Table of Content SINo | ‘Module Topics | Page No 1 1 Software i 2 1 System Software i 3 1 Application Software 2 7 1 Language Processors 2 S. 1 Compiler v/s Interpreter 3 6 1 Linker v/s Loader 7 L_7 1 Operating System 5 8 i Functions of Operating Systems 5 | : 4 Types of Operating Systems 7 10 2 Process 32 1 2 Process States / Process Life Cycle 12 12 2 Process Control Block (PCB) 12 13, 2 Process Vs Program 13 14 2 Process Schedulers 14 15 2 Various Process Scheduling Algorithms 15 [16 2 Comparison of Scheduling Algorithms 19 7 2 Resource Allocation Graph 19 18 2 Deadlock 20 19 2 Process Synchronization and Critical Section Management | __21 29 3 Memory management 24 2a 3 Different Address Bindings 25 "22 3 Logical Address and Physical Address 25 23 3 ‘Memory Management Techniques 26 24 3 Allocation Strategies Of Contiguous Memory | 28 25, 3 Fragmentation {29 26 3 Paging |__30 7 3 Segmentation 32 28 3 Paging v/s Segmentation 34 Ba) 3 Virtual Memory 34 30 3 Demand Paging 35 ae 3 Page Replacement Algorithms 36 32 3 Thrashing 38 33 4 File System 40 = a File Organization Methods a1 135 a Various File Operations 42 36 a Directory Structures 43 feeay 3 File Allocation Methods 45 eal 7 Disk Scheduling Algorithms a7 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerodslan a Module 1 - Introduction to Operating System at is Software? + Software isa set of programs (sequence of instructions) that allows the users to perform a well-defined function or some specified task. Fypes of Software + Software is broadly classified into two types, _ System Software and Application Software. ‘SYSTEM SOFTWARE + System software is a computer program that helps the user to run computer hardware or software and ‘manages the interaction between them. {tis software that constantly runs in the computer background, maintaining the computer hardware and computer's basic functionalities, including the operating system, utility software, and interface. + System software is also known as "low-level software" + The further classifications of system software are as follows: 1, Operating System ‘The operating system is the system software that acts as an interface between the user and the system hardware. 2 group of software that handles the execution of programs and offers general services for the application that runs over the computer. (© Microsoft Windows © Centos © Apple’sios © Linus © Apple's Macos © Ubuntu © Android © Unix 2, Device Drivers + The device driver is a type of software that operates or controls some specific hardware devices linked to your system. + They provide a software interface to hardware devices allowing computer operating systems and other ‘applications to fetch hardware functions without knowing the exact specifications of the hardware. © BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) Device Driver Printer Drivers © Sound Card Driver ‘0 USB (Universal Serial Bus) Drivers © ROM (Read-only memory) Drivers © Motherboard Drivers © VGA (Video Graphic Array) Driver ©. Display Drivers 3. Firmware + Firmware is a type of permanent software embedded in the system's ROM (read-only memory) to provide low-level control for some particular system device hardware. + Itis a set of instructions that are stored permanently on your computer's hardware device. + ee © Computer Peripherals © _UEFI (United Extensible Firmware Interface) ‘© Consumer Appliances © BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) © Embedded Systems 4. Utility + Usiity software is developed to provide support in analyzing, optimizing, configuring, and maintaining @ computer. © Thejob of the utility program is to offer support to the system infrastructure, + te © Norton and McAfee Antivirus © Disk defragmenter © WinRAR © Winzip © Directory Opus © Windows Explorer RAIKFES K. IDTIDTe caticirr a> @ scanned with OKEN Scannergx\}ay PLICATION SOFTWARE Application programs oF software applicatlo provide spoeiic functionality to the wer user computer programs developed primarily to are . Word Processors + Word processor applications are globally used for documentation + Italo helps the end-users store, format, and print thelr documents. aking notes, and typing data, © MSWord (Microsoft) © Corel WordPerfect © Work-Pages (Apple) © Google Docs b, Database Software + Database software is used to create, manage, modify, and organize an retrieved. + Another name for database software is Database Management System {0BMS). + Such software helps companies in their data organization ‘+ Common examples of Database Software are: ‘amount of data quickly © Oracle © FileMaker © MS Access © dBase © satite © MariabB © Microsoft Sal Server fo MysQt. ¢. Multimedia Software + This software enables users to play, create, or record images, music, and video files. + Examples of Database Software are given below: (© Adobe Photoshop © Picasa © Windows Movie Maker © Windows Media Player © Adobe illustrator © Corel Draw d. Web Browsers + These area type of software that s globally used to browse the Internet. * Web browsers help the users in positioning as well as fetching data across the web. + Examples: © Chrome © Microsoft Edge © Morilla Firefox © UCBrowser © Microsoft Internet Explorer (© Apple Safari © Opera Language Processors + Alanguage processor is a specal type of software program that has the potential to translate program codes into machine codes. + The language processors can be any of the following three types: © compiler (© assembler © interpreter 1. Compiler: + The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level language as @ whole in fone and translatesit into an equivalent program in ‘machine language Is called a Compiler. + Example: ¢, C44, CH. + Ina compiler, the source code Is translated to object code successfully If its fee of errors. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Assembler: 4+ The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into machine code, + The source program is an input of an assembler that contains assembly language instructions, +The output generated by the assemblers the object code code understandable by the computer. + Code written in assembly language is some rmnemonics{instructions) ike ADD, MUL, MUX, SUB, DIV, Mov, ete Interpreter: meat ‘+ The translation of a single statement of the source program into machine code is done by a language processor and executes immediately before moving on to the next line is called an interoreter, ‘+ Aninterpreter translates one line at atime and then executes ‘+ Examples: Perl, Python, and Matlab. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter Compiler Interpreter ‘Acompiler isa program that converts the entire source code of a programming language into executable machine code for acu. ‘An interpreter takes a source program and runs it line by line, translating each line as it comes to it ‘The compiler takes a large amount of time to analyze the entire source code but the overall execution time of the program is comparatively faster. ‘An interpreter takes less amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time of the programs slower. ‘The compiler generates the error message only after scanning the whole program, so debugging is comparatively hard as the error can be present anywhere inthe program. ts Debugging is easier as it continues translating the program until the error is met. The compiler requires a lot of memory for generating object codes. Itrequires less memory than a compller because no object code is generated. No intermediate object code is generated, Generates intermediate object code. ‘The interpreter is a little vulnerable in case of security. For security purposes, the compiler is more useful, Example: Perl, Python, and Matlab Example: ¢, Cr, CH. BAIWEEG H IDTIBTC CALICUT-12 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLINKER Differences between Linker and Loader are as follows: Linker and Loader + Moker: Tinker fa specal program that combines the object files, generated by compiler/assembler ang other pleces of code to originate an executable file that has a .exe extension. tn the object fle, ‘searches and appends all libraries needed for the execution of the file. It regulates the memory space that will hold the code from each module. It also merges two or more separate object programs and establishes links among them, + Thelinker performs several tasks, ‘Symbol resolution: The linker resolves symbols in the program that are defined in one module and referenced in another. Code optimization: The linker op Improve program performance the linker izes the code generated by the compiler to reduce code sie and Memory management: The linker assigns memory addresses to the code and data se program and resolves any conflicts that arise. additional functionality. Library management: The linker can link external libraries into the executable file to provide isa special program that takes the input of executable files from the linker, loads itto the main memory, and prepares this code for execution by computer. The loader allocates memory space to the program. Even it settles down symbolic references between objects, It isin charge of loading programs and libraries in the operating system. + The loader performs several tasks, includin Loading: The loader loads the executable file into memory and allocates memory for the program, Relocation: The loader adjusts the program's memory addresses to reflect its location in memory, ‘Symbol resolution: The loader resolves any unresolved external symbols that are required by the program. Dynamic linking: The loader can dynamically link libraries into the program at runtime to provide additional functionality. o LOADER Tye main function of Linker isto generate executable ‘Whereas the main objective of the Loaders toload Theta executable files to the main memory. The come ibut fom objet code generatedby | The loader takes input from executable ies generated ler/assembler. ; he linker. Unking can be defined - ‘ varius deine asthe process of combining Ui Ninker, th B crea tt od and sourcecode to obtain inkers are of keris roan eee Loading can be defined asthe process of loading executable codes to main memory for further executior 2 types: Linkage Editor and Dynamic Toaders are of4 types: Absolute, Relocating, Diret tind and Bootstrap. ls Ithelps in allocating the address to executable codes/ nsible for arranal {on — space,” **2nging objects in the The loader is also responsible for adjusting references! are used within the program. — BALKEES kK. Intiore rare | { @ scanned with OKEN Scanneroperating 5 wilshan 5 ystem ‘an operating system Is @ program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and ae oon ahe execution of al kinds of programs. She primary purposes of an Operating System are to enable applications (software) to interact with » computer's hardware and to manage a system's hardware and software resources. ‘some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, 05/400, {IK 2/05, ete. |we can draw a genet architecture diagram of an Operating System which is as follows: Examples of Operating Systems Windows (GUI-based, PC) GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, IP, File, and print server, Three-tierclient/Server] 1mac0S (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and workstations (MacBook, iMac). Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones/tablets/smartwatches) {05 {Apple's OS for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch) Advantages of Operating System There are several advantages of operating systems. We have listed some of them below: + Ensuring correct and efficient use of the computer's hardware. Allowing different applications to run concurrently. Managing files and folders. Providing a user interface. ‘Managing security, Managing resources. Managing printing. Providing a platform for software development. Disadvantages of Operating System ‘There are several disadvantages of operating systems. We have listed some of them below: ‘+ They can be complex and difficult to use. + They can be expensive to purchase and maintain, + They can be vulnerable to attacks from malicious users. Functions of the Operating System 1. Memory Management 2. Processor Management/Scheduling 3. Device Management 4-File Management 5. Storage Management BALKEES K, JDTIPTC CALICUT-12 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1. Memory Management ‘+ tis the management of the primary memory. + Whatever program is executed, has to be present in the main memory. + Main memory s 2 quick storage area that may be accessed directly by the CPU. When the progeam completed, the memory region is released and can be used by other programs, —_ * Therefore, there can be more than one program present at a time. Hence, it is required to manage th ram ata time. Hence, its requi wana : ir ee the + The operating system: + Allocates and de-allocates the memory. Keeps a record of which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much. ‘+ Distributes the memory while multiprocessing. In multiprogramming, the operating system selects which processes acquire memory when, and how much memory they get. 2. Process Management/Scheduling + Process management is an execution unit in which a program operates. The operating system determines the status of the processor and processes, selects a job, allocates the processor to the process, and de-allocates the processor after the process is completed, + When more than one process runs on the system the OS decides how and when a process will use the CPU. Hence, the name is also CPU Scheduling. + Theos: # Allocates and de-allocates processor to the processes. © Keeps record of CPU status. ‘+The purpose of CPU scheduling is as follows: + Proper utilization of CPU. ‘= The OS makes sure that the devices get fair processor time. # Increasing the efficiency of the system. 3, Device Management + An operating system regulates device conne use. This management is done by the OS. + Theo: + Allocates and de-allocates devices to different processes. + Keeps records of the devices. + Decide which process can use which device for how much time. using drivers. The processes may require devices for their |. File Management «The operating system manages resource allocation and de-allocation. ‘+ It specifies which process receives the file and for how long. It also keeps track of information, location, uses, status, and so on. These groupings of resources are referred to as file systems. The files on a system are stored different directories. + Theos: ‘© Keeps records of the status and locations of files. + Allocates and de-allocates resources. * Decides who gets the resources. 5. Storage Management ‘ * Storage management is a procedure that allows users to maximize the utilization of storage devices while Protecting data integrity on whatever media on which it lives. ‘The 0S uses storage management for: * Improving the performance of the data storage resources. + Woptimizes the use of various storage devices. eval process * Assists businesses in storing more data on existing hardware, speeding up the data reves Preventing data loss, meeting data retention regulations, and lowering IT costs eee @ scanned with OKEN Scannerother ‘Types of Operating Systems 4. Batch Operating System Advantages of Batch Operating System lsadvantages of Batch Operating System & “mples of Batch Operating Systems: =a erate ys city ty, modern operating systems employ a firewall, For secur: security system that monltors all computer activity and blocks ik detects a ties Jn een system Keeps track ofall he functions of a computer system. concn account ofall the information about the memory, resources, errors, et, antl over system performance ~ conte se operating system will collect consumption statistics for various resources and monitor ‘ performance indieators such as reaction time, which isthe time between requesting a service and Toeelving 2 response from the system. erordetecting alds~ ‘While a computer system is running, a variety of errors might occur. error detection guarantees that data Is delivered rellably across susceptible networks. + The operating system continuously monitors the system to locate or recognize problems and protects the system from them, Coordination between other software and users ~ ‘+The operating system (05) allows hardware components to be coordinated and directs and allocates assemblers, interpreters, compilers, and other software to different users of the computer system. Booting process ‘+ The process of starting or restarting a computer is referred to as Booting. + Cold booting occurs when a computer is totally turned off and then turned back on. ‘+ Warm booting occurs when the computer is restarted. + The operating system (05) isn charge of booting the computer. There are several types of Operating Systems. 1. Batch Operating System 5. Time-Sharing Operating System 6. Distributed Operating System 7. Network Operating System 8. Real-Time Operating System This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. ‘There isan operator that takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. Itis the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job will be when it is in the queue. The idle time for the batch system is much less. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems, ‘The computer operators should be well known with batch systems. Batch systems are hard to debug. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fal Payroll Systems, Bank Statements BALKEES K, JDTIPTC CALICUT-12 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerjing System g operati rogramml rng operating Systems can be simply ultiprogramming na proqramis presen mines Maiti itustrated 35 Mone of them can be Kept in execution 2.mul ; 7 memory an Srpetter execution of resources. Job ‘his use Tob2 5 uitiProgramming Operating System Jobs Partitio a mmngincreases the Thovehput ofthe Sytem, FO reducing the responce tim oe Ii-Programming Operating System. es of Mult pisadvantages of feraction of system resources with the system, “There is not any facility for user i ing System processing Operating : 3 Mi cprocersing Operating System sa type of Operating * System in which more than one CPU is used for the crecution of resources. It betters the throughput of the Multiprocessing system. ‘Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System ‘| IRincreases the throughput of the system. + Asithas several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another processor. Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System + Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand. 4, Multi-Tasking Operating System + A Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. + Itcan run multiple programs simultaneously. . + There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are Multitasking listed below. + Preemptive Multi-Tasking + Cooperative Multi-Tasking ‘Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System * Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in a ‘Multi-Tasking Operating System. comes with proper memory management, Disadvantages of Mul i-Tasking Operating System The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times, 5. i Time-sharing Operating Systems Each taskis given sor ven some time t sk work een fo execute so that all the Each user gets the ti system, ot the time of the CPU as they use a single These 7 haus re also known as Multitasking Systems. he time thee 22 single user or different users. k gets to execute is called quantum. Mtr this ti i ext task, is over Os switches over to the 'at each tas ime interval @ scanned with OKEN Scanneramazes of Tne sharng OS Avantes ak gets an equal oppor. EeGiaetime can be reduced. fesourse Sharing Mnproved Productivity improved User Experience pisadvantages of Time-Sharing OS ‘+ Reliability problem. + One must have to take care of the security and Integrity of user programs and data, «Data communication problem. + High Overhead. + Complexit + Security Risks Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation + IBM VM/CMS: IBM VM/CMS + T50 (Time Sharing Option) + Windows Terminal Services 6. Distributed Operating System ‘+ These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Itis possible that one user can access the files or software which are not present on his system but some other system connected within this network Le., remote access Is enabled within the devices connected In that network, ‘Advantages of Distributed Operating System + Failure of one will not affect the other network ‘Asehiectoe of Dieibated 05 communication, as all systems are independent of each other. + Scesatncemtn canines CEESEBE) lag —-CE speed. + Since resources are being shared, computation | Is highly fast and durable. Sri ney oa | * Load on host computer reduces. + These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network. * Delay in data processing reduces. Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System + Failure of the main network will stop the entire communtcation. ‘+ Toestablish distributed systems the language Is used not well-defined yet. + These types of systems are not readily avallable as they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying software Is highly complex and not understood well yet. 7. Network Operating System ‘+ These systems run on a server and provide the capability to ‘manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. ‘These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, Printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. ‘One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems Is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their connections, ete. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems. 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Explain the components of the Operating System 19. Explain different types of Operating Systems seeaanseenenneneeesssensasete © scanned with OKEN Scanner