Chapter4 Answers 3rd
Chapter4 Answers 3rd
a. A = x yz + y2x
x y z
∇×A = ∂ ∂ ∂ =x 0−0 + y y−0 + z 2−z =y y + z 2−z ≠0
∂x ∂y ∂z
yz 2x 0
This is not an electrostatic field.
b. A = z5 − y2
x y z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂(Ax) ∂(Ay) ∂(Az)
∇×A = =0 ∇.A = + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
0 2 5
This field is an electrostatic field for which ρ = 0.
c. A = φr . The curl in cylindrical coordinates:
73
r φr z
∇×A = 1 ∂ ∂ ∂ = r 1 0 − 0 + φ 1 0 − 0 + z 1 2r − 0 = z2
r ∂r ∂φ ∂z r r r
0 r2 0
This is not an electrostatic field because its curl is nonzero.
−8 −8
d. A = R 10 cosθ + θ 10 sinθ. The curl in spherical coordinates:
3 3
R 2R
R θR φRsin θ
∂ ∂ ∂ -8 -8
∇×A = 1 = φ − 104 sin θ + 104 sin θ = 0
R 2 sinθ ∂R ∂θ ∂φ R R
10−8 cosθ 10−8 sinθ 0
R3 2R 3
(Also, ∇.A = 0). This can be an electrostatic field because its curl is zero. The fact that the divergence is also zero
simply means that there is no charge anywhere in the field.
E =z
ρ0 for z > 0, and E =− z
ρ0 for z < 0 N
2ε 0 2ε 0 C
74
5. Due to the volume charge density between y = − a and y = a. Here there are two domains. One inside the charge
density, one outside. Inside the charge density, we build a Gaussian surface (see Figure B) and write:
E3A E4A
s s ρs
− ρs E2A s s
s EoA
b E1A s E4B a EvA
s
s s
s E3B ρs s ρv a
s s s
s − ρs
E2B s
EvB
E1B EoB
Figure A Figure B
75
y ρs
2ε 0
ρs
y
.
aρv 2ε 0
y y ε0
.
b
− y ρs
2ε 0
.
a yρ
v
y ε0
− y |y|ρv
ε0
.
.
−a
− y ρs
2ε 0
−b
ρs
aρ y
ρs − y ρs y
− y ε 0v 2ε 0 2ε 0 2ε 0
− y ρs
2ε 0 Figure C
E2 = − x
ρs + y ρs N
2ε 0 2ε 0 C
The force is therefore:
F = qE2 = − x qρs + y qρs N
2ε 0 2ε 0
The force has a magnitude:
2
F = 2 qρs = qρs N
2ε 0 2 ε0
and is directed at 135° to the positive x axis.
76
E1
ρs /2ε 0 ρs /2ε 1
ρs ρs /2ε 0 ρs /2ε 1
E= ρs /2ε E= ρs /2ε
ε0 ε1
ε2 ε3
ρs /2ε 2 ρs /2ε 3
ρs /2ε 2 ρs /2ε 3
Figure A Figure B
D.ds = Qenclosed
s
R
4
.R
or:
3
2 6
D4π R = ρvdv = 4π R ρv
2
v 3 R
This gives: R ρv+
ρv0
D = RR → E=R R N
6 6ε 0 C ρv+ = 0.5 C/m3
ρv− ρv0 = 0.
b. 2mm ≤ R ≤ 4mm. Here the total enclosed charge is ρv− = −1 C/m3
that in a sphere of radius 2 mm. Thus:
Figure A
3
2
D4 π R = Qenclosed =
(
4 π 2 × 10
−3
) × 0.5 =
16 π × 10
−9
→ D=
4 × 10
−9
%C(
3 3 3R
2 '& m 2 *)
or:
−9 −9
4 × 10 4 × 10 %N(
D = R̂ → E = R̂
3R
2
3ε 0 R
2 '& m *)
c. 4 mm ≤ R ≤ 6 mm. Now there is both the positive charge in the sphere of radius 2 mm and a negative charge which
exists beyond R = 4 mm. Thus
Qenclosed =
(
4 π 2 × 10
−3
)
3
+
ρv
+
( (
4 π R − 4 × 10
3 −3
) )ρ
3 −
v
=
4π
( 8 × 10 −9 + −9
ρ v − 64 × 10 ρ v + R ρ v =
− 3 −
)
3 3 3
4π
3
( 68 × 10 −9
−R
3
) = D4 π R 2
or:
−9 3 −9 3
−68 × 10 + R −68 × 10 + R %N(
D = − R̂ → E = − R̂
3R
2
3ε 0 R
2
&' m )*
d. R ≥ 6 mm. The total charge enclosed is the positive charge in the sphere of radius 2 mm, and the negative charge in
the shell of inner radius 4 mm and outer radius 6 mm. Thus:
3
(
4 π 2 × 10
−3
) +
ρv (
4 π 6 − 4 10 ρ v
3 3
) −9 −
4π 4π
D4 π R
2
=Q enclosed
=
3
+
3
=
3
( 4 × 10 −9
− 152 × 10
−9
)=− 3
× 148
That is:
77
−9 −9
148 × 10 148 × 10 %N(
D = −R̂ → E = − R̂
3R
2
3ε 0 R
2 '& m *)
Note that the electric field intensity becomes negative because the total negative charge enclosed is much larger than the
total positive charge.
ρv Gaussian surface
ε0
E s1
P
ε0
ε0
Figure A – Calculation of the field at P due to the uniform distribution, neglecting the hollows.
78
Gaussian surface
Q
ε0 −ρv
b
E s2
P O
ε0
ε0
(2)
Figure B – Calculation of the field at P due to the negative charge density in the large hollow. The small hollw produces
zero field at P.
79
Problem 4.10. Superposition of fields due to line and surface charge densities.
As superposition of the fields of the electric field intensity of the charged sheet and that of the charged line. Each of the
fields is calculated separately using Gauss’ law and then superimposed to obtain the total solution.
a. (1) Field due to the wire: The electric field intensity due to the wire may be found using Gauss’ law as shown in
Figure A. Using cylindrical coordinates, the electric field intensity is in the r direction as shown. Taking the Gaussian
surface to be a cylinder of radius r and length L, the enclosed charge density is ρlL and we have:
E12π rL = Q = ρlL → E1 2π r = ρl
ε0 ε0 2π rε 0
However, it is best we write the electric field intensity in Cartesian coordinates so that we may sum up the two fields.
From Figure B, we can write (because the line is at y = 0, z = 0):
y y z
r = y 2 + z2 , E1y = E1 cosα = E1 = E1 , E1z = E1 sinα = E1
r y + z2
2
y + z2
2
2E2 S = ρsS → E2 = ρs N
ε0 2ε 0 C
Or, in vector form:
E2 = z
ρs , z > z0 , E2 = − z
ρs , z < z0 N
2ε 0 2ε 0 C
The total electric field intensity is the sum of the two fields as follows:
Above the charged surface (z > z0 ):
E1 = y ρly +z ρlz + ρs N
2πε 0 y 2 + z 2 2πε 0 y 2 + z 2 2ε 0 C
Below the charged surface (z < z0 ):
E1 = y ρly +z ρlz − ρs N
2 2 2 2
2πε 0 y + z 2πε 0 y + z 2ε 0 C
b. At (0,0,1):
D 1 = ε 0 E(0,0,1) = z ρl ± ρs C
2π 2 m2
This may be negative or positive depending on the location z0 and the relative values of ρl and ρs .
c. If the whole geometry is inserted in oil, the permittivity changes from ε 0 to 4ε 0 . Thus, the electric field intensity in (a)
or (b) is lowered by a factor of 4. Above the charged surface (z > z0 ):
E1 = y ρly +z ρlz + ρs N
8πε 0 y 2 + z 2 8πε 0 2
y +z 2
8ε 0 C
Below the charged surface (z < z0 ):
E1 = y ρly +z ρlz − ρs N
8πε 0 y 2 + z 2 8πε 0 2
y +z 2
8ε 0 C
y
ds a
E Gaussian surface y Ey E
α . E
S
.
E ds c y Ez z
. r S
ds b . α
z
z S
r L E
ρl x
E
Figure A Figure B Figure C
80
Problem 4.11. Application: Electric field intensity in a coaxial line.
Use Gauss’ law in cylindrical coordinates. Three domains are distinguished: one inside the inner shell, one between the
two shells and one outside the outer shell. In each case, the total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is the source of
the electric field at the location of the Gaussian surface.
a. The three required Gaussian surfaces are shown in dotted lines (in cross-section) in Figure A. The Gaussian surface is
L [m] long.
For r < a: There is no charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface. Therefore the field is zero.
For a < r < b. A Gaussian surface in the form of a cylinder of radius r and length L, concentric with the inner conductor
is created (surface s2). The electric field intensity is uniform over this surface and the surface encloses a total charge
equal to 2πaLρs . From Gauss’ law:
2π aLρs aρ N
2π rLE = → E =r s
ε rε C
For r > b. Now the Gaussian surface (s3) encloses both shells. The total charge is the positive charge on the inner shell
which equals 2πaLρs minus the negative charge on the outer surface which equals 2πbLρs. Thus, again from Gauss’ law:
2πrLEl = Lρl → El = r ρl N
ε0 2π rε 0 C
Adding this to the field in (b) should produce zero:
r
ρs a − b + ρl → ρ l = − 2π ρs a − b
rε 0 2π rε 0
The charge density required on the line of charge is positive (b > a) and equals:
ρl = − 2πρs a − b = 2πρs b − a C
m
E
ρ
E = εs
r ρ
E = εs ar
b ρ
r E = εs a
b
r a
ρs 0
r
a b
s1 s2
s3 ρ ρ
E = εs (a−b) E = εs r(a−b)
− ρs b
Figure A Figure B
2π rELL = ρe → EL = ρe At r = d , EL = ρe = ρe → EL = x ρe
ε0 2πrε0 2 2π (d/2)ε0 πdε0 πdε0
81
Due to the right cylinder we get an identical solution except that the direction of the electric field is in the negative x
direction since both cylinders are positively charged.
E R = − x ρe N
π dε 0 C
Thus, the electric field intensity at the center midway between the two cylinders is zero.
E P1 = 0
b. Using Figure B, the electric field intensity at P2 has only a vertical component (the horizontal components oppose
each other and therefore cancel). The vertical component's magnitude is:
Ey = 2E sin α = 2E h N
r C
Since:
r= d 2 + h2 m
2
The electric field intensity is:
Ey = 2 ρl sin α = 2ρlh 2 =
2ρlh N
2πε 0 r 2πε 0 r 2πε 0 d2 /4 + h 2 C
−6
For d = 4 m, h = 2 m, ρ l = 0.5 × 10 C/m, and, since the field is in the negative y direction (see Figure B):
y Gaussian surfaces
.P
r
ER EL a
.P
a 1 x
2m
1
2m E
(d/2) (d/2) 90−α 90−α E
Ey
Figure A Figure B
82
2
E = R a ρs2 + Q R>a N
ε0R 4πε 0 R 2 C
b. For the electric field intensity to be zero, the surface charge density is:
a2 ρs + Q =0 → ρs = − Q 2 C
2
ε0R 4πε 0 R 2 4π a m2
∇.E =
ρv ⇒ ρ v = ε ∇.E = ε dE = ε y C
ε dy m3
Since E is negative for negative values of y, the answer throughout the dielectric is ρv = ε y
b. The electric field intensity outside the dielectric can now be calculated since the charge density is known: Using a
Gaussian surface as shown in Figure A, the electric field intensity outside the dielectric is calculated as
d/2 d/2
2 ρvSdy 2 ε ySdy
2
2ES = 0
= 0
= 2ε d S
ε0 ε0 8ε 0
Or, after dividing both sides by 2S:
2
E = εd N
8ε 0 C
y E
S
dielectric x
ε d
S
E Figure A.
83
D.d s = D×4π(b/2)2 = ε0εrb 24π(b/2)2 = ε0εrb 4π C
S
E max = xaρs 1 + 1 N
ε 0 a d−a C
6
Setting the maximum electric field intensity to 3×10 V/m, we find the surface charge density:
3×106 ε 0 d−a
3×106 = aρs 1 + 1 → ρs =
ε 0 a d−a d
This gives:
3×106 ×8.854× 10−1 2× 6−0.01 C
ρs = = 2.65× 10−5
6 m2
ρs − ρs
−
. E
20mm
x
x' +
d=6m
E
Figure A
where a refers to point P1 (2,2,2) and b to point P2 (0,2,2). Thus we need to write dl in Cartesian coordinates and find the
product E.dl:
84
Note: the integration on x and y are independent and we integrate between x = 2 to x = 0 while y = 2.
Solution. Calculate the electric field intensity and electric potential directly but judiciously.
a. The distance between any of the vertices of the cube to its center is the same and equal:
R= a 2
+ a 2
+ a 2
=a 3
2 2 2 2
Thus, the total potential at the center of the cube is:
8q 16q 4q 4×3×10−9
V= = = = = 498.15 V
4πε0 R 4πε0 a 3 πε0 a 3 π×8.854×10−12×0.5× 3
The electric field intensity must be zero at the center of the cube from simple symmetry considerations.
b. The potential at the center of the surface of the cube is calculated as follows:
The four charges on the vertices of that face are a distance R1 from the center of the face. The four charges on the opposite
face are a distance R2 from the center of the given face (See Figure A).
R1 = a 2
+ a 2
= a 2, R2 = a 2
+ a 2
+ a2 = a 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
Thus, we have:
4q 4q q q 2 + 2 = q 2 1+ 1
V= + = πε 1 + 1 = πε
4πε 0R1 4πε0 R2 0 R1 R1 0 a 2 a 3 πε0 a 3
2×3×10 −9
= 1 + 1 = 481.18 V
−12
π×8.854×10 ×0.5 3
c. To calculate the electric field intensity we first note that the four charges on the face on which we wish to calculate the
field produce zero field at the center of the face. Thus, we only need to calculate the field due to the remaining four charges.
Using Figure B, we write:
R= a 2
+ a 2
+ a2 =a 3
2 2 2
The electric field intensity has a component vertical to the face (in the x direction) and a component on the face (tangential to
the face). This component cancels out since the two charges in opposite corners produce opposite tangential components. The
magnitude of the field produced by each of the four charges is:
q 2q q V
E= = =
4πε 0R 2 4πε0 3a 2 6πε0 a 2 m
The normal component of the field is:
q 2
Ex = Ecosα = E a = E 2 = V
m
R 3 6πε0 a 2 3
The total field is four times larger:
4q 2 2 2q 2× 2×3×10−9 V
Et = = = = 234.8
6πε 0a 2 3 3 3 πε 0a 2 3× 3×π×8.854×10−1 2× 0.5 2 m
85
y
q a q
a
q a/2
q
R2 a/2 x
a
R1
q q
z
q q
a
Figure A.
y
q a q
a
q q a/2
R a/2 Ex x
a α
q q
z
q q E
a
Figure B.
Problem 4.19. Potential due to point charge and spherical charge distribution.
a. The electric field is calculated as a superposition of the electric field intensity of a point charge and a uniform
spherical charge distribution. Then the potential is found by integrating from infinity to the point at which the potential is
required. The electric field of a point charge anywhere in space is:
Q V
E1 = R
4πε 0 R 2 m
Inside the charge density, we must first integrate from infinity to the surface of the sphere using the external field and
then from the surface of the sphere to a point R 0 using the internal field:
86
a R0
a 3 ρv + Q Rρv + Q
V(R0) = − dR' − dR'
2 2
∞ 3ε 0 R' 4πε 0 R' a 3ε 0 4πε 0 R 2
2 2 2 2 2
= a ρv + Q − R 0 ρv + Q + a ρv − Q = − R 0 ρv + Q + a ρv R < a, V
3ε0 4πε 0a 6ε0 4πε 0R0 6ε0 4πε 0a 6ε0 4πε 0R0 2ε0
Thus, setting R 0 = R:
2 2
V(R ) = − R ρv + Q + a ρv R < a, V
6ε 0 4πε 0 R 2ε 0
Check:
2
V(R = a) = a ρv + Q V
3ε 0 4πε 0 a
V
a2 ρv Q
3 ε 0 + 4π ε 0 a
a R
b. See Figure A. 0 .5a 1.5a 2a Figure A.
2ES = ρsS → E = ρs V
ε0 2ε 0 m
Thus:
E =x
+ ρs V to the right of the right plate
2ε 0 m
+
E =− x s
ρ V to the left of the right plate
2ε 0 m
Similarly for the left plate:
−
E =− x
ρs V to the right of the left plate
2ε 0 m
− ρ
E =x s V to the left of the left plate
2ε 0 m
Between the two plates the field points from the positive to the negative plate:
E = E + + E −= − x ρs V
ε0 m
Outside the plates, the electric field intensity is zero.
b. If the potential is zero on the left plate, then by integrating against the field we can write for a point x between the
plates:
x x
E=0 E=0
x
Figure A
where Q is the total charge enclosed by this the Gaussian surface. Since the potential between the plates is known, we
can write:
a
Vab = − bρs dr = bρs (lnb − lna) = bρs lnb V
b
ε0r ε0 ε0 a
Note that V a b is negative since b < a. The charge density on the inner conductor is
ρs b = V a bε 0 = V ε 0 C
b ln(b/a) b ln(b/a) m2
and, as required, is positive (b < a and therefore V a b is negative).
b. The total charge on the inner conductor is equal to that on the outer surface in magnitude but, unlike the inner surface,
the charge density is positive on the outer surface.
b ρs b = a ρs a
Therefore
ρ sa = V ε 0 / a ln(b / a) #$C / m 2 %& → 2
ρ sa = V ε 0 / a ln(a / b) #$C / m %&
and is clearly negative since a < b.
dEy = dEsinα =
ρlydx'
3/2
(4)
4πε 0 (x−x')2 + y 2 + z 2
Now we set x = 0, y = 2 before we integrate from x’ = −1 to x’ = +1 to find the electric field intensity at P1 : Setting
x = 0, y = 2, z = 0 in Eqs. (3) and (4):
b. Solution is essentially the same but for potential and different dimensions. We start with the potential due to an
element of charge dq = ρldx’ at a point P(x,y,z):
dV(x,y,z) = dq = ρldx'
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 (x−x')2 + y 2 + z 2 1/2
where R was calculated in Eq. (1). This is now integrated along the line of charge. Before we do so, we set x = 2, y = 1, z
= 0 to find the potential at this point:
89
x'=+1 x'=+1
ρldx' 1
V(2,1,0) = = ρl dx' = ρl ln 2 (2−x')2 + 1 +2x' − 4 −1
2 2 1/2 4πε 0
(2 −x') + 1 4πε 0
x'=−1 4 πε 0 (2−x') + 1 x'=−1 2
= ρ l
ln 2 1 + 1 − 2 − ln 2 3 + 1 − 6 = ρl ln 2 − 1
2
V
4πε 0 4πε 0 10 − 3
E.ds = Q → E2 π rL = ρlL → E= ρl V
s
ε0 ε0 2πε 0 r m
E upper(y = 0) = x
ρl V
2πε 0 d m
Thus, the total electric field intensity midway between the two conductors is
E(y=0) = x
ρl V
πε 0 d m
The potential midway is zero. This must be so midway between equal and opposite charges.
Eupper
L
ρl ρl
d y d y
d Elower
− ρl Eupper d
L
x x − ρl
Elower
Figure A Figure B
2ES =
ρvS2a → E=x
ρva V
ε ε m
Outside the charge distribution, at x = ±a, we draw a new Gaussian surface as shown in Figure A:
90
2ES = ρvS2a → E = x ρva for x > 0, E = − x ρva for x<0 V
ε0 ε0 ε0 m
Note: at x = a, x = − a, there is a jump in E because ε changes to ε 0 (see Figure B).
b. To calculate the potential between the two plates, start at x' = − a since it is zero at that point and integrate to a general
point x.
x'=x
V=−
ρvx' dx' = − ρvx 2 + ρva2 V
x'=−a
ε 2ε 2ε
at x = −a, V = 0, at x = +a, V = 0. At x = 0, V = V max
V max =
ρva2 V
2ε
The solution can be summarized as:
( )
V = ρv a 2 − x 2 / 2ε , −a≤x≤a [ V]
For x > a or x < − a, the electric field intensity is constant and therefore the potential decreases linearly:
For x > a:
x'=x
2
V=− x ρva.xdx' = − ρvx + ρva , x>a V
x'=a
ε 2ε 2ε
For x < −a:
x' = x
2
V=− − x ρva . xdx' = ρvax + ρva , x < −a V
x' = − a
ε 2ε 2ε
See Figure C for a plot of the potential.
V = ρv a ( a − x ) / ε 0 , x > a, x<a
E
ρv a/ε 0
ρv a/ε V
a 2/ 2
v
−a x
a
a 0 a x
−ρv a/ε
−ρv a/ε 0
Figure B Figure C
where we assumed that E and dl are in the same (x) direction. Now, this energy is proportional to the distance x squared:
W = − qEx = Kx 2
where K is the proportionality factor. From this, and evaluating the expression at x = 2: (E = 100 V/m at x = 2)
91
−6 −4
K = − qE = − 4×10 ×100 = − 2× 10−4 → E = − Kx = 2×10 −6x = 50x
x 2 q 4×10
or: E = x50x V/m
Substitution in (1) will verify that this is correct.
Problem 4.27. Charge density and electric field intensity due to potential.
To find the charge density in the volume, we must first calculate the electric field intensity. Since the electric potential is
given, the electric field intensity is found by calculating the gradient of the potential.
a. The gradient in spherical coordinates is:
∇V = R ∂V + θ 1 ∂V + φ 1 ∂V
∂R R ∂θ Rsinθ ∂φ
Here we only have an R component., Thus, inside the sphere:
∂ R2 V
E = −∇ V = − R → E = − R2R
∂R m
Now the volume charge density is found from the divergence as follows: Assume that at any radius R < b, we apply
Gauss' law:
3
4π R 2 E = 4π R 2 2R = (4/3)π R ρv → ρ v = − 6ε C
ε m3
Note that the charge density must be negative to produce an electric field intensity in the negative R direction. Outside
the sphere, the electric field intensity is that of a point charge equal to the total charge in the sphere. That is:
Q = 4 π b 3 ρv = − 4 π b 3 6ε = − 8πε b 3 C
3 3
b. The electric field intensity outside the sphere is:
Q 3 3
E= = − R 8πε b 2 = − R 2ε b 2 V
4πε 0 R
2
4πε 0 R ε0R m
The electric field intensity inside the sphere was calculated in (a) as:
E = − R2R V
m
Problem 4.28. Charge density and electric field intensity due to potential.
The electric field intensity may be found from the expression for potential by calculating the negative of the gradient of
the potential. Then, by calculating the divergence of the electric field intensity we obtain the charge density.
Alternatively, we may use Poisson’s equation to find the charge density directly from potential without first calculating
the electric field intensity. The normal derivative of potential is found from its gradient and the work done in moving a
point charge in the electric field is found by direct line integration on the path we choose.
a. The electric field intensity is calculated from the gradient of potential:
E (x,y,z ) = − x ∂V − y ∂V − z ∂V = − x y + 2 z − 1 − y x − 2 z − 1 − z x − 2 y + 2 V (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z m
92
∂E
∇.E = ∂Ex + y + ∂Ez = ∂(2) + ∂(−2) + ∂(4) = 0 → ρv = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
Note: we could also use Poisson’s equation as follows:
2 2 2
∇2 V = ∂ V2 + ∂ V2 + ∂ V2 = − ρv
∂x ∂y ∂z ε0
Since the potential is first order in each of the coordinates, this also produces zero as expected.
c. The derivative in the normal direction (that is, the normal component of the electric field intensity) is found from the
gradient as follows:
∂V = n.∇V = n. n ∂V
∂n ∂n
This is because the gradient is the normal derivative to a surface of constant potential. Thus:
n ∂V = ∇V = x ∂V + y ∂V + z ∂V = x y + 2 z − 1 + y x − 2 z − 1 + z x − 2 y + 2
∂n ∂x ∂y ∂z
At (0,0,0):
n ∂V = ∇V (0,0,0) = − x2 + y2 − z4
∂n (0,0,0)
Thus:
∂V = n. n ∂V = − x2 + y2 − z4 . − x2 + y2 − z4 = 24 = 4.9
∂n (0,0,0) ∂n (0,0,0) 4 + 4 + 16 [V/m]
d. First we must check if the energy is path dependent. If it is not path dependent, we are free to choose the most
convenient path. If it is, then our answer will depend on the path we choose. To see if the integration is path independent
we calculate the curl of E:
x y z x y z
∇× E= ∂ ∂ ∂ = ∂ ∂ ∂ =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
Ex Ey Ey − y+2 z− 1 − x− 2 z− 1 − x− 2 y+2
x (−x + 2) + y(− y − 2) + z(1 − z) + z(z − 1) + x(x − 2) + y(y + 2) =0
Thus, the energy in moving the charge is path independent and we can choose any path we wish. For simplicity in
calculation, we choose a path so as to move from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) then from (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) and then from (1,1,0) to
(1,1,1). The differential of path and the electric field intensity everywhere in space are (see Eq, (1) for the electric field
intensity):
dl = xdx + ydy + zdz E = −x y + 2 z − 1 − y x − 2 z − 1 − z x − 2 y + 2
The work necessary is:
W = − q E.dl = q y + 2 z − 1 dx + q x − 2 z − 1 dy + q x − 2 y + 2 dz
l l l l
Note that the integrands in each of the integrals is independent of the integration variable but we will write the integrals
explicitly for the sake of generality:
x=1,y=0,z=0 x=1,y=1,z=0 x=1,y=1,z=1
W = − q E.dl = q 0 + 2 0 − 1 dx + q 1 − 2 0 − 1 dy + q 1 − 2 1 + 2 dz =
l x=0,y=0,z=0 x=1,y=0,z=0 x=1,y=1,z=0
x=1,y=0,z=0 x=1,y=1,z=0 x=1,y=1,z=1
This requires −20 microJoules. That is, since the energy is negative, it is done by the system, rather than against the
system. Moving the charge from the origin to (1,1,1) reduces the potential energy of the system by 20 microJoules.
93
Problem 4.29. Conductor in a uniform electric field.
The electric field intensity in (a) is found by dividing the potential difference by the distance between the plates. When
the conductor is inserted, the distance is reduced by the thickness of the conductor (the potential on the conductor
remains constant).
a. Before the conductor is inserted, the electric field intensity is:
E= V V → E=− yV V (1)
2b m 2b m
This electric field intensity is directed downwards.
The potential at a distance y from the lower plate (see Figure A) is:
V(y) = E y = V y V (2)
2b
b. When the conductor is inserted, the potential difference between the plates remains the same but the electric field
changes because of reduction in the size of the dielectric. The electric field now is:
E= V V → E=− y V V (3)
2b − 2c m 2b − 2c m
and the potential is as follows (Figure B):
The potential just outside the surface of the conducting sphere is:
Q
V= V
4πε 0 R
Since the potential in a conductor is constant, we have
Q
V r=R/2 = V
4πε 0 R
That is, the potential anywhere within the conductor remains constant and equal to its surface potential.
E1 = − R Q V
4πε 1 R 2 m
E2 = − R Q V
4πε 2 R
2 m
The potential difference between the outer and inner conductors is given by:
c r=b r=c
V0 = Q 1 − 1 + Q 1 − 1 = Q 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 V
4πε 1 a b 4πε 2 b c 4π aε 1 bε 1 bε 2 cε 2
Now, the charge on the outer sphere is (we can calculate this charge because the potential is given as positive on the
outer conductor):
Q= V 0 4π C
1 − 1 + 1 − 1
aε 1 bε 1 bε 2 cε 2
The charge density on the outer sphere is equal to this charge divided by the area of the inner surface of the outer sphere.
The charge density on the inner sphere is equal to the negative of this charge divided by the area of the inner sphere of
the outer conductor:
ρsc = Q 2 = V0 ρsa = − Q 2 = − V0 C
4π c c 2 1
− 1 + 1 − 1 4π a a 2 1
− 1 + 1 − 1 m2
aε 1 bε 1 bε 2 cε 2 aε 1 bε 1 bε 2 cε 2
As mentioned, the charge is distributed on the outer surface of the inner conductor and on the inner surface of the outer
conductor. The magnitude of the charge on each surface is the same but the charge density is not, with the higher charge
density on the inner conductor.
Problem 4.32. Electric field and potential in spherical shells and conductors.
Using the electric field intensity of a point charge, or Gauss’ law on a concentric sphere of radius R and calculating the
total charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface.
a. For the configuration in Figure 4.68a: Inside the smaller shell (from Gauss' law): 0 < R ≤ a:
Q V,
E=− R 0 ≤ R<a
4πε 0 R 2 m
Note: at R = 0 both E tends to infinity (negative). Between the two shells: a < R < b:
E=− R
Q
+ R
ρsa2 V, a<R<b
4πε 0 R 2 ε0R 2 m
Outside the outer shell R ≥ b:
95
2
E=− R Q + R ρsa2 − R ρsb V, R>b
4πε 0 R 2 ε0R 2 ε0R 2 m
To calculate the potential, we start from infinity and integrate up to the required point:
Outside the outer shell R ≥ b:
R R
V(R) = − E.dR' = − −R Q
+ R
ρsa2 − R ρsb 2 .RdR' = − Q + ρsa2 − ρsb 2 V, R>b
∞ ∞ 4πε 0 R'2 ε 0 R'2 ε 0 R'2 4πε 0 R ε 0 R ε0R
Between the two shells:
b R R
Q + ρsa2 − ρsb 2 − Q 2
V(R) = − E(R>b).dR' = − E(a<R<b).dR' = − −R + R ρsa 2 .dR'
2
∞ b 4πε 0 b ε 0 b ε0b b 4πε 0 R ε0R
2 2 2 2 2
Q ρsa ρsb Q ρsa Q ρsa Q ρsa ρsb
=− + − − + + − =− + − V, a<R<b
4πε 0 b ε 0 b ε 0 b 4πε 0 R ε 0 R 4πε 0 b ε 0 b 4πε 0 R ε 0 R ε0
Inside the inner shell:
b a R R
E Q ρ V
− + s a b R
4πε 0 a 2 ε 0
Q ρ 2
− + sa
4πε 0 b 2 ε0 b 2
R
a b
Q Q ρs a 2 ρs b
4πε 0 b + ε 0 b ε 0
− − −
4πε 0 a 2
Q ρs a ρs b
−
4πε 0 a + ε 0
−
Q ρ 2 ρ ε0
− + sa − s
4πε 0 b 2 ε0 b 2 ε0
Figure A Figure B
96
E
V R
a b R a b
−
Q
4πε 0 b 2 Q
Q −
− 4πε 0 b
4πε 0 a 2
Figure C Figure D
Problem 4.33. Electric field and potential of point charge in the presence of conductors and
dielectrics.
For purposes of calculating the electric field intensity at point P, Gauss’s law disregards any material inside the Gaussian
surface and only takes into account the total charge enclosed by the surface. Taking a Gaussian surface in the form of a
sphere of radius R = r4 and since the total charge enclosed by this surface is −q we get:
E4π r42 = − q q V
→ E =− R
ε0 4πε 0 R 42 m
P = D − ε 0 Ε = r ρl − r ε 0 ρl = r ρl 1 − ε 0 = r ρl ε1 − ε 0 C
2π r 2πε 1 r 2π r ε1 2πε 1 r m2
Thus, in dielectric (1):
P = r ρl ε1 − ε 0 C a<R<b
2πε 1 r m2
In dielectric No. (2) b < r < c, using a Gaussian surface at b < r < c:
97
P=r
ρl ε − ε C
2 0
2πε 2 r m2
a. E=V = 12 = 120 kV
d 0.1× 10−3 m
b.
D = ε 0E + P = ε E → P = ε E − ε 0E = ε 0 εr − 1 E = ε 0 εr − 1 V C
d m2
With ε r = 4, V = 12 V, d = 0.1 mm, we get:
E=r
ρl ⇒ Dl = r
ρl C (2)
2πε 0 r 2π r m2
where r is the distance between the line and a general point P(x,y,z). Due to line: Since we have chosen to use cylindrical
coordinates for the line, and placing the line on the z axis as in Figure A, the electric flux density may be separated into
its components:
x Dlx , y Dly C Dl
D lx = Dly = (3) Dly
.P(x,y,z)D
x
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 m2
Ds lx
where Dl is the magnitude of Dl above. As a vector: r
ρs
.
x=1
Dl = x ρlx + y ρly C (4) y
2
2π x + y 2
2π x 2 + y 2 m2 ρl
Ds
Figure A
Thus, at a general point (x,y,z), the total electric flux density is:
P = D − ε0E = ε0εr − ε 0 = ε 0 εr − 1 E C
m2
98
From Eqs. (5) and (6), the electric field intensity is:
99
2
Emax = ρsa2 = ρs = 3×106 V
ε0a ε0 m
Thus, the maximum charge density on the surface of the sphere is:
100
The total field at the surface of the left cylinder (note that the fields of both cylinders are in the positive x direction):
E total = x ρs 1 + a = x ρs d V
ε0 d −a ε0 d − a m
6
This cannot exceed 3⋅10 V/m. Therefore, the surface charge density is:
6
6 ρs d 3×10 × ε 0 d − a C
E max = 3×10 = ⇒ ρs =
ε0 d − a d m2
The electric field intensity at any general point between the cylinders is:
3×106 a d − a 1
E = x ρsa + x ρsa =x + 1 V
ε0x ε0 d − x d x d− x m
Now, to find the potential difference we integrate from the negative cylinder to positive cylinder (so as to obtain a
positive potential difference, which in turn complies with the notation we chose):
a
3×106 a d − a 1 + 1 3×106 a d − a a
V =− =− ln x − ln d − x
d d−a
x d−x d d−a d− a
3×106 a d − a 2×3×10 6
a d − a
=− ln a − ln d − a + ln a = − ln a
d d−a d d−a
= − 2× 3×106 ×0.02× 0.98 ln 0.02 = 4.577× 105 V
0.98
b) The solution remains the same but now a ! = 0.022 m because the dielectric extends the conductor diameter by 2 mm
(see Figure B). That is, because the insulation has a much higher breakdown electric field intensity, breakdown will
occur again in air and for this purpose, the radius of the cylinders has increased by 2 mm. Although the electric field
intensity in the insulation is different than that in air, it is close to that of air because their permittivity is close. Thus, to a
first approximation:
6
V = − 6×10 a #(d - a #) ln a = − 6×106 ×(0.022)×(0.978) ln 0.02 = 5.024× 105 V
d d−a 0.98
The maximum voltage increases because the location of maximum E has been extended outwards. An exact calculation
is only possible if the permittivity and breakdown voltage of the insulation are known.
a (2) a
E1 x
E2
ρs − ρs
d Figure A
ρs E2 − ρs
d Figure B
Problem 4.41. Interface conditions for D. Using Figure A as a reference, the interface conditions between the
two materials for E and D are:
E1t = E2t, D1n = D2n
The interface is on the x = const. plane. Thus, the x component of E is normal and the y component is tangential:
E1t = 3, E1n = 5 V/m
Thus: D1t = ε 0 E1t = 3ε 0 , D1n = ε 0 E1n = 5ε 0 C/m2
In material (2):
101
y
D2n = D1n = 5ε 0 C/m2 but: (2) (1)
D2t = 2ε 0 E2t = 2ε 0 E1t = 6ε 0 C/m2 ε=2ε 0 ε=ε 0
E=x 5 + y 3
Thus, the electric flux density in material (2) is:
x
D 2 = x5 ε 0 +y6ε 0 C/m2
n
Figure A
E3=0
a. The flux density in the conductor must be zero.
+ −
In material (1), E is given and equals −x E. + −
In material (2): + −
+ −
D2n = ε 0 E → E2n = ε 0 E → E 2 = − x ε 0 E V ρs=ε0E ρs=− ε0E
ε1 ε1 m
Figure A
Because dl = x dx, and the electric field intensity is constant in each of the materials:
V = ε 0 Ed + ε 0 Ed = 2ε 0 Ed V
ε1 ε1 ε1
This is the potential difference between the right and left side of the structure.
ρs + ε 2 E2n
ε1 E1n − ε 2 E2n = ρs → E1n →
ε1
(a). With ε2 = ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 F/m and ε1 = 2ε0, we get
102
−5×10−10 + 8.854 ×10−12 ×100 3.854 ×10−10 #V&
E1n = = = 21.76 % (
2 × 8.854 ×10−12 17.708×10−12 $m'
(b). If ρs = 0, we get
104
The total charge on the inner (or outer shell) is Q = 2πbρs . The capacitance is therefore
C = Q = 2π bρs = 2πε 0 F
V b a bρs ln a ln a m
ε0 b b
Method B. Assume a potential difference V b a exists between the conductors. Now we need to calculate the charge on
the inner plate. To do so, we assume an unknown charge density ρs exists on the surface of the inner conductor.
Repeating the result of the previous method, we get:
V b a = bρs ln a → ρ s = ε0V b a C
ε0 b bln(a/b) m2
The total charge on the surface of the inner conductor E
is: a
− ρs b
Q = 2π bρs = 2πε 0 V b a C ρs
ln(a/b) E r
Figure A
C = Q = 2πε 0 F
V b a ln(a/b) m
as in method A.
E is in the positive R direction and since we integrate between R = b and R = a, dl is in the direction of increasing field.
Thus:
a
a$ Q ' a Q , Q / Q , 1 1/ Q , 1 1/
Vab = − ∫ & R̂
b 2
% 4πε R (
) ( )
⋅ R̂dR = − ∫
b
4πε R 2
dR = . 1 = . − 1= . − 1
- 4πε R 0b 4πε - a b 0 13.2πε 0 - a b 0
,-V/0
105
Q
E=R a< R< b (1)
4πε R 2
The potential difference between the two plates is:
a
Vab = − E.dl V (2)
b
E is in the positive R direction and since we integrate between R = b and R = a, dl is in the direction of increasing field.
Thus:
a a a
Q Q
Vab = − R . RdR = − dR = Q = Q 1−1 V (3)
b 4πε R 2 b 4πε R
2
4πε R b 4πε a b
The capacitance is:
C= Q =
Q
= 4πε F
Vab Q 1−1 1−1 (4)
4πε a b a b
This is the capacitance between two concentric spheres of radius a and b (b > a). For the conditions given here, ε = 2ε 0 :
a. The configuration we treat here is shown in Figure A. The two layers may be viewed as two capacitors in series.
Calculating each capacitance separately based on the calculations above we get: The thickness of the high permittivity
dielectric is x = d − a. The two capacitances are:
C 1 = 4πε 2 C 2 = 4πε 1 F
1 − 1 1 − 1
a d d b
The total capacitance again must equal twice the capacitance in Eq. (4):
1 − 1 1 − 1 1 − 1
1 + 1 =a d +d b =a b
C1 C2 4πε 2 4πε 1 8πε 1
From this:
adb 2ε 1 − 2ε 1 + 2ε 2 − 2ε 2 = ε 2 − ε 2
a d d b a b
or:
2ε 1 bd − 2ε 1 ab + 2ε 2 ab − 2ε 2 ad = ε 2 bd − ε 2 ad
106
C 1 = 4πε 1 C 2 = 4πε 2 V
1 − 1 1 − 1
a d d b
Note that the thickness of the high dielectric material is x = b − d.
The total capacitance of these two capacitors in series must be twice the capacitance calculated above in Eq. (4).
1 − 1 1 − 1 1 − 1
1 = 1 + 1 =a d +d b =a b
Ct C1 C2 4πε 1 4πε 2 8πε 1
From this we get:
adb 2ε 2 − 2ε 2 + 2ε 1 − 2ε 1 = ε 2 − ε 2
a d d b a b
or:
2ε 2 bd − 2ε 2 ab + 2ε 1 ab − 2ε 1 ad = ε 2 bd − ε 2 ad
Solving for d after substituting ε 1 = 2ε 0 , ε 2 = 5ε 0 , we get:
2ab ε 2 − ε 1 2ab ε 2 − ε 1 2ab 3ε 0
d= = = = 6ab m
2bε 2 − 2aε 1 − bε 2 + aε 2 bε 2 − 2aε 1 + aε 2 5bε 0 − 4aε 0 + 5aε 0 5b + a
The thickness of the high dielectric layer is therefore:
2 5b b − a
x = b − d = 5b + ab − 6ab = m
5b + a 5b + a
Numerically this gives
5b b − a 5×0.05 0.05 − 0.01
x= = = 0.0385 m
5b + a 5×0.05 + 0.01
b b
x
x a a
d
d
ε r=5 ε r=2
a=10 mm a=10 mm
ε r=2 b =50 mm ε r=5 b =50 mm
Figure A Figure B
107
b a b a b a
Q Q dR = Q Q
V ac = − E 2 .dl − E 1 .dl = − dR − + =
c b c 4πε 2 R 2 b 4πε 1 R 2 4πε 2 R c 4πε 1 R 2 b
Q 1− 1 + Q 1− 1 V
4πε 2 b c 4πε 1 a b
The capacitance is:
C= Q =
Q 4πε 1 ε 2 bca
= F
V ac Q 1−1 + Q 1−1 ε 1 a(c − b) + ε 2 c(b − a)
4πε 2 b c 4πε 1 a b
E.ds =
ρvdv → E 4π R =
2 ρv 4π R 3 or: E =R
ρvR R<a
SR vR ε 0 ε0 3 3ε 0
The electric field intensity outside the sphere at a point R > a is calculated as:
E.ds =
ρvdv →
2 ρ
E 4π R = v 4π a
3
or:
ρ a3
E =R v 2 R>a
SR va ε 0 ε0 3 3ε 0 R
Due to these, the energy density inside and outside the sphere are:
2 2 2 6
w i = ε 0 E.E = ρv R R < a, wo = ε 0 E.E = ρv a 4 R>a J
2 18ε 0 2 18ε 0 R m3
108
2
a. Now we define an element of volume inside the sphere as dv = R sinθdRdθdφ . Substituting and integrating over the
volume of the sphere, we have:
a π 2π
b. The energy stored outside the sphere is found in identical manner except that the integration is on the whole space
outside the sphere and we use the energy density outside the sphere. Thus:
∞ π 2π
4π R 2 E = Q
Q V
⇒ E=
ε0 4πε 0 R 2 m
This electric field is the same as that of a point charge of magnitude Q. The electric potential is therefore,
Q
V(R) = V
4πε 0 R
At R = a:
Q
V(a) = ⇒ Q = 4πε 0 aV C
4πε 0 a
and the energy is
W = QV = 2πε 0 aV 2 J
2
109
E = V in (a) and E = V in (b) V
d d− a m
Note that the conductor has the simple effect of reducing the distance between the plates or, in other words, of increasing
the capacitance. The energy density due to an electric field intensity is
2
w = ε0E J
2 m3
Energy densities in the two capacitors are
2 2
wa = ε 0 V wb = ε 0 V J
2d 2 2(d − a)2 m3
To calculate the total energy stored in the capacitors, we multiply the above by a volume which is equal to v = 1×d in
case (a) and v = 1×(d − a) in case (b) (that is, a volume of unit area and height equal to d or (d − a)). This gives
2 2
W a = ε0V 2 d Wb = ε 0 V (d −2a) J
2d 2(d − a)
The change in potential energy is the difference between the two
2 2 2
∇W = Wb − Wa = ε V − εV = εV 1 − 1 = εV 2 a J
2(d − a) 2d 2 (d − a) d 2 d(d − a)
b. With the result in (a), we get by multiplying by the actual area of 0.1×0.1 m2 :
2 2
∇W = 10−2ε V a =ε V a J
2 d(d − a) 200 d(d − a)
c. The change in energy represents a change in capacitance ∇W = ΔCV 2 /2 J . This can be used to sense the conductor
either in a position sensor (position relative to the plates) or as a proximity sensor.
E4π R 2 = Q Q V
⇒ E=
ε 4πε R 2 m
To calculate the electric potential:
R=a
Vab = − Qdr = Q 1 − 1 V
R=b 4π R 2 ε 4πε a b
Note that with the assumption of positive charge on the inner shell, the potential on the inner shell is positive.
Capacitance is calculated from C = Q/V or and since the potential difference is negative we write
C = Q = 4πε = 4πε ab F
V 1−1 b−a
a b
and the energy stored in the capacitor is
2 2 2
Q 1−1
W ε =C V = 4πε = Q 1−1 J
2 2 1−1 4πε a b 8πε a b
a b
If the dielectric is removed, the only change is that the permittivity is changed from ε to ε 0 . The energy is therefore
2
W ε0 = Q 1− 1 J
8πε 0 a b
110
The change in potential energy is
2 2
Δ W = Wε0 − Wε = Q 1 − 1 1 − 1 = Q 1 − 1 εr − 1 J
8π a b ε 0 ε 8πε 0 a b εr
where ε r is the relative permittivity of the dielectric. Note that this energy is positive. Removing the dielectric while
keeping the charge constant increases the potential energy of the system.
For a < R < b, use a Gaussian surface that includes the inner shell. Gauss' law now reads:
q + 4π a2 ρ0
2
E4π R =
ε0
The electric field intensity is again in the R direction and is given as
2
E = R q + 4π2a ρ0 V
4π R ε 0 m
For R > b, we get using identical considerations (a Gaussian surface that includes both shells):
2 2
E = R q + 4π a ρ0 2− 4π b ρ0 V
4π R ε 0 m
Energy density is given as
2
w = εE J
2 m3
0 < R < a:
q2 J
w=
32π 2 ε 0 R 4 m3
a<R<b
2
q + 4π a2 ρ0 J
w=
4
2
32π ε 0 R m3
R > b:
2 2
q + 4π a2 ρ0 − 4π b ρ0 J
w=
32π 2 ε 0 R 4 m3
A plot of these relation is shown in Figure A. w [W/m3]
b. To integrate we note that the volume of a shell of q2
radius R and thickness dR has volume dv = 4πR dR.
2 32π 2ε 0R
4
(q +4πa2 ρ0) 2
The total energy stored between the two shells is: 32π 2ε0 a 4
R=a
(q +4πa2 ρ0 −4πb2 ρ0) 2
2 2
q + 4π a2 ρ0 q + 4π a2 ρ0 1− 1 32π 2ε0 a 4
W= dR = J
R=b 8π ε 0 R 2 8π ε 0 a b R
0 a b
Figure A
W 1 = ε E 2 dv = ε V 2 b 2 d = ε V 2 b 2 J
v 2 2d 2 2d
since the energy density is uniform throughout the capacitor. Without the dielectric, ε changes to ε 0 and we get:
W 2 = ε 0 E 2 dv = ε 0 V 2 b 2 d = ε 0 V 2 b 2 J
v 2d 2d 2 2d
where L is an arbitrary length of the line of charge. The electric field intensity at a distance r from the line, inside the
dielectric layer is therefore:
To calculate energy we use:
W = 1 ε E 2 dv where: dv = 2 π rdr
2 v
(length of cylinder = 1 m). Thus, the energy per unit length is:
b b
W = 1 ε E 2 dv = 1 ε ρl 2 2π rdr = ρl2 2
1 dr = ρl lnb J
2 v 2 a 2π rε 4πε a
r 4πε a
112
Problem 4.60. Force in the electrostatic field.
Calculate the force per unit area of the plates from the potential difference by first calculating the electric field intensity
between the plates. Then find a relation between potential and P so that the plate balances.
The energy density in the space between the plates is
2
w = 1 ε0E 2 = 1 ε V J
2 2 d m3
This is an energy per unit volume. Now suppose, the plates are moved a distance dy apart. The change in energy
contained in the volume due to this movement is:
2
dW = wdv = 1 ε V (1×1)dy J
2 d
where 1×1 is the total volume under a 1 m2 area of the upper plate. This is the change in energy per unit area of the
plates. Then, the force per unit area of the upper plate is:
2
f = dW = 1 ε V 2 N
dy 2 d m2
The total force on the upper plate is equal to this force multiplied by the area of the plate and this must be equal to P.
2 2 2 2
P = f b 2 = 1 ε b V2 → P = ε b V2 → V=d 2P V
2 d 2d b ε
E=V V
d m
The energy density between the two plates is:
2 2
w = ε 0 ε rE = ε 0 ε rV J
2 2d 2 m3
Due to a displacement dx, say to the left, the change in energy is wbddx:
2
dw = ε 0 ε rV bddx J
2d 2
and the force is:
2
F = − dw = − ε 0 ε rV b N
dx 2d
113
V0 V0 ⎡V⎤
Ea = , Ed = ⎢⎣ m ⎥⎦
d d
The force therefore is:
⎛ εV 2 ε V 2 ⎞ V 2b
F = ⎜ 0 − 0 0 ⎟ b = 0 (ε − ε 0 ) [N]
⎝ 2d 2d ⎠ 2d
This force is to the left. Note that when the dielectric is all the way in, there is only one dielectric and there can be no force.
On the other hand, this force is constant (independent of x).
114