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Integration by Parts

The document discusses integration by parts, which is a technique for evaluating integrals of the product of two functions. [1] It presents the formula for integration by parts which involves splitting the integrand into two parts, u and dv/dx, and integrating and differentiating those parts. [2] Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the technique to evaluate definite and indefinite integrals of various functions, including trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. [3]

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Vanya Choudhary
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17 views

Integration by Parts

The document discusses integration by parts, which is a technique for evaluating integrals of the product of two functions. [1] It presents the formula for integration by parts which involves splitting the integrand into two parts, u and dv/dx, and integrating and differentiating those parts. [2] Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the technique to evaluate definite and indefinite integrals of various functions, including trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. [3]

Uploaded by

Vanya Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration

Section 6: Integration by Parts

Notes and Examples


These notes contain subsections on
 Integration by parts
 Definite integration by parts

Integration by parts
Integration by parts is another technique which can sometimes be used to integrate
the product of two simpler functions. It is useful in many cases where a substitution
will not help, although it cannot be used for all functions.

Suppose you want to integrate x cos x. This is the product of two functions which we
can integrate, x and cos x. This suggests that reversing the product rule might give us
a method.

Try differentiating x sin x using the product rule:

d
( x sin x)  x  cos x  sin x 1
dx
 x cos x  sin x

So  ( x cos x  sin x)dx  x sin  c


and  x cos x dx   sin x dx  x sin x  c
and finally  x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx  c
 x sin x  cos x  c

We need to take the cleverness out of this method and make it more systematic!

Starting with the product rule for differentiation:

d dv du
(uv)  u  v
dx dx dx

dv d du
 u  (uv)  v
dx dx dx

Now integrate both sides with respect to x:


Differentiating uv, then
dv d du integrating the result, just
 u dx dx   dx (uv)dx -  v dx dx leaves uv!

© MEI, 17/04/07 1/4


dv du
  u dx dx  uv   v dx dx
This formula is called integration by parts.

This formula can be used to find the integral of x cos x shown earlier:

Split the integrand x cos x into two parts u and dv :


dx
dv
u=x,  cos x  v   cos x dx  sin x
dx You don’t need a ‘+c’ here, as
it is added to the final result
dv du
So  u dx dx  uv   v dx dx
 d
 x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx ( x)dx
 x sin x   sin x dx
 x sin x  cos x  c

Here is a further example.

Example 1 Split the integrand x cos x into


Find  x sin x dx two parts u and
dv
dx

Solution
du
ux 1
dx There is no need for a
dv ‘+c’ here, as it is added
 cos x  v   cos x dx  sin x to the final result
dx

Using the formula for integration by parts:


dv du
 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx
d
 x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx ( x)dx
 x sin x   sin x dx
 x sin x  cos x  c

dv
The choice of how to divide up the integrand between u and is a matter of
dx
experience. Usually, u is a simple function, such as a linear function of x, which
becomes even simpler when differentiated.

© MEI, 17/04/07 2/4


However, when the integrand involves a logarithm, this has to be ‘u’: ln x can’t be
dv
integrated easily, so it can’t be . This is shown in the following example:
dx

Example 2
Find  x ln xdx .

Solution
du 1
u  ln x  
dx x
dv
 x  v  12 x 2
dx

Using the formula for integration by parts:


dv du
 u dxdx  uv   v dx dx
1
  x ln x dx  12 x ln x   12 x  x dx
2 2

 12 x 2 ln x   12 x dx
 12 x 2 ln x  14 x 2  c

Definite integration by parts


When using integration by parts on a definite integral, the formula for integration by
parts becomes
b dv b du
a u dx dx  uv a  a v dx dx
b

Notice that the ‘uv’ part of the formula should be evaluated between the limits, as in
this final example:

Example 3
 /6
Find 
0
x sin 2 x dx .

Solution
du
ux 1
dx
dv
 sin 2 x  v   sin 2 x dx   12 cos 2 x
dx

Using the formula for integration by parts:

© MEI, 17/04/07 3/4


dv du
 u dxdx  uv   v dx dx
 /6
x sin 2 x dx    12 x cos 2 x 0   ( 12 cos 2 x).1dx
 /6

0

   12  6 cos 3  12  0  cos 0    12 cos 2 xdx

  14 sin 2 x 0
 /6
  24

Remember that cos 3  1
2
  24

 14 sin 3  14 sin 0 and sin 3  1
3
2
 3
 
24 8
3 3 

24

You may also like to look at the Integration by parts video.

© MEI, 17/04/07 4/4

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