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Error Detection

The document discusses error detection in computer networks. It begins by defining different types of errors that can occur during data transmission, such as single-bit, multi-bit, and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques, including parity checking, checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity checking can detect single-bit errors but not multi-bit errors. Checksum and CRC are more advanced techniques that can detect multiple errors through binary arithmetic operations, though CRC is more robust and less prone to undetected errors. The document provides examples to illustrate each error detection method.

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Parteek Sidhu
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41 views3 pages

Error Detection

The document discusses error detection in computer networks. It begins by defining different types of errors that can occur during data transmission, such as single-bit, multi-bit, and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques, including parity checking, checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity checking can detect single-bit errors but not multi-bit errors. Checksum and CRC are more advanced techniques that can detect multiple errors through binary arithmetic operations, though CRC is more robust and less prone to undetected errors. The document provides examples to illustrate each error detection method.

Uploaded by

Parteek Sidhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ERROR DETECTION

Tuesday, March 7, 2023 11:31 PM

Overview
Errors are introduced into the binary data transmitted from the sender to the receiver due to noise during transmission. The error can be a single-bit error, multi-bit error, or burst error. Error detection methods are
used to check whether the receiver has received correct data or corrupted data. And error correction is used to correct the detected errors during the transmission of data from sender to receiver.
Scope
• In this article, we will study error detection and correction in computer networks.
• First of all we will study the errors, and types of errors.
• Then we will cover the topic of error detection and error correction.
• At last we will look at the error correction technique i.e. hamming code.
Errors in Communication
When the information received at the receiver end does not match the sent data. At the time of transmission, errors are introduced into the binary data sent from the sender to the receiver due to noise during
transmission. This means that a bit having a 0 value can change to 1 and a bit having a 1 value can change to 0.
Types of Errors
Some errors that occur during communication are given below:
Single-bit Error
Typically, only one bit of the frame received is corrupt, and the corrupted bit can be located anywhere in the frame.
Refer to the below image for the single-bit error

Multiple-bit Error
More than one bit received in the frame is found to be corrupted. Refer to the below image for the multiple-bit error

Burst Error
More than one consecutive bit is corrupted in the received frame.
Refer to the below image for the burst-bit error

Error Detection
Simple Parity Check
Data sent from the sender undergoes parity check :
• 1 is added as a parity bit to the data block if the data block has an odd number of 1's.
• 0 is added as a parity bit to the data block if the data block has an even number of 1's.
This procedure is used for making the number of 1's even. And this is commonly known as even parity checking.
Refer to the below image for the simple parity-checking method:

Disadvantage:
• Only single-bit error is detected by this method, it fails in multi-bit error detection .
• It can not detect an error in case of an error in two bits.
Refer to the below image for the disadvantage simple parity checking method

CHECKSUM
Checksum is a error detection which detects the error by dividing the data into the segments of equal size and thenuse 1's complement to find the sum of the segments and then sum is transmitted with the data to
the receiver and same process is done by the receiver and at the receiver side, all zeros in the sum indicates the correctness of the data.
1. First of all data is divided into k segments in a checksum error detection scheme and each segment has m bits.

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1. First of all data is divided into k segments in a checksum error detection scheme and each segment has m bits.
2. For finding out the sum at the sender’s side, all segments are added through 1's complement arithmetic. And for determining the checksum we complement the sum.
3. Along with data segments, the checksum segments are also transferred.
4. All the segments that are received on the receiver's side are added through 1S complement arithmetic to determine the sum.
5. The received data is accepted only on the condition that the result is found to be 1. And if the result is not 1 then it will be discarded.
Refer to the below image for the checksum method

Disadvantages:
In checksum error is not detected, if one sub-unit of the data has one or more corrupted bits and corresponding bits of the opposite value are also corrupted in another sub-unit. Error is not detected in this situation
because in this case the sum of columns is not affected by corrupted bits.
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Refer to the below image for the cyclic redundancy checking method

• The checksum scheme uses the addition method but CRC uses binary division.
• A bit sequence commonly known as cyclic redundancy check is added to the end of the bits in CRC. This is done so that the resulting data unit will be divisible by the second binary number that is
predetermined.
• The receiving data units on the receiver's side need to be divided by the same number. These data units are accepted and found to be correct only on the condition of the remainder of this division is zero. The
remainder shows that the data is not correct. So, they need to be discarded.
Refer to the below image for the example of the cyclic redundancy checking method

AT SENDER SIDE:

AT RECIEVER SIDE:

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Disadvantages: Cyclic Redundancy Check may leads to overflow of data.

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