Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust

RV Institute of Technology and Management®

(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
JP Nagar, Bengaluru – 560076

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Course Name: Multimedia Communications

Course Code: 18EC743
VII Semester
2018 Scheme

Prepared By:

Dr. Madhumathy P
Associate Professor,
Department of ECE
RVITM, Bengaluru – 560076

Email: [email protected]
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MODULE – 2: MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

Syllabus

MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS: Introduction ,digital principles, text, images, audio, video.

2.1 Introduction

 The conversion of an analog signal into a digital form

 Signal encoder, sampling, signal decoder

Digitization principles

 Fourier analysis can be used to show that any time-varying analog signal is made up
of a possibly infinite number of single-frequency sinusoidal signals whose amplitude
and phase vary continuously with time relative to each other

 Signal bandwidth

 The bandwidth of the transmission channel should be equal to or greater than the
bandwidth of the signal─bandlimiting channel

2.2.1 Encoder design

 A bandlimiting filter and an analog-to-digital converter(ADC), the latter comprising a
sample-and-hold and a quantizer
 Remove selected higher-frequency components from the source signal (A)
 (B) is then fed to the sample-and-hold circuit
 Sample the amplitude of the filtered signal at regular time intervals (C) and hold the
sample amplitude constant between samples (D)
 Quantizer circuit which converts each sample amplitude into a binary value known as
a codeword (E)
 The signal to be sampled at a rate which is higher than the maximum rate of change of
the signal amplitude
 The number of different quantization levels used to be as large as possible
 Nyquist sampling theorem states that: in order to obtain an accurate representation of
a time-varing analog signal, its amplitude must be sampled at a minimum rate that is
equal to or greater than twice the highest sinusoidal frequency component that is
present in the signal

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 Nyquist rate: samples per second (sps)

 The distortion caused by sampling a signal at a rate lower than the Nyquist rate
 Alias signals: they replace the corresponding original signals

 Quantization intervals
 A finite number of digits is used, each sample can only be represented by a
corresponding number of discrete levels
 If Vmax is the maximum positive and negative signal amplitude and n is the number
of binary bits used, then the magnitude of each quantization interval, q
 Each codeword corresponds to a nominal amplitude level which is at the center of the
corresponding quantization interval
 The difference between the actual signal amplitude and the corresponding nominal
amplitude is called the quantization error (Quantization noise)
 The ratio of the peak amplitude of a signal to its minimum amplitude is known as the
dynamic range of the signal, D (decibels or dB)
 Vmax 
D  20  dB
log 10  Vmin 
 It is necessary to ensure that the level of quantization noise relative to the smallest
signal amplitude is acceptable
 Example 2.2

2.2.2 Decoder design

 Reproduce the original signal, the output of the DAC is passed through a low- pass
filter which only passes those frequency components that made up the original filtered
signal (C)
 Audio/video encoder-decoder or audio/video codec

2.3 Text
 Three types of text
 Unformatted text
 Formatted text
 Hypertext

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2.3.1 Unformatted text

 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII character set)

2.3.2 Formatted text

 Produced by most word processing packages
 Each with different headings and with tables, graphics, and pictures inserted at
appropriate points
 Fig2.8
 WYSIWYG: an acronym for what-you-see-is-what-you-get

2.3.3 Hypertext
 Formatted text that enables a related set of documents─normally referred to
as pages─to be created which have defined linkage points─referred to as
hyperlinks ─between each other
2.4 Images
2.4.1 Image are displayed in the form of a two-dimensional matrix of individual
picture elements─known as pixels or pels
2.4.1 Graphics

 Two forms of representation of a computer graphic: a high-level version (similar to

the source code of a high-level program) and the actual pixel- image of the graphic
(similar to the byte-string corresponding to the low-level machine code─bit-map
format)
 Standardized forms of representation such as GIF (graphical interchange format) and
TIFF (tagged image file format)

2.4.2 Digitized
pictures
 Color principles
 A whole spectrum of colors─known as a color gamut ─can be produced by
using different proportions of red(R), green(G), and blue (B)
 Additive color mixing producing a color image on a black surface
 Subtractive color mixing for producing a color image on a white surface
2.4.3 Digitized pictures
 Raster-scan principles
 Progressive scanning
 Each complete set of horizontal scan is called a frame
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 The number of bits per pixel is known as the pixel depth and determines the range of
different colors
 Aspect ratio
 Both the number of pixels per scanned line and the number of lines per frame
 The ratio of the screen width to the screen height
 National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), PAL(UK),
CCIR(Germany), SECAM (France)
 Table 2.1

 Digital cameras and scanners

 An image is captured within the camera/scanner using an image sensor
 A two-dimensional grid of light-sensitive cells called photosites
 A widely-used image sensor is a charge-coupled device (CCD)
2.5 Audio
2.5.1 The bandwidth of a typical speech signal is from 50Hz through to 10kHz; music
signal from 15 Hz through to 20kHz
2.5.2 The sampling rate: 20ksps (2*10kHz) for speech and 40ksps (2*20kHz) for music
2.5.3 Music stereophonic (stereo) results in a bit rate double that of a
monaural(mono) signal

2.5.1 D-quality audio

 Total bit rate = 2*705.6=1.411Mbps

 Example 2.5

2.6.1 Broadcast television

 Scanning sequence
 It is necessary to use a minimum refresh rate of 50 times per second to avoid flicker
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 A refresh rate of 25 times per second is sufficient

 Field:the first comprising only the odd scan lines and the second the even scan lines
 The two field are then integrated together in the television receiver using a technique
known as interlaced scanning
 The three main properties of a color source
 Brightness
 Hue:this represents the actual color of the source
 The term luminance is used to refer to the brightness of a source
 The hue and saturation are referred to as its chrominance
Ys  0.299Rs  0.587Gs  0.144Bs
 Where Ys is the amplitude of the luminance signal and Rs,Gs and Bs are the
magnitudes of the three color component signals

 The blue chrominance (Cb), and the red chrominance (Cr) are then used to represent
hue and saturation
 The two color difference signals:
Cb  Bs Ys Cr  Rs Ys
 In the PAL system, Cb and Cr are referred to as U and V respectively
PAL : Y  0.299R  0.587G 
0.114B U  0.493(B  Y )
V  0.877(R  Y )
 The NTSC system form two different signals referred to as I and Q
NTSC : Y  0.299R  0.587G 
0.114B I  0.74(R  Y )  0.27(B  Y )
Q  0.48(R  Y )  0.41(B  Y )
2.6.2Digital video
 Eye have shown that the resolution of the eye is less sensitive for color than it is for
luminance
 4：2：2 format
 The original digitization format used in Recommendation CCIR-601
 A line sampling rate of 13.5MHz for luminance and 6.75MHz for the two
chrominance signals
 The number of samples per line is increased to 720
 The corresponding number of samples for each of the two chrominance signals is 360
samples per active line
 This results in 4Y samples for every 2Cb, and 2Cr samples
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 The numbers 480 and 576 being the number of active (visible) lines in the respective
system

RECOMENDDED QUESTIONS:
1. Expalin codeword, analog signal, signal encoder, signal decoder?[06]
2. Define ―bandwidth‖? explain ―bandlimiting channel‖?[05]
3. Explain nyquist sampling theorem & nyquist rate?[04]
4. Define the meaning of term quantization interval & how this influences the
accuracy of the sampling process of an analog signal? [06]
5. Explain a) unformatted/plain text.
b) formatted/rich text.
c) Hyper text. [06]
6. Differentiate formatted text & unformatted text? Explain origin the acronym
WYSIWYG? [05]
7. Explain briefly: visual object, freeform object, clip art, 3-D objects.[04]
8. Explain scanning, pels, digitization principles wrf to fascimile machines?[08]
9. Define the aspect ratio of a display screen.give two examples for current widely used
screen sizes? [05]
10. Derive the time to transmit an image with each type of display assuming a bitrate
of 56 kbps, 1.5Mbps?[06]
11. Define text & image.[03]
12. Define audio & video.[03]
13. Compare formatted & unformatted text.[08]
14. What is rendering & clip art?[02]
15. What is flicker & frame refresh rate?[04]
16. What is NTSC & PAL?[10]
17. What is sample & hold, Quantizer?[06]
18. Define aspect ratio & pixel depth.[06]
19. What is composite video signal?[04]
20. Define Run – length encoding & statistical encoding.[06]
21. What is synchronization?[02]
22. Identify the main features of the MIDI standard & its associated message?[08]
23. State & explain three main properties of a color source that the eye makes of?[08]
24. Why is the chrominance signal transmitted in the form of two color different
signals?[08]

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25. Derive the bit rate that results from the digitization of a 525-line and a 625-line system
using the 4:2:0 digitization format and interlaced scanning. Hence derive the amount of
memory required to store a 2-hour movie/video?[10]

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