Ex.

No:1 GRID INDEPENDENCE STUDY AND CONVERGENT TEST

USING ANY SIMPLE CASE LIKE PIPE FLOW, DIFFUSER FLOW, FLOW OVER
A CYLINDER, AERO FOIL etc.

Date:
1.0 Aim: To analyse the pipe flow simulation and to conduct grid independency test ANSYS
FLUENT 15
2.0 Tools required:
Workbench Modeller - Ansys 15
Workbench mesh - Ansys 15
FLUENT - Ansys 15
CFD POST - Ansys 15
Introduction
Grid independence study is performed to eliminate/reduce the influence of the number of
grids/grid size on the computational results. And it is always good practice to follow this for
every individual geometry, which is tedious. The grid independence for one geometry will be
applicable only for that geometry. For example if after mesh independence you have 5 nodes
along the diameter, using the same 5 nodes for a lower dia will be fine but for a higher dia the
physics will not be captured properly. But all these depends on to what accuracy you need the
results. The pipe networks are common in any engineering industry. It is important to know
the development of a flow at the pipe entrance and pressure drop taking place along the pipe
length. The flow of fluids in a pipe is widely studied fluid mechanics problem. The
correlations for entry length and pressure drop are available in terms of flow Reynolds
number.
3.0 Procedure
1. Consider a pipe of diameter 1 m and a length of 20 m. The geometry is symmetric
therefore you will model only half portion of the pipe. Water enters from the inlet
boundary with a velocity of 0.015 m/sec. The flow Reynolds number is 15000.

2. Create an arbitrary mesh and apply boundary conditions Velocity inlet, pressure outlet
and outer domain to be wall
3. Check for the convergence

1
4. Plot the contours and velocity vectors for the pipe

5. Repeat the procedure by refining the mesh. Increase the number of nodes by 1.5 times
and 2 times and compare the results of three different mesh.

2
4.0 Result:
The grid independence check is carried out for a pipe flow and can be done for any
case.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State thin aero foil theory.

2. What is shear force diagram?

3. What is meant by finite element analysis?

4. What are the types of boundary condition?

5. Explain force method?

3
Ex.No : 02 SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER BACKWARD FACING STEP

Date:

1.0 Aim: To simulate the flow over a backward facing step ANSYS FLUENT 15
2.0 Tools required:
Workbench Modeller - Ansys 15
Workbench mesh - Ansys 15
FLUENT - Ansys 15
CFD POST - Ansys 15
Introduction
Many industrial applications involve flow separation and reattachment. To illustrate the
above phenomenon, flow simulation over backward facing step is considered. One of the
objectives is to learn the process of solving backward step problem, but the important
objective is to understand standards of getting solution for such physics. There is large
literature available for analytical and experimental methods for this problem.

Fully developed flow enters the domain from left. When the flow reaches the step, because of
expansion of flow channel, pressure gradient exists, it detaches and a recirculation zone is
formed. A turbulent boundary layer encounters a sudden back step, causing flow separation.
Later the flow eventually reattaches to the bottom wall.
3.0 Procedure
1. The CFD domain consists of inlet, backward facing step and an outlet. A developed
steady turbulent flow enters through the inlet, passes over the step where it detaches
from the boundary and further reattaches at a particular length.
2. Air enters inlet at velocity of 0.3781 m/s, travels through a distance of 0.4 m (inlet
channel length) and passes through step of height 0.04 m (step height H). Outlet
channel length is 1.6 m whereas inlet channel height and outlet channel height are 0.2
m and 0.24 m respectively.
3. Density of air is 1.23 kg/m3 while dynamic viscosity is 1.86 * 10-5 Ns/m 2. From this
given data the calculated Reynold’s number at inlet is 5000. Following 2D flow
domain is considered for this analysis.

4
 CFD Domain
4. Run for convergence and plot the velocity and pressure contours

5. Plot the wall shear stress along the step

4.0 Result:
The flow simulation of backward facing step is carried out for different inlet
velocities.

5
 REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between global and local axes.

2. What is meant by node or joint?

3. What is Structural and non-structural problems?

4. State the methods of engineering analysis.

5. What is the difference b/w static and dynamic analysis?

6
Ex.No : 03 SIMULATION OF KARMAN VORTEX
TRAIL (VORTEX SHEDDING) USING CIRCULAR CYLINDER
Date:

1.0 Aim: To analyse the external flow simulation of circular cylinder to understand the
vortex shedding ANSYS FLUENT 15
2.0 Tools required:
Workbench Modeller - Ansys 15
Workbench mesh - Ansys 15
FLUENT - Ansys 15
CFD POST - Ansys 15
Introduction
When a fluid flows past a structure at a certain velocity, vortices known as Von Karman
Vortex Street are created downstream of the body and detach periodically from either side of
the body. Due to the alternating low pressure zone from either side of the structure, vibrations
are induced in the structure. If the frequency of this vibration coincides with the natural
frequency of the structure, it may lead to damage/failure of the structure. One of the classical
case of structure failure is Tacoma Narrows Bridge
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_(1940)(1940). This classical case is
well recorded.
Vibrations induced due to vorticity occurs in many engineering structures such as bridges,
transmission lines, offshore structures, thermos wells, engines, heat exchangers, marine
cables, towed cables, etc. At very low Reynolds number, the streamlines of the resulting flow
is perfectly symmetric. However as the Reynolds number is increased, the flow becomes
asymmetric and leads to vortex shedding.
3.0 Procedure:
1. Model the 2D sketch of the cylinder and the domain and subtract the cylinder from
the domain.

2. Create a mesh for the domain and apply the named sections with boundary names

3. Fluent setup
4. In practical application, bluff body/square cylinder could be a tall chimney, building
structure, overhead power lines, etc.). The flow is considered to be unsteady at
7
 velocity of 0.535 m/s and Circular cylinder dia is 0.04 m. Density of water is assumed
to be 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity as 0.001 kg/ms. The geometry is reduced to 2D for
ease in simulation.

 Pre-Analysis & Start-Up

Now, calculate the Strouhal number as:

So the calculated Strouhal number for this analysis is 0.0963

After reaching convergence plot the CL vs flow time.

For different time steps visualize the contours

Video url: https://youtu.be/DXWO-X16UIo

8
4.0 Result
For different flow conditions and inlet velocity the karman vortex sheet can be
simulated.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are the classifications of the co-ordinates?

2. What are the characteristics of shape function?

3. What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling?

4. What are natural co-ordinates?

5. State the principle of minimum potential energy.

9
Ex.No : 04 External flow simulation of subsonic and supersonic aero
foils

Date:

1.0 Aim: To analyse the external flow simulation of subsonic and supersonic aero foils using
ANSYS FLUENT 15

2.0 Tools required:

ANSYS FLUENT 15

3.0 Procedure:

 Pre-Analysis & Start-Up

Boundary Conditions

In this tutorial, we will show you how to simulate a NACA 0012 Airfoil (compressor blade)
at a 6 degree angle of attack placed in a wind tunnel. Using FLUENT, we will create a
simulation of this experiment. Afterwards, we will compare values from the simulation and
data collected from experiment.

One of the simple things we can think about before we set up the simulation is begin planning
the boundary conditions of the set up. One of the popular meshes for simulating an airfoil in a
stream is a C-Mesh, and that is what we will be using. At the inlet of the system, we will
define the velocity as entering at a 6 degree angle of attack (as per the problem statement),
and at a total magnitude of 1. We will also define the gauge pressure at the inlet to be 0. As
for the outlet, the only thing we can assume is that the gauge pressure is 0. As for the airfoil
itself, we will treat it like a wall. Together, these boundary conditions form the picture below:

10
  Open ANSYS Workbench
 Now that we have the pre-calculations, we are ready to do a simulation in ANSYS
Workbench! Open ANSYS Workbench by going to Start > ANSYS > Workbench.
 To begin, we need to tell ANSYS what kind of simulation we are doing. If you look
to the left of the start up window, you will see the Toolbox Window. Take a look
through the different selections. We will be using FLUENT to complete the
simulation. Load the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) box by dragging and dropping it into the
Project Schematic.
 Once you have loaded FLUENT into the project schematic, you are ready to create
the geometry for the simulation.
Geometry
Download the Airfoil Coordinates
In this step, we will import the coordinates of the airfoil and create the geometry we will use
for the simulation.

Launch Design Modeler

Before we launch the design modeler, we need to specify the problem as a 2D problem. Right
click and select Properties . In the Properties of Schematic A2:
Geometry Window, select Analysis Type > 2D . Now, double
click to launch the Design Modeler. When prompted,
select Meters as the unit of measurement.

Airfoil
First, we will create the geometry of the airfoil. In the menu bar, go to Concept > 3D Curve.
In the Details View window, click Coordinates File and select the ellipsis to browse to a
file. Browse to and select the geometry file you downloaded earlier. Once you have selected
the desired geometry file, click to create the curve. Click to get a better look
at the curve.

11
Next, we need to create a surface from the curve we just generated. Go to Concepts >
Surfaces from Edges. Click anywhere on the curve you just created, and select Edges >
Apply in the Details View Window. Click to create the surface.

Create C-Mesh Domain

Now that the airfoil has been generated, we need to create the meshable surface we will use
once we begin to specify boundary conditions. We will begin by creating a coordinate system
at the tail of the airfoil - this will help us create the geometry for the C-mesh domain.
Click to create a new coordinate system. In the Details View window, select Type >
From Coordinates . For FD11, Point X , enter 1.

12
Click to generate the new coordinate system. In the Tree Outline Window, select
the new coordinate system you created (defaulted t o Plane 4 ), then click to create a new
sketch. This will create a sketching plane on the XY plane with the tail of the airfoil as the
origin. At the bottom of the Tree Outline Window, click the Sketching tab to bring up the
sketching window.
The first action we will take is create the arc of the C-Mesh domain. Click .
The first click selects the center of the arc, and the next two clicks determine the end points
of the arc. We want the center of the arc to be at the tail of the airfoil. Click on the origin of
the sketch, making sure the P symbol is showing.

For the end points of the arc, first select a point on the vertical axis above the origin (a C
symbol will show), then select a point on the vertical axis below the origin. You should end
up with the following:

To create the right side of the C-Mesh donain, click . Click the
following points to create the rectangle in this order - where the arc meets the positive
vertical axis, where the arc meets the negative vertical axis, then anywhere in the right half
plane. The final result should look like this:

13
Now, we need to get rid of necessary lines created by the rectangle. Select Modify in
the Sketching Toolboxes window, then select . Click the lines of the rectangle the
are collinear with the positive and negative vertical axises. Now, select
the Dimensions toolbox to dimension the C-Mesh domain. Click , followed by
the arc to dimension the arc. Assign the arc a value of 12.5. Next, select . Click
the vertical axis and the vertical portion of the rectangle in the right half plane. Also assign
the horizontal dimension a value of 12.5.

Next, we need to create a surface from this sketch. To accomplish this, go to Concept >
Surface From Sketches. Click anywehere on the sketch, and select Base Objects > Apply in
the Details View Window. Also, select Operation > Add Frozen . Once you have the correct
settings, click . The final step of creating the C-Mesh is creating a surface between
the boundary and the airfoil. To do this, go to Create > Boolean. In the Details
View window, select Operation > Subtract . Next, select Target Bodies > Not selected ,
select the large C-Mesh domain surface, then click Apply . Repeat the same process to select
the airfoil as the Tool Body . When you have selected the bodies, click
Selecting the Airfoil Body
Because the C-Mesh domain and the airfoil overlap, once you click in the vicinity of the
airfoil ANSYS will select the C-Mesh domain but give you the option of selecting multiple
layers

14
 Select the layer that corresponds to the airfoil and the airfoil will be highlighted.

Create Quadrants
In the final step of creating the geometry, we will break up the new surface into 4 quadrants;
this will be useful for when we want to mesh the geometry. To begin, select Plane 4 in
the Tree Outline Window, and click . Open the sketching menu, and select .
Draw a line on the vertical axis that intersects the entire C mesh. Trim away the lines that are
beyond the C-Mesh, and you should be left with this:

Next, go to Concepts > Lines from Sketches. Select the line you just drew and click Base
Objects > Apply , followed by . Now that you have created a vertical line, create
a new sketch and repeat the process for a horizontal line that is collinear to horizontal axis
and bisects the geometry.

15
Now, we need to project the lines we just created onto the surface. Go to Tools >
Projection . Select Edges press Ctrl and select on the vertical line we drew (you'll have to
select both parts of it), then press Apply . Next, select Target and select the C-Mesh surface,
then click Apply .

Once you click , you'll notice that the geometry is now composed of two surfaces
split by the line we selected. Repeat this process to create 2 more projections: one projection
the line left of the origin onto the left surface, and one projecting the right line on the right
surface. When you're finished, the geometry should be split into 4 parts.

Suppress the line bodies by right clicking in the tree. You only need the surface body to be
transferred to the mesher.
The geometry is finished. Save the project and close the design modeler, as we are now we
are ready to create the mesh for the simulation.

Mesh
The instructions below show you how to generate a structured mesh ("mapped face mesh" in
ANSYS mesher lingo) for the airfoil flow domain. This methodology generates a high quality
mesh but can be time-consuming and is not applicable to complex geometries.

Mapped Face Meshing

First, we will apply a mapped face meshing control to the geometry. In the Outline window,
click on Mesh to bring up the Meshing Toolbar. In the Meshing Toolbar, select Mesh
Control > Mapped Face Meshing. Making sure the face selection filter is selected ,
select all four faces by holding down the right mouse button and dragging the mouse of all of
the quadrants of the geometry. When all of the faces are highlighted green, in the Details
view Window select Geometry > Apply. Next, select

Edge Sizing
Next, we will apply edge sizing controls to all of the edges of the mesh. To begin, go
to Mesh Control > Sizing. Next, click the edge selection filter . Select the following 4
edges buy holding Ctrl and using the left mouse button:

16
Once the edges are selected, in the Details View Window select Geometry > Apply. Next,
select Type > Number of Divisions. Change the Number of Divisions to 50.
Select Behavior > Hard. We also want the mesh to have a bias, so select the first bias
type: Bais > ----- — - -, and give the edge sizing a Bias Factor of 150. The Edge sizing
should now look like this:

Notice that the element sizes get smaller towards the airfoil. This will give us a better
resolution around the airfoil where the flow gets more complicated. Create a new edge sizing
with the same parameters, but choose the 4 remaining straight edges (see figure below). The
number of divisions will still be 50, but now will be selecting a different biasing type by
selecting the second Bias option: Bias > - - — -----. Again, set the Bias Factor to 150

17
Finally, create a third edge sizing, and select the rounded edges as the geometry. Again,
select Type > Number of Divisions, and change Number of Divisions to 100.
Select Behavior > Hard. This time, we will not bias the edges.

Now, select Mesh > Generate to generate the mesh. It should look like this.

18
Named Selections
Now will assign names to some of the edges to make creating boundary conditions for the
mesh easier. Let's recall the boundary conditions we planned in the Pre-Analysis Step:

The edges highlighted blue are the inlet, the edges highlighted red are the outlet, and the
airfoil is highlighted white in the middle. Now we are ready to name the sections. In
the Outline window, select geometry - this will make seeing the edges a little easier. Again
make sure the edge selection tool is selected. Now, select the two vertical edges on the
far right side of the mesh. Right click, and select Create Named Selections. Name the
edges outlet. Next, select the edges that correspond to the inlet of the flow as defined by the
picture above. Again, right click and select Create Named Selections and this time name
the selection inlet. Finally, select the two edges making up the airfoil, and name the
selection airfoil.

Physics Setup

Launch the Solver

In this step, we will open fluent and define the boundary conditions of the problem. If you
haven't already, close the meshing window to return to theProject Outline window. Now,
click . This will load the mesh into FLUENT. Now, double click Setup.
The Fluent Launcher Window should open. Check the box marked Double Precision. To
19
make the solver run a little quicker, under Processing Options we will select Parallel and
change the Number of Processes to 2. This will allow users with a double core processor to
utilize both.

Select the Solver

Click OK to launch Fluent. The first thing we will do once Fluent launches is define the solver
we are going to use. Select Problem Setup > General. Under Solver, select Density-
Based.

Models and Materials

Next, we will define the model we are going to use. We do this by going Problem Setup >
Models > Viscous-Laminar. Then press Edit... This will open the Viscous Model Menu
Window. Select Inviscid and press OK. Now, we will specify characteristics of the fluid.
Because we specified the fluid as inviscid, we will only have to define the density of the
fluid. To make matters even simpler, we are only looking for non-dimensionalized values like
pressure coefficient, so we will define the density of our fluid to be 1 kg/m^3. To define the
density, click Problem Setup > Materials > (double click) Air. This will launch
the Create/Edit Materials window.

Under Properties, ensure that density is set to Constant and enter 1 kg/m^3 as the density.
Click Change/Create to set the density.

Boundary Conditions

Inlet

20
Now that the fluid has been described, we are ready to set the boundary conditions of the
simulation. Bring up the boundary conditions menu by selecting Problem Setup > Boundary
Conditions. In the Boundary Conditions window, look under Zones. First, let's set the
boundary conditions for the inlet. Select Inlet to see the details of the boundary condition.
The boundary condition type should have defaulted to velocity-inlet: If it didn't, select it.
Now, click Edit to bring up the Velocity-Inlet Window. We need to specify the magnitude
and direction of the velocity. Select Velocity Specification Method > Components.
Remember, we want the flow to enter the inlet at an angle of 6 degrees since the angle of

attack of the airfoil is 6 degrees; thus, the x velocity will be Q, and the y velocity will be .
Specify X-Velocity as 0.9945 m/s and Y-Velocity as 0.1045 m/s. When you have finished
specifying the velocity as entering the inlet at 6 degrees (the same thing as having an angle of
attack of 6 degrees), pressOK

Outlet
In the Boundary Conditions window, look under Zones. Select Outlet to see the details of the
boundary condition. The boundary condition type should have defaulted to pressure-outlet: if
it didn't, select it. Click Edit, and ensure that the Gauge Pressure is defaulted to 0. If it is,
you may close this window.

Airfoil
In the Boundary Conditions window, look under Zones and select airfoil. Select Type >
Wall if it hasn't been defaulted.

Reference Values
The final thing to do before we move on to solution is to acknowledge the reference values.
Go to Problem Setup > Reference Values. In theReference Values Window, select Compute
From > Inlet. Check the reference values that appear to make sure they are as we have
already set them.

Numerical Solution

Methods
First, go to Solution > Solution Methods. Everything in this section should have defaulted to
what we want, but let's make sure that under Flow the selection is Second Order Upwind. If
this is the selection, we may move on.

21
Monitors
Now we are ready to begin solving the simulation. Before we hit solve though, we need to set
up some parameters for how Fluent will solve the simulation.
Let's begin by going to Solution > Monitors. In the Monitors Window, look under Residuals,
Statistic, and Force Monitors. Select Residuals - Print,Plot and press Edit. In the Residual
Monitors Window, we want to change all of the Absolute Criteria to 1e-6. This will give us
some further trust in our solution.

Initial Guess
Now, we need to initialize the solution. Go to Solution > Solution Initialization. In
the Solution Initialization Window, select Compute From > Inlet. Ensure the values that
appear are the same values we inputted in Step 5. If the are, initialize the solution by
clicking Initialize.

Solve
Once the solution has been initialized, we are ready to solve the simulation. Go to Solution >
Run Calculation. Change Number of Iterations to3000, then double click Calculate. Sit
back and twiddle your thumbs until Fluent spits out a converged solution.

Numerical Results

Velocity
First, we will look at the velocity vectors of the solution to see if they make intuitive sense.
To plot the velocity vectors, go to Results > Graphics and Animations. In the Graphics and
Animations Window, select Vectors and click Set Up.... This will bring up the Vectors Menu.

22
Make sure the settings of the menu match the figure above: namely Vectors of >
Velocity, Color by > Velocity, and set the second box as Velocity Magnitude. To see the
velocity vectors, press Display.

Pressure Contours
To view the pressure contours over the entire mesh, go to Results > Graphics and
Animations again, and in the Graphics and AnimationsWindow, select Contours.
Click Set Up... to bring up the Contours Menu. Check the box next to Filled. Under Contours
Of, ensure that the two boxes that are selected arePressure... and Static Pressure.

23
Once these parameters are set, press Display to see the pressure contours.

Streamlines
To view the streamlines, keep the Contours window open, and change the Contours Of box
to Velocity, and the box below to Stream Function. Change Levels to 100. Also, uncheck the box
marked Auto Range, and set Min(kg/s) to 13.11, and Max(kg/s) to 14.16

To view the streamlines, press Display

Pressure Coefficient
Next, we will plot the pressure coefficient along the surface of the airfoil. Click on Results >
Plots to open up the Plots Window. Under Plots, selectXY Plot, and click Set Up.... In the
window that pops up, change the settings Y-Axis Function > Pressure, and change the
second box to Pressure Coefficient. Ensure X-Axis Function > Direction Vector.
Under Surfaces, select airfoil. See the figure below for help.

24
When all the settings are correct, press Plot to plot the data to the command window. To save
the data to a text file, check the box next to Write to File. You'll notice that the Plot button
has been replaced by a button marked Write..., click it. Change the file type to All Files and
save the file name as Pressure_Coefficient.txt

Coefficients of Lift and Drag

To find the Coefficients of Lift and Drag, click Results > Reports to bring up
the Reports Window. In the Reports Window, select Forces and clickSet Up.... This will
bring up the Force Reports menu

We need to set the parameters so drag across the airfoil (keep in mind, which is at an angle)
will be displayed. In the Force Reports window change the Direction Vector such that X
> .9945 and Y > .1045. Click Print to print the drag coefficient to the command window. To
print the lift coefficient, in the Force Reports window change the Direction Vector such
that X > -.1045 and Y > .9945. Again, press Print.

Verification & Validation

Verification
One of the ways we can verify our data is by refining the mesh. Open up the mesh, and
increase the Number of Divisions for Edge Sizing and Edge Sizing 2 to 100. Click Mesh in
25
the Outline window, and in the Details window, expand statistics. The number of elements
should now be 40000.

Exit out of the mesher. First, right click Setup and select Reset. Then click in
the project schematic. Open up the solver, and solve the simulation using the same solver and
boundary conditions (you'll have to input them again), but this time change the number of
iterations to 5000. Again, calculate the force coefficients and graph the pressure coefficient.

Validation
To validate our data, we can compare values to actual experiment. The drag coefficient
coming from our inviscid model, however, cannot be compared to actual data. The drag
coefficient in our model is theoretically zero.
Unrefined Refined Mesh Experimental Data
Mesh

Lift Coefficient 0.6315 0.6670 0.6630

Drag Coefficient 0.0122 0.0063 n/a

Below is a graph displaying the comparing Coefficient of Pressure along the airfoil for the
experimental data and the CFD simulation. The data is from Gregory & O'Reilly, NASA
R&M 3726, Jan 1970.

26
3.0 Result:

Thus the external flow simulation of subsonic and supersonic aero foils using ANSYS
FLUENT 15 and the results have been verified.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State the methods of solution to eigen value problems.

2. What is meant by iso parametric element?

3. What is the purpose of Iso parametric elements?

4. Define super parametric element.

5. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST element.

27
Ex.No:05 Internal flow Simulation of subsonic, sonic & supersonic nozzle.

Date:

1.0 Aim:
To analyse the Internal flow Simulation of subsonic, sonic & supersonic nozzle using
ANSYS FLUENT 15.

2.0 Tools required:

ANSYS FLUENT 15

3.0 Procedure:

Consider air flowing at high-speed through a convergent-divergent diffuser having a circular

cross-sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the throat, x, according to the
formula
A = 0.1 + x2; -0.5 < x < 0.5
where A is in square meters and x is in meters. The stagnation pressure po at the inlet is
101,325 Pa. The stagnation temperature To at the inlet is 300 K. The static pressure p at the
exit is 3,738.9 Pa. We will calculate the Mach number, pressure and temperature distribution
in the diffuser using FLUENT and compare the solution to quasi-1D diffuser flow results.
The Reynolds number for this high-speed flow is large. So we expect viscous effects to be
confined to a small region close to the wall. So it is reasonable to model the flow as inviscid.
Hand Calculations
In quasi - one dimensional flow for this converging diverging diffuser, we expect that the
Mach number at the inlet will be subsonic and accelerating until at the minimum diffuser area
(the throat) the flow becomes sonic with M = 1. At that point, we expect that since the
diffuser starts to diverge the flow will continue accelerating until at the exit, the flow
continues as supersonic. We get to this result via the area velocity relation:

Open ANSYS Workbench

We are ready to do a simulation in ANSYS Workbench! Open ANSYS Workbench by going
to Start > ANSYS > Workbench. This will open the start up screen seen as seen below

28
Screen Management
This tutorial is designed such that the user can have both ANSYS Workbench and the tutorial
open. As shown below, this online tutorial should fill approximately 1/3 of the screen, while
ANSYS Workbench fills the remaining 2/3 of the screen.

Setup Project
To begin, we need to tell ANSYS what kind of simulation we are doing. If you look to the
left of the start up window, you will see the Toolbox Window. Take a look through the
different selections. We will be using FLUENT to complete the simulation. Load the Fluid
Flow (FLUENT) box by dragging and dropping it into the Project Schematic.

Right click the top box of the project schematic and go to Rename,
and name the project Compressible Flow in a Diffuser.You are ready to create the
geometry for the simulation.
Geometry
Sketch the geometry with the help of Sketching Toolbox with the given dimensions

29
 Click on the sketch; go for the ‘Surface from sketch’
Hence the geometry look like below figure:

Mesh

1. Right click on Mesh > Insert > Mapped Face Meshing

2. Click on face of the geometry > Apply
3. Click on the ‘Edge selection’ select the inlet and outlet edge, Right click on edge > Insert > sizing
4. In the details of ‘Edge sizing’ select ‘The type’ to ‘No of Division’
5. Same procedure to do edge sizing for the Wall edges
6. Right Click on screen- select ‘Create Name selection’ give the names inlet outlet & walls

Solution Setup
Solver type: Density based

Boundary condition: inlet- Gauge Total pressure: 300kPa

Outlet- Gauge pressure: 0kPa
Wall- wall

30
Reference Values: compute from: inlet
Reference zone: surface body

Numerical Solution
Solution initialization: Compute from- Inlet
Click on initialize
Run calculation: No of iteration: 500
Click on calculate

31
Numerical Results
Post-processing using CFD Post
Contour:
Pressure or velocity contour:
Locations: select symmetry 1 or 2
Variable: Pressure or velocity
Range: Local

Subsonic
Same procedure with Inlet pressure: 50kPa

Sonic flow: 100kPa

Same procedure with Inlet pressure: 100kPa

4.0 Result:

Thus the Internal flow Simulation of subsonic, sonic & supersonic nozzle using ANSYS
FLUENT 15 have been verified.

32
 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define the conditions for a CD nozzle?

2. What is the purpose of sizing?

3. What is meant by solution initialization?

4. Mention the input parameters for different conditions of CD nozzle?

5. How will you analyse the pressure gradient across a CD nozzle?

33
Ex.No: 06 Structural Analysis of a Bar, Beam & Truss

Date:

1.0 AIM: Find reaction, deflection and stresses in bar beam & Truss.

2.0 Tools required:

ANSYS FLUENT 15

3.0 Procedure:

 Beam

A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is
10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa. Find reaction,
deflection and stresses in beam.
Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create >Keypoints> In Active CS

Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic

Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls>ManualSize> Lines > All Lines...
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Plot Elements
Utility Menu > Plot > Elements

Solution:
Define Analysis Type

34
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
ANTYPE,0
Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Apply Loads
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams
Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
Plot Deformed Shape
General Postproc> Plot Results > Deformed Shape
Plot Principle stress distribution
Select General Postproc> Element Table > Define Table
enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section
'By sequence num', select 'NMISC, ' 1
Select: General Postproc> Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ' pull down
menu

4.0 RESULT:
Maximum Deflection : Minimum Stress : Maximum Stress : Bending Moment Diagram :

 Similar way with Bar

35
 Similar way with Truss

36
 Review Question:

1. Give the expression for element stiffness matrix.

2. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional element bar
element.

3.State the properties of a stiffness matrix.

4.State the principle of minimum potential energy.

5.Distinguish between essential boundary condition and natural boundary condition.

37
 Ex.No: 07 Structural analysis of a tapered wing

Date:

1.0 Aim: To carry out structural analysis of a tapered wing using ANSYS FLUENT 15.

2.0 Tools required:

ANSYS FLUENT 15

3.0 Procedure:

Problem specification:
In static structural analysis we are interested in the total deformation, Von Misses stress
which is also known as equivalent stress, shear stress and stress intensity induced in the skin
structure of the wing.
Pre-Analysis and Start-Up
Open ANSYS Workbench
We are ready to do a simulation in ANSYS Workbench. Open ANSYS Workbench by going
to
Start > ANSYS > Workbench
This will open the start up screen seen as seen below

Geometry
In Workbench in the Project Schematic window, go to File > Import . Inthe Import window
that opens, change the file type (next to the File Name text box)to Geometry File. Select the
downloaded geometry file and press Open. The geometry shouldnow be in the project
schematic, as shown below

Generate the Geometry

Next, we will open the file to generate the geometry. Double click the importedgeometry to
open the Design Modeler. When the Design Modeler opens, a pop up window will ask us for
the default units of measurement for the geometry. Select Meter and then press OK.

Mesh

1. Click on Model to open Mechanical

2. Suppress the Fluid Geometry
3. Named Surfaces
38
 a. Select all spar surface bodies
i. Select a surface of the spar at the root by using the face selection filter then
click extend to limits.
ii. Right click on the display window and select create named selections. Name it
spar.
b. Select all wetted blade surface bodies
i. Select a surface on the outside shell by using the face selection filter then click
extend to limits.
ii. Press the control key and select the tip surface.
iii. Right-click and select create named selections. Name it Blade surface.
4. Insert mapped face meshing
a. Change scoping method to Named Selections.
b. Select the blade surface only.
5. Insert Sizing
a. Select all surfaces (right-click on the viewer and choose "select all").
b. Specify the element sizes to be 0.2 meters.
6. Click on Update
7. Take a look at the mesh statistics.
a. Skewness, very low! And orthogonality, very high!

Physics Setup

Material, Coordinate System, and Thickness

In this section, we will assign the material that we created to our blade, we will create a new
coordinate system and we will define the thickness for both parts.

1. Material assignment
a. In Mechanical, under geometry -> assign the composite material.
2. Define coord. System for the blade elements
a. Create a new coordinate system, defined by global coordinates, don’t change
anything else.
b. Under where you specified the material, select the coordinate system just created.
3. Thickness
a. Select all surface bodies in the tree and change the thickness to 0.001m.
b. Blade variable thickness
i. Right click Geomery -> Insert thickness
ii. Change scoping method to named selections and choose the blade
surface.
iii. Click the small arrow next to the yellow box and select tabular.
iv. Put -1m and -44.2 for x. Next to -1, input 0.1 for thickness and next to -
44.2, put in 0.005m. Be careful as the order of the points might change on
you.
c. Root variable thickness
i. Do the same thing but for the spar this time.
ii. The tabular data for the spar is -3, 0.1 and -44.2, 0.03.

Importing the Pressure Load

This is the exciting part! We are now at the point where we utilize the pressure results
generated from the CFD portion of the tutorial and transfer it to the FEA.

39
1. Transfer the loads from CFD to FEA in Workbench
a. Close Mechanical
b. Drag the solution cell from the CFD project to the Setup cell of the FEA project
c. Double-click on physics setup to go back in mechanical and update the upstream
data when prompted.
2. Import the pressure in Mechanical
a. The imported load solution folder will appear in the tree outline. Right-click it
and select insert pressure.
i. For the top field, select the blade surface from FEA the wetted surface.
ii. For the bottom field, select the blade surface from CFD.
b. Open the report and check how the forces match and if 100% of the nodes have
been mapped.

Numerical Solution
To obtain the numerical solution, click solve. ANSYS formed the stiffness matrix for
each element, assembled the global stiffness matrix and inverted it to get the nodal
displacements. This is the bulk of the computation that ANSYS performs. All the
results that we will look at next such as the deformed shape and the stresses are
derived from these nodal displacements.

Numerical Results

Results in Mechanical
In Mechanical, we will look at a few important results such as deformation, Von-Mises
stress, and the reaction forces and moments. Note that the bending moments experienced by
the blade would be in the opposite direction to the reaction moments.

1. Right-click solution then...

a. Add Total Deformation
b. Add Equivalent Stress
c. Add Force reaction, under probe
i. Select remote displacement for the B.C
d. Add Moment reaction
i. Select remote displacement for the B.C
2. Solve

Results in CFD-Post
A very nice feature of ANSYS is to be able to look at both the FEA and the CFD results
together in CFD-Post

1. In Workbench
a. Drag a drop a results component system (CFD Post)
b. Link the solutions cells from the CFD and the FEA to this new results cell.
c. Double-click on results to open CFD Post.
2. In CFD Post
a. Add a contour
i. Name it Deformation
ii. Choose the variable to be "total mesh displacement".
iii. Choose the selection to be FAM 12.

40
 Verification & Validation

1. Click on the solution information report.

2. Press Control-F to open the search field and search for total mass.
3. You can also find the center of mass right below it.

We can now compare the numerical results of root radial force with our hand-calculations.
Hand- ANSYS % difference
Calculations

1465.5 kN 1578.1 k N 7.4

4.0 Result:

Thus the structural analysis of a tapered is verified using ANSYS FLUENT 15.

41
 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Write down the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.

2. What is LST element?

3. What is a QST element?

4. What is a CST element?

5. What are two dimensional elements?

42
Ex.No:08 Structural analysis of a fuselage structure

Date:

1.0 Aim:
To carry out the structure analysis of a fuselage structure using ANSYS 15.

2.0 Commands used:

 Element Table
 Real constant
 Material properties
 Modeling
 Meshing
 Define loads
 Solution
 Post processing

3.0 Tools Required:

Ansys 15

4.0 Procedure:
1. Open the ansys workbench.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory.
3. Select the structural analysis from tool box.
4. Select the engineering data select edit and provide the material
properties.
5. Select the geometry and select import geometry and import the iges wing file.
6. Select the model option and select edit geometry
7. Select the meshing option and provide the necessary meshing
parameters.
8. Select static structural and select analysis settings and provide the necessary
constraints and loads.
9. Select solution and select solve.
10. Select solution and select required stress and deformation for viewing the results.
11. Save the file in specified directory.

5.0 Commands used:

1. Open Ansys Mechanical APDL 15.
2. Click Preference → Enable Structure → ok.
3. Click Preprocessor → Element type → Add  Shell → 3d 4node 181 → Apply
→
Structural mass→ 3d mass 21 → ok.

43
4. Click Real constant → Add → 3d mass 21 → ok.

MASSX 1E-20
MASSY 1E-20
MASSZ 1E-20

5. Click Material properties → Material models → Structural → Linear → Elastic → Isotropic →

E=2e11, PRXY=0.3 →ok.
6. Click Section → Shell → Layup → add  Thickness =1e-5 → ok.
7. Click Modeling → Create → Keypoints → In Active Cs
X Y Z
0 0 0
0.0381 0 0
-0.0381 0 0
-0.0381 0.683 0
0.0381 0.683 0
0.000812 0.683 0
-0.000812 0.683 0
-0.000812 0.7846 0
0.000812 0.7846 0
0.0381 0.7846 0
-0.0381 0.7846 0
-0.0381 0.7846+0.00102 0
0.0381 0.7846+0.00102 0
→ →
8. Click Lines Straight lines click the key points and make it like I section
9. Click Plot →Multiplots.
10. Click operate →Extrude → Lines → about an axis → Click keypoints → No.of.area =5 → ok.

11. Click Meshing → Mesh tool → Mapped → Mesh → Pick all.

12. Click Mesh tool → Keypoints → Mesh → Origin → ok.

13. Click Mesh Attributes → Default Attribute → Element type no → Mass→ ok.
14. Click Coupling & Ceqn → Rigid region → Origin → ok → topview → Box  select right half
→
ok → DOF → All applicable → ok.

15. Click Loads → Define Loads → Apply → Structural → Displacement → on nodes → top view
→
Box → Select left half → ok → All DOF → ok.
16. Click Force → On nodes → Origin → ok → FY=-10000 → ok.
17. Click Moment → On nodes → Origin → ok → MX=1000 → ok.
18. Click Solution → Solve → Current LS.
19. Click General Postprocess → Plot Results → Deformed Shape → Def+Undeform →
ok.

44
 20. Click Contour plot → Nodal Solution → Stress →Von mises stress →ok.
21. Click Plot Ctrl → Capture image →Save.

6.0 Result:
Thus the structural analysis of the fuselage structure has been done using Ansys
Mechanical APDL 15.

45
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?

2. Distinguish between essential boundary condition and natural boundary condition?

3. Give the expression for element stiffness matrix?

4. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional element bar element?

5. Define plain strain?

Ex.No : 9 Analysis of a composite laminate structure

Date:

46
1.0 Aim:
To carry out the analysis of a composite laminate structure using ANSYS 15.

2.0 Tools Required:

Ansys 15

3.0 Procedure:

Problem Specification
The plane shell with stiffeners shown in the figure below.

All edges are clamped. A constant pressure of 0.05 N/mm 2acts on the underside of the shell (i.e. the
pressure acts in the +z direction). Since the geometry and loads are symmetric about both
the x and y-axes, we need to model only one-quarter of the structure. The dimensions of the plate
and stiffeners are shown in the figure below which shows only one-quarter of the structure.

The Young's modulus E =7.3x104 MPa and the Poisson ratio is 0.33.

Step 1: Start-up and preliminary set-up

47
Create a folder
Create a folder called shell at a convenient location. We'll use this folder to store files created
during the session.

Start ANSYS
On Windows systems, select the appropriate menu path. On my system, the path is
Start > Programs > ANSYS 10.0 > ANSYS Product Launcher
Enter the location of the folder shell that you just created as your Working directory by browsing to
it.
Enter shell as your Initial jobname. Click on Run.
Resize windows as shown in this snapshot so that you can read instructions in your browser
window and implement them in ANSYS.

Set Preferences
Main Menu > Preferences
In the Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box, click on the box next to Structural so that a tick
mark appears in the box. From now on, only the menu options valid for structural problems will be
made available.

Units
ANSYS leaves it to us to use a consistent set of units. For convenience, we'll use the following set
of units: mm for geometric dimensions; N for forces; and N/mm2 for Young's modulus and
pressures. The resulting stresses will be in N/mm2 or MPa. Convince yourself that this is a
consistent unit system; don't take my word for it.

Enter Parameters
We'll play smart and create scalar parameters corresponding to the plate and stiffener dimensions_._
This will later allow us to vary these parameters and perform optimization studies.
Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters
Define a parameter for the plate length l1 in mm:
L1=750
Click Accept. Similarly, define other parameters corresponding to the dimensions and
click Accept after each (parameter names are not case-sensitive). Before you specify a parameter,
refer to the geometry specification to remind yourself what dimension that parameter represents.

W1=250
W2=2
W3=2
H1=5
H2=15
H3=20
{{}}
We'll play smarter and also specify the number of stiffeners in each direction as parameters so that

48
these too can be varied easily in tradeoff studies. We'll employ the labels NSX and NSY for the
number of stiffeners in the x and y directions, respectively.

NSX=2
NSY=3
We'll use the above parameters when creating the geometry in Step 4. We'll also define some
parameters which we'll use in Step 5 to set the mesh size along edges.

NDIV_X=3
NDIV_Y=6
SIZE_Z=5
Close the Scalar Parameters window.

Step 2: Specify element type and constants

Specify Element Type

Main Menu > Preprocessor> Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add...
Pick Shell in the left field and Elastic 8node 93 in the right field. Click OK to select this element.
The SHELL93 element will now be available in the meshing step. Close the Element Types menu.

Specify Element Constants

Main Menu > Preprocessor> Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add
This brings up the Element Type for Real Constants menu. Click OK to specify the real constants
for the SHELL93 element.
When meshing, we'll have to assign three different thickness values: H1 for the
plate; W2 and W3 for the stiffeners in the xand ydirections, respectively. This means we'll have to
create three real constant sets, one for each of these thickness values. According to
theSHELL93 help page, if the element has a constant thickness, only TK(I), the shell thickness at
the first corner node, needs to be input.
Create the first real constant set: make sure Real Constant Set No. is set to 1. For TK(I), enter H1.
Leave the other fields blank since they are not applicable to our problem. Click Apply.
Create the second set: For Real Constant Set No., enter 2. For TK(I), enter {W2}} and click Apply.
Create the last set: For Real Constant Set No., enter 3. For TK(I), enter W3 and click OK.
Save: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Step 3: Specify material properties

Main Menu > Preprocessor >Material Props > Material Models
In the Define Material Model Behavior menu, double-click on Structural, Linear, Elastic,
and Isotropic.
Enter Young's modulus EX in MPa: 7.3e4

49
Enter Poisson's Ratio PRXY:0.33. Click OK.
Close the Define Material Model Behavior menu.
Save your work: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Step 4: Specify geometry

Strategy for Geometry Creation

Keypoints Coordinates
Using the figure in the problem specification and the one above, create a table of the keypoint
coordinates required to create areas A1-A4, using the parameters defined in Step 1. Recall that
areas correspond to the mid-surface of the structure. Are my keypoint coordinates below correct? ||
No. || x || y || z ||
1 0 0 0

2 W1/(2*NSX) 0 0

3 W1/(2*NSX) L1/(2*NSY) 0

4 0 L1/(2*NSY) 0

5 W1/(2*NSX) L1/(2*NSY) H2

6 W1/(2*NSX) 0 H2

7 0 L1/(2*NSY) H2

8 0 L1/(2*NSY) H3

9 W1/(2*NSX) L1/(2*NSY) H3

Since it is useful to track the keypoint and area numbers as we create the geometry, turn on
keypoint and area numbering:Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering
Turn on Keypoint numbers and Area numbers and click OK.
To access the K command, make sure the preprocessor module is open.
Create keypoint #1 at (0,0,0): at the command prompt, type K,1,0,0,0 as below and hit Enter. Note
that when you type the command, the format of the command pops-up as a reminder.

Similarly, create keypoints #2-#4 in the above table by entering the following at the command
prompt:

K,2,W1/(2*NSX),0,0

50
K,3,W1/(2*NSX),L1/(2*NSY),0
K,4,0,L1/(2*NSY),0
Now that we have gotten the hang of this business, we can create the remaining keypoints and areas
in our sleep (remember to wipe the drool off the keyboard):
K,7,0,L1/(2*NSY),H2
K,8,0,L1/(2*NSY),H3
K,9,W1/(2*NSX),L1/(2*NSY),H3
A,3,4,7,5
A,5,7,8,9
Utility Menu > Plot > Areas
The geometry should look like this:

Save your work: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Step 5: Mesh geometry

As discussed in the previous step, we'll first mesh the subsection AEFG that we just created.

Set Mesh Size Along Edges

We'll use the previously-defined parameters NDIV_X, NDIV_Y and SIZE_Z to set the mesh size
along edges. The table below describes what each parameter is and the value we have assigned to it.
Parameter Value Description

NDIV_X 3 No. of divisions for edges along x

NDIV_Y 6 No. of divisions for edges along y

SIZE_Z 5 Size of divisions for edges along z

Edges along z are of two different lengths, as should be apparent from the geometry display. For
instance, the edge between keypoints #5 and #9 is smaller than that between keypoints #3 and #5.
By setting the element size rather than the number of divisions, we can use the same parameter for
both edge lengths.
Bring up the MeshTool: Main Menu > Preprocessor > MeshTool
We are going to continually use the MeshTool to generate the mesh. So resize and rearrange the
windows slightly so that you can access the MeshTool, ANSYS GUI, and tutorial simultaneously.
51
Under Size Controls and Lines, click Set. Pick all four lines in the x-_direction. and click OK in the
pick menu. EnterNDIV_X for No. of element divisions and click Apply.
Next, pick all three lines in the y-direction and click OK in the pick menu. Enter NDIV_Y for No.
of element divisions and click Apply.
Last, pick all five lines in the z-direction and click OK in the pick menu. Enter SIZE_Z for Element
edge length. Make sureNo. of element divisions is blank. Click OK.
Plot lines to see the element divisions along edges and check that they have been set
correctly: Utility Menu > Plot > Lines. If you made an error, repeat the above steps before saving.

Copy Sub-Section ABCD

How many copies of sub-section ABCD do we need to make in the x- and y-directions? What are
the values of X-Offset andY-Offset in each case? Jot your answers down so that you can check the
values below.
Copy areas: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Copy > Areas > Pick All
Copy Areas menu: Number of copies = NSX; X-offset = W1/NSX; Y- and Z-offsets should be
blank or zero. Click Apply.
Repeat copy in y-direction: Select Pick All again in the pick menu.
Copy Areas menu: Number of copies = NSY; Y-offset = L1/NSY; X- and Z-offsets should be blank
or zero. Click OK.
Check the resulting mesh: Utility Menu > Plot > Elements

Step 6: Specify boundary conditions

52
 The boundary conditions given in the problem specification are summarized in the schematic
below. Keep in mind that the edge conditions need to be applied to the plate as well as the
stiffeners.

Apply Symmetry along AH

We'll apply this BC in two steps:

1. Select edges along AH

2. Apply symmetry condition to the selected edges

Plot areas: Utility Menu > Plot > Areas

Adjust the display: Click on the Isometric View and Fit View icons in the rightmost part of the GUI.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering: Turn off area and node numbering; turn on line
numbering.
Select all edges along AH: Utility Menu > Select > Entities
We are going to continually use the Select Entitiesmenu to apply the BC's. So resize and rearrange
the windows slightly so that you can access this menu, the ANSYS GUI, and the tutorial
simultaneously.
Select Entities menu: Select Lines from the pull-down menu at the top. Select below that.
Choose By LocationY coordinates. Under Min,Max, enter 0. This will select all lines
whose centers lie at y=0. Make sure From Full is selected so that we are selecting entities from
the full model. Click Apply.

53
Check which lines have been selected: Select Entities menu >Plot. You should see that the edges
along AH have been selected.

Apply symmetry condition to the selected edges: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define
Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines > Pick All
This applies the symmetry condition to all the selected lines.
Select the entire model: Click Select All and then Replot in the Select Entities menu. You should
see the S symbol along the edges where the symmetry BC has been applied.

Apply Symmetry along AJ

54
We'll first select all edges along AJ. Go back to Select Entities menu: Leave Lines and By
Location in place. Choose X coordinates. Under Min,Max, retain 0. This will select all lines whose
centers lie at x=0. Make sure From Full is selected. Click Apply.
Check which lines have been selected: Select Entities menu > Replot. You should see that only the
edges along AJ are currently selected.
Let's apply the symmety BC to these edges: Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads
> Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines > Pick All
Select the entire model: Click Select All and then Replot in the Select Entities menu.

Apply Clamped BC along HI

Now that we've gotten the hang of this boundary business, let's mop up Operation BC's in short
order.
Select Entities menu: Leave Lines, By Location and X coordinates selections in place.
Under Min,Max, enter W1. This will select all lines whose centers lie at x=W1. Make sure From
Full is selected. Click Apply.
Select Entities menu > Replot
Constrain all six nodal degrees of freedom (DOF) for the selected edges:Main Menu >
Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines > Pick
All > All DOF > OK
The (cluttered) display will show that all six DOF's have been constrained.

Select Entities menu: Select All and Replot

Apply Clamped BC along JI

Select Entities menu: Leave Lines, and By Location in place. Choose Y coordinates.
Under Min,Max, enter L1. This will select all lines whose centers lie at y=L1. Make sure From Full
is selected. Click Apply.
Select Entities menu > Replot

55
Constrain all six nodal degrees of freedom (DOF) for selected edges:Main Menu > Preprocessor
> Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines > Pick All > All
DOF > OK
Select Entities menu: Select All and Replot
Save: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Apply Pressure on Plate

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering: Turn off line numbering.
Utility Menu > Plot > Areas
Choose areas corresponding to the plate: In the Select Entities menu, select Areas from the pull-
down menu at the top. Leave By Location below that. Choose Z coordinates Under Min,Max,
enter 0. This will select all areas whose centers lie at z=0. Make sure From Full is selected.
Click Apply.
Check which areas are currently selected: Select Entities menu > Replot
Apply a pressure of 0.05 N/mm2 on the plate in the +z direction: Main Menu > Preprocessor >
Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Areas > Pick All
For VALUE, enter 0.05. Click OK.
ANSYS will mark the faces where the pressure is applied. Let's instead plot the applied pressure
using arrows to check its direction: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols. For Surface
Load Symbols, select Pressures and under Show pres and convect as, select Arrows. Click OK.
Are the pressures acting in the right direction?
Select Entities menu: Select All, Replot and Cancel. You should now see the entire model. Review
that all the BC's have been applied correctly.

Save: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Create Log File

In parametric studies to be undertaken later, we'll start with the log file containing the commands
from the first six steps that we just went through. To save this log file, select
Utility Menu > File > Write DB log file

56
Under Write Database Log to, enter the filename for the logfile: shell_step6.lgw. At the bottom of
this menu, select Write Essential Commands only. Click OK. Review shell_step6.lgw by opening it
in a text editor.

Step 7: Solve!
Enter Solution Module: Main Menu > Solution
Enter check in the Inputwindow. If the problem has been set up correctly, there will be no errors or
warnings reported. You should see the following message in the Output window: The analysis data
was checked and no warnings or errors were found.
Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS
Review the information in the /STATUS Command window. Close this window.
Click OK in Solve Current Load Step menu.
ANSYS performs the solution and a window should pop up saying "Solution is done!". Close this
window.
Save: Toolbar > SAVE_DB

Step 8: Postprocess the results

Plot Deformed Shape

The Results Viewer provides a convenient way to review results.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Results Viewer
The title bar for the Results Viewer indicates that the results are being read from the shell.rst file.
Rearrange the windows slightly so that you can access the Results Viewer, ANSYS GUI and tutorial
simultaneously.
Under Choose a result item, select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Displaced structure. Click
on the Plot Resultsicon.
Results Viewer > Animate Results > Deformed Shape > OK > Def + undef edge > OK

57
Plot w Displacement
In the Results Viewer, in place of Displaced structure, choose Nodal Solution > DOF Solution >
Z-Component of displacement. Click on the Plot Results icon.

5.0 Result:

Thus the structural analysis of a tapered is verified using ANSYS FLUENT 15.

58
 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are isotropic and orthotropic materials?

2. What is discretization?

3. Steps in FEM?

4. Define Quasi-static response.

5. What is meant by plane stress?

59
Ex.No: 10 Heat transfer analysis of structures

Date:

1.0 Aim:
To carry out the heat transfer analysis of structures using ANSYS 15.

2.0 Tools Required:

Ansys 15

3.0 Procedure:

Problem Description
The example is constrained as shown in the following figure. Thermal conductivity (k) of the
material is 5 W/m*K and the block is assumed to be infinitely long. Also, the density of the
material is 920 kg/m^3 and the specific heat capacity (c) is 2.040 kJ/kg*K.

60
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title...

/Title,Transient Thermal Conduction

2. Open preprocessor menu

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor/PREP7

3. Create geometry

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
X=0, Y=0, Width=1, Height=1
BLC4,0,0,1,1

4. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal
Mass Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This
element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can
only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis.

5. Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity >
Isotropic > KXX = 5 (Thermal conductivity)
MP,KXX,1,10

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 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Specific Heat > C =
2.04
MP,C,1,2.04
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Density > DENS =
920
MP,DENS,1,920

6. Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05

7. Mesh

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
At this point, the model should look like the following:

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Transient

ANTYPE,4
The window shown below will pop up. We will use the defaults, so click OK.

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2. Set Solution Controls

Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls

The following window will pop up.

A) Set Time at end of loadstep to 300 and Automatic time stepping to ON.
B) Set Number of substeps to 20, Max no. of substeps to 100, Min no. of substeps to
20.
C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep.
Click on the NonLinear tab at the top and fill it in as shown

D) Set Line search to ON .

E) Set the Maximum number of iterations to 100.
For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file. Basically,
the time at the end of the load step is how long the transient analysis will run and the
number of substeps defines how the load is broken up. By writing the data at every
step, you can create animations over time and the other options help the problem
converge quickly.

3. Apply Constraints

For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow,
Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, 2 sides of the block
have fixed temperatures and the other two are insulated.

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  Solution > Define Loads > Apply
Note that all of the -Structural- options cannot be selected. This is due to the type
of element (PLANE55) selected.
 Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes
 Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top
line and then click OK.

The following window will appear:

 Fill the window in as shown to constrain the top to a constant temperature of 500
K
 Using the same method, constrain the bottom line to a constant value of 100 K
 Orange triangles in the graphics window indicate the temperature contraints.

4. Apply Initial Conditions

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Initial Condit'n > Define > Pick All

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 Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to 100
K:

5. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS

SOLVE
Post processing: Viewing the Results

1. Results Using ANSYS

Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature TEMP

Animate Results Over Time

First, specify the contour range.

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours...
Fill in the window as shown, with 8 contours, user specified, from 100 to
500.

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Then animate the data.

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Over Time...

Fill in the following window as shown (20 frames, 0 - 300 Time Range,
Auto contour scaling OFF, DOF solution > TEMP)

 You can see how the temperature rises over the area over time. The heat flows
from the higher temperature to the lower temperature constraints as expected.
Also, you can see how it reaches equilibrium when the time reaches
approximately 200 seconds. Shown below are analytical and ANSYS generated
temperature vs time curves for the center of the block. As can be seen, the curves
are practically identical, thus the validity of the ANSYS simulation has been
proven.

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 Analytical Solution

ANSYS Generated Solution

Time History Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Creating the Temperature vs. Time Graph

o Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open
automatically.

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 If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro >
Variable Viewer

 Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a
variable.
 Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Temperature (as shown below) and
click OK. Pick the center node on the mesh, node 261, and click OK in the 'Node
for Data' window.

2. Graph Results over Time

 Ensure TEMP_2 in the Time History Variables window is highlighted.

 Click the graphing button in the Time History Variables window.
 The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them
manually. Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify
Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis appropriately.

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 5.0 Result:

Thus the heat transfer analysis of structures is verified using ANSYS 15.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State the property of stiffness matrix?

2. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?

3. What are the characteristics of shape function?

4. Define modulus of rigidity/

5. What is bending moment diagram?

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