20.1.1 Representing Magnetic Fields & Derr ha eg @ Test Yourself Magnetic Field Definition * Amagnetic fields a field of force that is created either by. © Moving electric charge © Permanent magnets * Permanent magnets are materials that produce a magnetic field * Astationary charge willnot produce a magnetic field * Amagnetic fields sometimes referred to asa B-feld * Amagnetic fields created around a current carrying wire due to the movement of electrons + Although magnetic ftelds are invisible, they can be observed by the force that pulls on magnetic materials, such as iron or the movement of a needle ina plotting compass Representing Magnetic Fields * Magnetic fields are represented by magnetic field lines, © These can be shownusing iron filings or plotting compasses * Field lines are best represented on bar magnets, which consist of anorth pole on one end and south pole on the other + The magnetic field is produced ona bar magnet by the movement of electrons within the atoms of the magnet * Thisis a result of the electrons circulating around the atoms, representing a tiny current and hence setting up a magnetic field * The direction of amagnetic field on a bar magnets always fromnorth to southTWO ATTRACTING BAR MAGNETS STRONG MEGNETIC FIELD OPPOSITE POLES PUSHES THE POLES TOGETHER) "ATTRACT Magnetic field lines are directed from the north pole to the south pole ‘* When two bar magnets are pushed together, they either attract orrepel each other: © Twolike poles (north and north or south and south) repel each other © Two opposite poles (north and south) attract each other SINGLE BAR MAGNET wee - Bratt MAGNETIC FIELD] LINES QUT OF THE N POLE INTO THE S POLETwo opposite poles attract each other and two like poles repel each other * The key aspects of drawing magnetic field lines: © Thelines come out from the north poles and into the south poles © The direction of the field line shows the direction of the force that afree magnetic north pole would experience at that point The field lines are stronger the closer the lines are together The field lines are weaker the further apart the lines are Magnetic field lines never cross since the magnetic field is unique at any point Magnetic fieldlines are continuous e000 * Auniformmagnetic fieldis where the magnetic field strengthis the same at all points © Thisis represented by equally spaced parallel lines, just like electric fields * The direction of the magnetic field into or out of the page in 3D is represented by the following symbols: © Dots(sometimeswith a circle around them) represent the magnetic freld directed out of the plane of the page © Crosses represent the magnetic field directed into the plane of the page TIP OF AN ARROW REPRESENTED BY THE DOT BACK OF AN ARROW] REPRESENTED BY THE CROSSES OOO xX OOO) |x xx ©oOO0| |x~x MAGNETIC FIELD GNETIC FIELD OUT OF THE PAGE INTO THE PAGE eS The magnetic field into or out of the page is represented by circles with dots or crossesTIP OF AN ARROW REPRESENTED BY THE DOT. BACK OF AN ARROW] REPRESENTED BY THE CROSSES x x x x OOO x X X MAGNETIC FIELD MAGNETIC FIELD OUT OF THE PAGE INTO THE PAGE The magnetic field into or out of the page is represented by circles with dots or crosses °o Exam Tip The best way to remember which way around to draw magnetic fields in 3Dis by imagining an arrow coming towards or away from you + When the head of an arrowis coming towards you, you see the tip as a dot representing the arrow coming ‘out’ of the page + When an arrowis travelling away from you, you see the cross at the back of the arrow representing the arrow going ‘into’ the page20.1.2 Force ona Current-Carrying Conductor Ree eg @ Test Yourself Force ona Current-Carrying Conductor * Acurrent-carrying conductor produces its own magnetic field © Wheninteracting with an external magnetic field, it will experience a force * Acurrent-carrying conductor will only experience a force if the current throughit is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field lines, + Asimple situation would be a copper rod placed within a uniform magnetic field * When currentis passed through the copperrod, it experiences a force which makesit move MAGNETS CREATING ‘AN UNIFORM MAGNETIC’ FIELD CURRENT ELECTRONS MOVE THROUGH THE COPPER ROD COPPER ROD EXPERIENCES] ‘A FORCE WHEN CURRENT IS SWITCHED ON Acopperrodmoves within a magnetic field when current is passed through itCalculating Magnetic Force ona Current-Carrying Conductor The strength of a magnetic field is known as the magnetic flux density, B © Thisis also knownas the magnetic field strength Itis measured in units of Tesla (T) The force Fon a conductor carrying current /at right angles to a magnetic field with flux density Bis defined by the equation Where: ° oo 00 F=BiLsin@ F = force ona current carrying conductorin a B field (N) B = magnetic flux density of external B field (1) |= currentin the conductor (A) L = length of the conductor (m) 0 = angle between the conductor and extemal B field (degrees) This equation shows that the greater the current or the magnetic field strength, the greater the force on the conductor B FIELD F = Bil sind CONDUCTOR AT AN ANGLE @ TO 8 FIELDF INTO THE PAGE a > [Fest 1 a = — | Ferre = _ (Contucror H PERPENDICULAR TO 8 FIELD =~ a Magnitude of the force ona current carrying conductor depends on the angle of the conductor to the external B field ‘+ Themaximum force occurs when sin @=1 © This means @ = 90° and the conductoris perpendicular to the B field © This equation for the magnetic force now becomes: F=BIL * The minimum force (0) is when sin @= 0. © This means @ = O° and the conductor is parallel to the B field * Itisimportant to note that a current-carrying conductor will experience no force if the currentin the conductors parallel to the field Worked example Accurrent of 0.87 A flows in a wire of length 1.4m placed at 30° to a magnetic field of flux density 80 mT.Calculate the force on the wire.Worked example Acurrent of 0.87 A flows in a wire of length 1.4m placed at 30° to a magnetic field of flux density 80 mT.Calculate the force on the wire. Step 1: Write down the known quantities Magnetic flux density, B = 80 mT = 80 x 10°5T Current, |= 0.87A Length of wire, L= 1.4m Angle between the wire and the magnetic field, @ = 30° Step 2: Write down the equation for force on acurrent-carrying conductor F=BiLsind Step 3: Substitute in values and calculate F = (80 x 10-3) x (0.87) x (1.4) x sin(30) = 0.04872 = 0.049N(2s.f) °o Exam Tip Remember that the direction of current ftowis the flow of positive charge (positive to negative), and this is in the opposite direction to the flow of electrons20.1.3 Fleming's Left-Hand Rule @ Test Yourself Fleming's Left-Hand Rule + Thedirection of the force on a charge moving ina magnetic fieldis determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the current * Recall that the direction of the currentis the direction of conventional current flow (positive to negative) * When the force, magnetic field and current are all mutually perpendicular to each other, the directions of each canbe interpreted by Fleming’s left-hand rule: © Ontheleft hand, with the thumb pointed upwards, first finger forwards and second finger to the rightie. all three are perpendicular to each other © The thumb points in the direction of motion of the rod (or the direction of the force)(A) © The first finger points in the direction of the external magnetic field (8) © The second finger points in the direction of conventional current fiow () ‘ThuMb = MOTION / FORCE FIRST FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELDThuMb = MOTION / FORCE FIRST FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD ‘SeCond FINGER = CURRENT Fleming’sleft hand rule Worked example State the direction of the current flowing in the wire in the diagram below. xR X K MMR & KR KR KR R x x x x x mi x x x x x x x x xUsing Fleming's left-hand rule: B = into the page F = vertically downwards |= from rightto left x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x & x * Oo Exam Tip Don't be afraid to use Fleming's left-hand rule during an exam. Although, it is best to doit subtly in order not to give the answer away to other students!20.1.4 Magnetic Flux Density @ Test Yourself Magnetic Flux Density Definition + The magnetic fiux density Bis defined as: The force acting per unit current per unit length ona current-carrying conductor placed perpendicular to the magnetic field * Rearranging the equation formagnetic force ona wire, the magnetic flux density is defined by the equation: «Note: this equations only relevant when the B field is perpendicular to the current * Magnetic flux density is measured in units of tesla, which is defined as: Astraight conductor carrying a current of 1A normal to a magnetic field of flux density of IT with force perunit length of the conductor of INm= * Toput this into perspective, the Earth's magnetic flux density is around 0.032 mT and an ordinary fridge magnetis around 5 mT. Worked example A15 cmlength of wire is placed vertically and at right angels toa magnetic field. When acurrent of 3.0 A flows in the wire vertically upwards, a force of 0.04 N acts onit to the left.Determine the flux density of the field andits directionWorked example A185 cmlength of wire is placed vertically and at right angels to a magnetic field When acurrent of 3.0 A flows in the wire vertically upwards, a force of 0,04N acts onit to the left. Determine the flux density of the field andits direction. Step 1: Write out the known quantities Force on wire, F=0.04N Current, 1=3.0A Length of wire =15 cm =15 x 10m Step 2: Magnetic flux density Bequation zx IL Step 3: Substitute in values 0.04. Be 3x15 x 10 = 0.089 T (2 5.) Step 4: Determine the direction of the B field Using Fleming’s left-hand rule F=totheleft = vertically upwards therefore, B = into the page20.1.5 Force ona Moving Charge ig @ Test Yourself x Ale Calculating Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge ‘+ The magnetic force on anisolating moving charge, such an electron, is given by the equation F=BQvsine © Where: © F=force onthe charge (N) © B=magnetic flux density (T) ° harge of the particle (C) © v=speedof the charge(ms") © @=angle between charge’s velocity and magnetic field (degrees) 11S THE DIRECTION OF POSITIVE CHARGE Force __| _s ELECTRON BEAM MAGNETIC FIELD B INTO PAGE IN THIS REGION The force on an isolated moving charge is perpendicular to its motion and the magnetic feldB* Equivalent to the force ona wire, if the magnetic field Bis perpendicular to the direction of the charge's velocity, the equation simplifies to: F=BQv * According to Fleming's left hand rule: © Whenanelectron enters a magnetic field from the left, and if the magnetic field is directed into the page, then the force on it willbe directed downwards * The equation shows: © Ifthe direction of the electron changes, the magnitude of the force will change too * The force due to the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the velocity of the electron © Note: this is equivalent to circular motion * Fleming's left-hand rule can be used again to find the direction of the force, magnetic field and velocity © Thekey differences that the second finger representing current /(direction of positive charge) is now the direction of velocity vof the positive charge Worked example Anelectronis moving at 5.3 x 10” ms“ina uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T.Calculate the force on the electron when it is moving at 30° to the field, and state the factoritincreases by compared to when it travels perpendicular to the fieldStep 1: Write out the known quantities Speed of the electron, v=5.3 x10’ms" Charge of an electron, Q = 1.60 x10°7C Magnetic flux density, B= 0.2T Angle between electron and magnetic field, @= 30° Step 2: Write down the equation for the magnetic force on anisolated particle F=BQvsine Step 3: Substitute in values, and calculate the force on the electron at 30° F=(0.2)x (1.60 x10") x (5.3 x 10”) x sin(30) = 8.5 x 10° N Step 4: Calculate the electron force when travelling perpendicular to the field F = BQv=(0.2) x (1.60 x 10°) x (5.3 x 107) = 1.696 x 10°? N Step 5: Calculate the ratio of the perpendicular force to the force at 30° 1.696 x 107"? B5x 10 7 1995=2 Therefore, the force on the electronis twice as strong whenit is moving perpendicular to the field than whenit is moving at 30’ to the field o ExamTip Remember not to mix this up with F = BIL! = BILis fora current carrying conductor Bavis for anisolated moving charge (which may be inside a conductor)20.1.6 Hall Voltage me oly D Test Yourself Hall Voltage The Hall voltage is a product of theHalleffect Hall voltage is defined as The potential difference produced across an electrical conductor when an external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current through the conductor ‘When an external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the direction of current through a conductor, the electrons experience a magnetic force This makes them drift to one side of the conductor, where they all gather and becomes more negatively charged This leaves the opposite side deficient of electrons, or positively charged There is nowa potential difference across the conductor © Thisis called the Hall Voltage, Vy HALL VOLTAGE \y The positive and negative charges drift to opposite ends of the conductor producing a hall voltage whena magnetic freldis applied‘+ Anequation for the Hall voltage Vj is derived from the electric and magnetic forces onthe charges THICKNESS. Ma wor OF SLICE te VELOCITY ne 7 v ELECTRON ELECTRIC FORCE MAGNETIC FORCE Fe BQy ; ELECTRON FLOW IS OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW: The electric and magnetic forces on the electrons are equal and opposite * The voltage arises from the electrons accumulating on one side of the conductor slice * Asaresult, an electric fieldis set up between the two opposite sides # The two sides can be treated like oppositely charged parallel plates, where the electric held strength Eis equal to * Where: © Vy=Hallvoltage (Vv) © d=width of the conductor slice (m)Where: © Vy=Hallvoltage (V) © d=widthof the conductor slice (m) Asingle electron has a drift velocity of vwithin the conductor. The magnetic feldis into the plane of the page, therefore the electron has a magnetic force Fgto the right: Fp=Baqv Thisis equal to the electric force Fe to the left Fe=E gE =Bav Substituting E and cancelling the charge q Recall that current is related to the drift velocity vby the equation: nAvq Where: © A=cross-sectional area of the conductor (m*) © n=number density of electrons (m3) Rearranging this for vand substituting it into the equation gives: Ya i,t d nAq The cross-sectional area A of the slice is the product of the width dand thickness tA=dt * Substituting A and rearranging for the Hall voltage Vj leads to the equation: © Where: © B=magnetic flux density (1) © q=charge of the electron(C) o |=current(A) © n=number density of electrons (m™) © t= thickness of the conductor (m) © This equation shows that the smaller the electron density n of a material, the larger the magnitude of the Hall voltage © Thisis why a semiconducting materialis often used for a Hall probe * Note: if the electrons were placed by positive charge carriers, the negative and positive charges would still deflect in opposite directions © This means there would beno change in the polarity (direction) of the Hall voltage oO Exam Tip Remember to use Fleming's left-hand rule to obtain the direction the electrons move due to the magnetic force created by the magnetic field.20.1.7 Using a Hall Probe @ Test Yourself Measuring Magnetic Flux Density using a Hall Probe + AHall probe can be used to measure the magnetic fiux density between two magnets based onthe Hall effect * Itconsists of a cylinder witha flat surface at the end MAGNETIC B FIELD LINES MUST PASS ete PERPENDICULAR TO THE FLAT SURFACE OF THE PROBE TO CONTROL AHall probe consists of a flat surface andis held so the magnetic field lines are perpendicular toit * Tomeasure the magnetic flux density between two magnets, the fiat surface of the probe must be directed between the magnets so the magnetic field lines pass completely perpendicular to this surfaceHALL PROBE| FLAT SURFACE N J. —€MAGNETS, « The probeis connected to a voltmeter to measure the Hall voltage «If the probeisnot held in the correct orientation (perpendicular to the field lines), the voltmeter reading will be reduced * Since the Hall voltage is directly proportional to the magnetic fiux density, the flux density of the magnets canbe obtained + AHall probeis sensitive enough to measure even the Earth's magnetic flux density Worked example AHall probeis placed near one end of a solenoid, as shown in the diagram. TO CIRCUIT se FOR HALL Fy PROBE HALL PROBEWorked example AHall probe is placed near one end of a solenoid, as shown in the diagram TO CIRCUIT FOR HALL PROBE HALL PROBE} nn The Hall probeis rotated about the axis XY. State and explain why the magnitude of the Hall voltage varies ‘* The Hall voltage depends on angle between the magnetic field and the plane of the probe ‘* The Hall voltage reaches a maximum when the field is perpendicular to the probe * The Hall voltage is zero when the fieldis parallel to the probe20.1.8 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field D Test Yourself Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field * Acharged particle in uniform magnetic field whichis perpendicular to its direction of motion travels ina circular path * Thisis because the magnetic force Fa will always be perpendicular to its velocity v © Fgwillalways be directed towards the centre of the path THE MAGNETIC FORCE 1S ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR TO THE VELOCITY OF THE CHARGE THEREFORE THE CHARGE TRAVELS IN CIRCULAR MOTION. v 8 [ALL PERPENDICULAR y TO EACH OTHER Acharged particle moves travels ina circular path in a magnetic heldThe magnetic force Fy provides the centripetal force on the particle Recall the equation for centripetal force: =m - Where: © m=mass of the particle (kg) © v=linear velocity of the particle (ms~!) © r=radius of the orbit (m) Equating this to the force on.a moving charged particle gives the equation: me _ Bay r Rearranging for the radius robtains the equation for the radius of the orbit of a charged particle in a perpendicular magnetic field This equation shows that: © Faster moving particles with speed vmove inlarger circles (larger :r- v © Particles with greater mass mmove inlarger circles: r«m © Particles with greater charge gmovein smallercircles:r «1/q © Particles moving ina strong magnetic field Bmove in smaller circles: r«1/BWorked example Anelectron with charge-to-mass ratio of 1.8 x 10" C kg"lis travelling at right angles to auniform magnetic field of flux density 6.2 mT. The speed of the electronis 3.0 x10°m. s"!.Calculate the radius of the circle path of the electron. Step 1: Write down the known quantities Charge-to-mass ratio = © = 1.8 x 10" C kg” Magnetic flux density, B = 6.2mT 0x 10Sms Electron speed, Step 2: Write down the equation for the radius of a charged particle ina perpendicular magnetic field my "= Ba Step 3: Substitute in values moti q 18x10" G0 x 10°) "= Tax toly@ax io ~2088* 10m =2.7 mm 254)