  nx
(D)
nx  1 23.  x dx is equal to :

x2 x2
x4
2 (A) 3x2 (B) C
14. Differentiation of sin(x + 3) w.r.t. x is - 4

(A) cos (x 2 + 3) (B) 2x cos(x 2 + 3) x4

(C) (D) 4x3
(C) (x 2 + 3) cos(x 2 + 3) (D) 2x cos(2x + 3) 4
dy
15. If y = tan x . cos2x then will be -
dx 24.  2 sin( x)dx is equal to :
2 2
(A) 1 + 2sin x (B) 1 – 2sin x (A) –2cos x + C (B) 2 cosx + C
(C) 1 (D) 2 sin 2x (C) –2 cos x (D) 2 cosx

d2 y
16. If y = x3 then
dx 2
is -
25. If x = (6y + 4) (3y2 + 4y + 3) then  x dy will be :
(A) 6x2 (B) 6x 1
(C) 3x2 (D) 3x (A) 2
3y  4 y  3
17. If Q = 4v3 + 3v2 , then the value of 'v' such that, there
(3 y 2  4 y  3)2
exist maxima of 'Q' - (B) +C
2
1
(A) 0 (B)  (C) (3y2 + 4y + 3)
2
(6y  4)
1 (D)
(C) (D) none (3 y 2  4 y  3 )
2
COMPREHENSION (26 to 28) :
d2 y
18. If y = sinx, then will be :
dx 2 If charge flown through a cross section of wire in
(A) cos x (B) sin x one direction during 0 to t is given by q = 3 sin (3t)
(C) – sin x (D) sin x + C then
26. Find out the amount of charge flowing through the
19. Maximum value of f(x) = sin x + cos x is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 
wire till t =   seconds.
6
1 (A) 3 coulombs (B) 6 coulombs
(C) (D) 2
2 (C) 1 coulomb (D) Zero coulomb

PAGE # 25
 
27. Find out the current flowing through the wire at t =
9 33. Consider the two vectors a and b If a  b , then the
second.
magnitude of their sum :
(A) 4.5 Amp (B) 4.5 3 Amp

(C) 3 /2 Amp (D) 9 Amp. (A) is equal to a  b


28. Find out the area under i – t curve from t = to t
9 (B) Must be equal to a  b

= seconds :
6 (C) cannot be less than a  b
2  3  2  3 
(A) 3   (B) 3  
 2   2  (D) cannot be greater than a  b

2  3 
2  3    34. If two non-parallel vectors a and b are equal in
  
 2 
(C) (D)
 2 
29. The area of region between y = sinx and x–axis in    
magnitude , then the vectors a  b and a  b will be:
  (A) parallel to each other
the interval 0,  will be :
 2 (B) perpendicular to each other
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) anti-parallel to each other
1 (D) inclined at an angle less than 90º
(C) 2 (D)
2
/2
2 
 
35. The condition under which the vector a  b is parallel
30. The value of

0
sin x dx will be : to b is :

(A) 1 (B) 0 (A) a || b (B) a  b

 
(C) (D) (C) a  b (D) a  b
4 2
 36. Which of the following relations are wrong ?
VECTOR
  
(A) A  B  C (B) A  B  C
BA SI C P ROP ERTIE S OF VECTORS     
(C) A  B  C (D) A  B  C
31. A vector may change if :
(A) Frame of reference is translated 37. The rectangular components of force of 5 dyne are :
(B) Frame of reference is rotated (A) 1 and 2 dyne (B) 2 and 3 dyne
(C) Vector is translated parallel to itself (C) 3 and 4 dyne (D) 2.5 and 2.5 dyne
(D) Vector is rotated
38. To get a resultant displacement of 10m, two displace-
ment vectors, one of magnitude 6 m and another of
ADDI TI ON A ND S UB IR AT ION OF VECTORS 8 m, should be combined :
(A) Parallel
32. The vector sum of three vectors A,B and C is zero . If (B) Anti-parallel
(C) At an angle 60°
(D) Perpendicular to each
î and ĵ are unit vectors in the directions of A and B
  
respectively , then : 39. If the magnitudes of vectors A, B and C are 12, 5 and
(A) C should be along î   
13 units respectively and A  B  C, the angle be-
(B) C should be along ĵ  
tween vectors A and B is :
(A) 0 (B) 
(C) C should be along k̂
(C) /2 (D) /4

(D) C should be in the plane of î and ĵ

PAGE # 26
40. The resultant of two equal forces is double of either of 49. A truck travelling due north at 50 km/hr turns west and
the forces. The angle between them is :
travels at the same speed. W hat is the change in
(A) 120° (B) 90°
(C) 60° (D) 0° velocity?
(A) 50 km/hr north-west
41. The resultant of two forces acting at an angle of 150° is
10 kg wt, and is perpendicular to the smaller force. (B) 50 2 km/hr north-west
The smaller force is :
(C) 50 km/hr south-east
(A) 10 3 kg wt (B) 20 3 kg wt
(D) 50 2 km/hr south-west
(C) 20 kg wt (D) ( 20 / 3 ) kg wt

      50. I started walking down a road to day-break facing the

42. Two vectors A and B are such that | A  B |  | A  B | . sun. After walking for some time, I turned to my left,

 
then I turned to the right once again. In which direction
The angle between the vectors A and B is : was I going then ?
(A) 0 (B) /3 (A) East (B) North -west
(C) /2 (D) 
(C) North-east (D) South
43. Minimum number of unequal coplanar forces whose
vector sum can be equal to zero is : 51. A person moves 30 m north, then 20 m east, then
(A) Two (B) Three
(C) Four (D) Any 30 2 m south-west His displacement from the
  original position is :
44. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, a third vector
(A) 14 m south-west (B) 28 m south

C lies outside this plane, then the sum of these vec- (C) 10 m west (D) 15 m east

  
tors A + B + C : 52. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in
(A) Can be zero magnitude, is perpendicular to the smaller of the two
(B) Can never be zero forces. The angle between the two forces is :
  (A) 120º (B) 60º
(C) Lies in a plane containing A  B
(C) 90º (D) 150º
 
(D) Lies in a plane containing A – B VECTOR PR ODUCT

45. Two forces of 4 dyne and 3 dyne act upon a body. The 53. If the vectors A  3 î  2 ĵ  xk̂ and B  2 î  4 ĵ  k̂ are
resultant force on the body can only be :
perpendicular to each other, then the value of x is :
(A) More than 3 dyne
(A) 2 (B) 3
(B) More than 4 dyne
(C) -2 (D) -3
(C) Between 3 and 4 dyne

(D) Between 1 and 7 dyne 54. If A  2 i  3 ĵ  k̂ and B  3 î  ĵ  2k̂ , then the cosine
of the angle between the two vectors is :
    

46. The angle between  A  B 
and B  A  is : 11 5
    (A) (B)
14 14
(A) Zero (B)  1 1
(C) (D)
(C) /4 (D) /2 14 7
47. Five equal forces of 10 N each are applied at one point 
55. A force F  6 î  8 ĵ  10k̂ newton produces an
and all are lying in one plane. If the angles between
them are equal, the resultant of these forces will be : acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body. The mass of body
(A) Zero (B) 10 N would be :
(A) 200 kg (B) 20 kg
(C) 20 N (D) 10 2N
(C) 10 2 kg (D) 6 2 kg

48. An aeroplane is moving in a circular path with a speed 

56. The angle that the vector A  2 î  3 ĵ makes with
250 km/hr; what is the change in velocity in half
revolution ? y-axis is :
(A) 500 km/hr (B) 250 km/hr (A) tan–1(3/2) (B) tan–1 (2/3)
(C) 125 km/hr (D) Zero (C) sin–1 (2/3) (D) cos–1(3/2)

PAGE # 27
 4. Two nonzero vectors a and b are such that (a + b) is
57. A vector perpendicular to (4î  3ĵ) is :
perpendicular to (a – b). Then,
(A) 4 î  3 ĵ (B) 7k̂ (IAO/Sr./Stage-I/2008)
(A) a must be perpendicular to b and |a| must be equal
(C) 6 î (D) 3 î  4 ĵ to |b|
(B) a must be perpendicular to b but |a| may not be
equal to |b|
58. A particle is displaced from position ( 2 î  ĵ  k̂ ) to (C) a may be perpendicular to b and |a| may equal to
|b|
another position (3 î  2 ĵ  2k̂ ) under the action of the (D) a may be perpendicular to b and |a| must be equal
to |b|
force of ( 2 î  ĵ  k̂ ) . The work done by the force in an
arbitrary unit is : 5. Two vectors of equal magnitude are inclined to each
(A) 8 (B) 10 other at an angle  . Keeping the direction of one of
(C) 12 (D) 16 them fixed the other is rotated through an equal angle
 . Now, the resultant of these vectors has the same
magnitude as each of the two vectors.
 (IJSO/Stage-I/2011)
59. A force F  a î  b ĵ  ck̂ is acting upon a body of mass
(A) 90º (B) 30º
‘m’ If the body starts from rest and was at the origin (C) 45º (D) 60º
initially, find its new co-ordinates after time t :

at 2 bt 2 ct 2 at 2 2bt 2 ct 2  6 If â and b̂ are unit vectors and  is the angle between

(A) , , (B) , , them, then which of the following statements is / are
2m 2m 2m 2m m 2m
true ? (IAO/Sr./Stage-I/2009)

at 2 bt 2 ct 2 (A) If ( â + b̂ ) is a unit vector, then  = 2 / 3

(C) , , (D) None of these
m m 2m (B) If ( â – b̂ ) is a unit vector, then  =  / 3

(C) If ( â + b̂ ) is a unit vector, then  = 3 /4

EXERCISE-2
(D) If ( â – b̂ ) is a unit vector, then  =  / 4
COMPETITIVE EXAM PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS : 
 
7. C is the resultant of A and B . Their respective
1. A quantity m is a scalar where as A is a vector. Then, the magnitudes are C, A and B. Select correct statement :
(IJSO/Stage-II/2014)
meaningful quantity is : (IAO/Jr./Stage-I/2007)
(A) C may be equal to A.
(A) m + A (B) C > A and C > B.
(B) mA but not A/m (C) C = A + B.
(C) Al m but not mA (D) C cannot be smaller than of A and B.
(D) mA as well as A/m

2. a, b and c are three vectors having magnitudes 8, 3 and

5 as shown in the figure. Then, (IAO/Jr./Stage-I/2008)

a
b
c

(A) a = b + c (B) a > b + c

(C) a < b + c (D) none of these


3. A vector
A = ax i + ay j + az k has zero magnitude. Then,
(IAO/Sr./Stage-I/2007)
(A) ax + ay = – az (B) ax + az = 0, ay = 0
(C) ax + ay = 0, az = 0 (D) ax = ay = az = 0

PAGE # 28
 2. UNIT & DIMENSIONS

PHYSICAL QUANTITY TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANITITY

A quantity which can be measured and by which ( a ) R a t i o ( n um e r i c a l v a l u e o nl y :

variou s physical happenings can be exp lained W hen a physical quantity is a ratio of two similar
and expressed in form of laws is called a physical
quantities, it has no unit.
quantity. For example length, mass, time, force
etc. e.g. Relative density = Density of obj ect/Density
of water at 4°C .
On the other hand various happenings in life e.g.,
happiness, sorrow etc. are not physical quantities Refractive index = Velocity of light in air/Velocity
because these can not be measured. of light in medium
Strain = Change in dimension/Original dimension
M e as u r em en t is n ec e ss ar y to d et er m i n e
magnitude of a physical quantity, to compare two  Angle is exceptional physical quantity, which
similar physical quantities and to prove physical though is a ratio of two similar physical quantities
laws or equations. (ang le = arc / radiu s) bu t still req uires a un it
(degrees or radians) to specify it along with its
A physical quantity is represented completely by numerical value.
its magnitude and unit. For example, 10 metre
means a length which is ten tim es the un it of ( b ) S c a l a r ( M a g n i t u d e o nl y ) :
length 1 m. Here 10 represents th e numerical These quantities do not have any direction e.g.
value of the given quantity and metre represents Length, time, work, energy etc.
the unit of quantity under consideration. Thus in Magnitude of a physical quantity can be negative.
expressing a physical quantity we choose a unit In th at c ase n egative sig n ind ic ates th at th e
and then find that how many times that unit is n u m e ri c a l va lu e of th e q u an ti ty u n d er
contained in the given physical quantity, i.e. consideration is negative. It does not specify the
direction.
Physical quantity (Q) = Magnitude × Unit = n × u Scalar quantities can be added or subtracted with
W here, n represents the numerical value and u the help of following ordinary laws of addition or
re p r es en ts t h e u n it . T h u s w h il e exp r es si n g subtraction.
definite amount of physical quantity, it is clear
that as the unit(u) changes, the magnitude(n) will ( c ) Ve c t o r ( m a g n i t u d e a n d d i r e c t i o n ) :
also change but product 'nu' will remain same. e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force
i.e. n u = constant, etc.
Ve c t o r p h ysi c al q u a n t it ie s c an b e ad d e d o r
or n 1u 1 = n 2u 2 = constant ;
subtracted according to vector laws of addition.
1 These laws are different from laws of ordinary
 n ?
u addition.
i.e. magnitude of a physical quantity and units
are inversely proportional to each other. Larger T h er e ar e c er ta in p h ys ic al q u a n ti ti es w h i c h
the unit, smaller will be the magnitude. b eh ave n eith er as s c alar n o r as vec to r. F o r
example, moment of inertia is not a vector as by
changing the sense of rotation its value is not
changed. It is also not a scalar as it has different
values in different directions (i.e. about different
axes ). S u c h p h ysi c a l q u an ti tie s ar e c a ll ed
Tensors.

PAGE # 29
 ph ysical quantities m ass, leng th and tim e are
FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED QUATITES choosen for this purpose. So any unit of mass,
le n g th a n d t im e i n m e c h an ic s i s c a ll ed a
fundamental, absolute or base unit. Other units
( a ) F u n d a m e n t a l q u a n tit ie s : O u t o f larg e
which can be expressed in terms of fundamental
n u m b er o f p h ysic al q u a n tities w h ic h exist in
units, are called derived units. For example light
nature, there are only few quantities which are
year or km is a fundamental units as it is a unit of
independent of all other quantities and do not
length while s –1, m 2 or kg/m are derived units as
require the help of any other physical quantity for
these are derived from units of time, mass and
th ei r d e fi n i ti o n , t h e re fo re th es e ar e c a ll ed
length respectively.
absolute quantities. These quantities are also
c alled fu nd am en tal o r b ase q u an tities, as all
System of units : A complete set of units, both
other quantities are b ased upo n and can be
fundamental and derived for all kinds of physical
expressed in terms of these quantities.
quantities is called system of units. The common
systems are given below -
( b ) D e r i v e d q u a nt i t i e s :
All other physical quantities can be derived by
(a) C GS s y s t e m :
su itab le m u ltip lic ation o r d ivisio n o f differen t
The system is also called G aussian system of
p ow ers of fu n dam en tal qu antities. Th ese are
u nits. In it len g th, mass an d tim e h ave b een
therefore called derived quantities.
c h o s en a s th e f u n d a m e n t al q u an ti ti es a n d
corresponding fundamental units are centimetre
If length is defined as a fundamental quantity then
(cm), gram (g) and second (s) respectively.
area and volume are derived from length and
are expressed in term of length with power 2 and
(b) M K S s y s t e m :
3 over the term of length.
The system is also called Giorgi system. In this
system also length, mass and tim e have been
 In mechanics Length , Mass and time are
ta k e n as f u n d am en ta l q u an tit ie s, a n d t h e
arb itrarily c h o sen as fu n dam en tal q u an tities.
c o r resp o n d in g f u n d am e n tal u n its a re m et re,
However this set of fundamental quantities is not
kilogram and second.
a unique choice. In fact any three quantities in
(c) FP S s y s t e m : In this system foo t, po und
mechanics can be termed as fundamental as all
an d se c o n d a re u se d re sp ec ti ve ly for
other quantities in mechanics can be expressed
measurements of length, mass and time. In this
in terms of these. e.g. if speed and time are taken
syste m fo rc e is a d eri ved q u a n ti ty w ith u n it
as fundamental quantities, length will become a
poundal.
d erived q uan tity b ec ause th en len gth w ill b e
expressed as Speed × Time. and if force and (D) S. I. system : It is known as International
ac c e le ra ti o n a re ta k e n as f u n d a m e n t al system of units, and is infact extended system of
quantities, then mass will be defined as Force / units applied to whole physics. There are seven
acc eleration an d w ill b e term ed as a d erived fun d am ental q uan tities in th is system . T h ese
quantity. q u an ti ti es an d th ei r u n i ts a re g i ve n in t h e
following table

FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED UNITS

Normally each physical quantity requires a unit

or standard for its specification so it appears that
there must be as many units as there are physical
quantities. However, it is not so. It has been found
that if in mechanics we choose arbitrarily units
of any three physical quantities we can express
th e u n it s o f al l o t h e r p h ysi c a l q u a n t it ie s in
m e c h a n ic s i n t erm s o f th ese . A rb i tra ril y t h e

PAGE # 30
 Table

S Units
Base Quantity
Name Symbol Definition

The metre is the length of the path traveled by light in

Length metre m vacuum during a time interval of 1/299, 792, 458 of a second
(1983)

The kilogram is equal to the mass of the international

prototype of the kilogram (a platinum-iridium alloy cylinder)
Mass kilogram kg
kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures, at
Sevres, near Paris, France. (1889)
The second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
Time second s
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
(1967)

The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in

two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
Electric Current ampere A circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a force equal to
2 x 10-7 Newton per metre of length. (1948)

Thermodynamic The kelvin, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic

kelvin K
Temperature temperature of the triple point of water. (1967)

The mole is the amount of substance of a system, which

Amount of
mole mol contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in
Substance
0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. (1971)

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of

Luminous a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency
candela cd
Intensity 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that
direction of 1/683 watt per steradian (1979).

S.No. Power of 10 Prefix Symbol

Besides the above seven fundamental units two 18
supplementary units are also defined - 1. 10 Exa E
15
Radian (rad) for plane angle and Steradian (sr) 2. 10 peta P
for solid angle. 3. 10
12
tera T
 Apart from fundamental and derived units we 4. 109 giga G
also use very frequently practical units.
5. 106 mega M
These may be fundamental or derived units 3
e.g., light year is a practical unit (fundamental) of 6. 10 kilo k
2
distance while horse power is a practical u n i t 7. 10 hecto h
(derived) of power. 1
8. 10 deca da
 Practical units may or may not belong to a –1
9. 10 deci d
system but can be expressed in any system
–2
of units 10. 10 centi c
e.g., 1 mile = 1.6 km = 1.6 × 10 3 m. 11. 10–3 milli m
–6
12. 10 micro 
S.I. PREFIXES –9
13. 10 nano n
In physics we have to deal from very small (micro) –12
14. 10 pico p
to very large (macro) magnitudes as one side we –15
talk about the atom while on the other side of 15. 10 femto f
universe, e.g., the mass of an electron is 9.1 × 16. 10
–18
atto a
10 –31 kg while that of the sun is 2 × 10 30 kg. To
exp r es s su c h l ar g e o r sm al l m a g n it u d es
simultaneously we use the following prefixes :

PAGE # 31
 1 Solar year = 365.25 average solar day
STANDARDS OF LENGTH, MASS AND TIME
1
(a) Length : o r 1 average solar day  the part of solar
365.25
Standard metre is defined in terms of wavelength year
of light and is called atomic standard of length. (iv) Sedrial day : It is the time taken by earth to
The metre is the distance containing 1650763.73 complete one rotation about its axis with respect
w a ve le n g th i n va c u u m o f t h e r ad ia ti o n
corresponding to orange red light emitted by an to a distant star.
atom of krypton-86. 1 S o lar year = 3 6 6 .2 5 S ed rial d ay = 3 6 5 .2 5
Now a days metre is defined as length of the path
average solar day
travelled by light in vacuum in
1/ 299,7792, 458 part of a second. Thus 1 Sedrial day is less than 1 solar day.
( b ) M a s s : T h e m ass o f a c ylin d er m ad e o f (v) Shake : It is an obsolete and practical unit of
p l at in u m -i ri d i u m al lo y k e p t at In t er n a ti o n al
Bureau of W eights and Measures is defined as 1 tim e.
kg. On atomic scale, 1 kilogram is equivalent to 1 Shake = 10 –8 sec
the mass of 5.0188 × 10 25 atoms of 6C 12
(an isotope of carbon). DIMENSIONS OF A PHYSICAL QUANTITY
( c ) T i m e : 1 sec o n d is d efin ed a s th e ti m e
interval of 9192631770 vibrations of radiation in W hen a derived quantity is expressed in terms of
Cs-133 atom. This radiation corresponds to the fundamental quantities, it is written as a product
tran sitio n b etw een two hyp erfin e level o f th e
of different powers of the fundamental quantities.
ground state of Cs-133.
T h e po w ers to w h ic h fu n d am en tal q u an tities
PRACTICAL UNITS
m ust be raised in o rd er to exp ress th e given
(a) Length :
physical quantity are called its dimensions.
(i) 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10 –15 m
(ii) 1 X-ray unit = 1XU = 10 –13 m To m ak e it m o re clear, co n sid er th e p h ysical
(i ii ) 1 angstrom = 1Å = 10 –10 m = 10 –8 cm quantity force
(iv) 1 micron = m = 10 –6 m
(v) 1 astronomical unit = 1 A.U. = 1. 49 × 10 11 m mass  velocity
Force = mass × ac celeratio n 
(vi) 1 Light year = 1 ly = 9.46 × 10 15 m time
mass  lenth/time
(vii) 1 Parsec = 1pc = 3.26 light year  = mass × length × (time) –2
time
(b ) Mass :
.... (i)
(i) Chandra Shekhar unit : 1 CSU = 1.4 times
Thus, the dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1
the mass of sun = 2.8 × 10 30 kg
in length and – 2 in time.
(ii) Metric tonne : 1 Metric tonne = 1000 kg
Here the physical quantity that is expressed in
(i ii ) Quintal : 1 Quintal = 100 kg
te rm s o f t h e b a se q u an ti ti es i s e n c lo se d in
(iv) Atomic mass unit (amu) : amu = 1.67 × 10 –27
square brackets to indicate that the equation is
kg mass of proton or neutron is of the order of 1
am o n g th e d i m e n s io n s a n d n o t a m o n g t h e
am u
magn itu des.
(c) Time : Thus eq. (i) can be written as [force]=[MLT –2].
(i) Year : It is the time taken by earth to complete Su ch an expression for a p hysical qu antity in
1 revolution around the sun in its orbit. terms of the fundamental quantities is called the
(ii) Lunar month : It is the time taken by moon to dim ensional equ atio n. If we con sider on ly the
complete 1 revolution around the earth in it sorbit. R.H.S. of the equation, the expression is termed
1 L.M. = 27.3 days as d imension al form ula.
(i ii ) Solar day : It is the time taken by earth to Thus, dimensional formula for force is, [MLT –2].
complete one rotation about its axis with respect
to sun. Since this time varies from day to day,
average solar day is calculated by taking average
of the duration of all the days in a year and this is
called Average Solar day.

PAGE # 32
IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS OF COMPLETE PHYSICS

MECHANICS :
S.No. Quantity Symbol Unit Dimension
0 1 –1
1 Velocity or speed  m/s [M L T ]
2 0 1 –2
2 Acceleration a m/s [M L T ]
1 1 –1
3 Momentum (p) kg-m/s [M L T ]
1 1 –1
4 Impulse (I) Newton-sec or kg-m/s [M L T ]
1 1 –2
5 Force (F) Newton [M L T ]
1 –1 –2
6 Pressure (P) Pascal [M L T ]
1 2 –2
7 Kinetic energy (KE) Joule [M L T ]
1 2 –3
8 Power (P) Watt or Joule/s [M L T ]
3 1 –3 0
9 Density (d) kg/m [M L T ]
0 0 0
10 Angular displacement  Radian (rad.) [M L T ]
0 0 –1
11 Angular velocity  Radian/sec [M L T ]
2 0 0 –2
12 Angular acceleration  Radian/sec [M L T ]
2 1 2 0
13 Moment of inertia  kg-m [M L T ]
1 2 –2
14 Torque  Newton-meter [M L T ]
1 2 –1
15 Angular momentum (L) Joule-sec [M L T ]
1 0 –2
16 Force constant or spring constant (k) Newton/m [M L T ]
2 2 –1 3 –2
17 Gravitational constant (G) N-m /kg [M L T ]
0 1 –2
18 Intensity of gravitational field (Eg) N/kg [M L T ]
0 2 –2
19 Gravitational potential (Vg) Joule/kg [M L T ]
2 1 0 –2
20 Surface tension (T) N/m or Joule/m [M L T ]
–1 0 0 –1
21 Velocity gradient dv Second [M L T ]
dx
1 –1 –1
22 Coefficient of viscosity () kg/m-s [M L T ]

HEAT :

S. N. Quantity Symbol Unit Dimension

0 0 0 1
1 Temperature (T) Kelvin [M L T K ]
1 2 –2
2 Heat (Q) Joule [M L T ]
0 2 –2 –1
3 Specific Heat (c) Joule/kg-K [M L T K ]
1 2 –2 –1
4 Thermal capacity (C) Joule/K [M L T K ]
0 2 –2
5 Latent heat (L) Joule/kg [M L T ]
1 2 –2 –1
6 Gas constant (R) Joule/mol-K [M L T K ]
1 2 –2 –1
7 Boltzmann constant (k) Joule/K [M L T K ]
1 1 –3 –1
8 Coefficient of thermal conductivity (K) Joule/m-s-K [M L T K ]
2 4 1 0 –3 –4
9 Stefan's constant () Watt/m – K [M L T K ]
0 1 0 1
10 Wien's constant (b) Meter-K [M L T K ]
1 2 –1
11 Planck's constant (h) Joule-s [M L T ]
–1 0 0 0 –1
12 Coefficient of Linear Expansion  Kelvin [M L T K ]
0 0 0
13 Mechanical eq. of Heat (J) Joule/Calorie [M L T ]
4 1 5 –2
14 Vander wall's constant (a) Newton-m [M L T ]
3 0 3 0
15 Vander wall's constant (b) m [M L T ]

PAGE # 33