20.1.9 Velocity Selection D Test Yourself Velocity Selection + Avoloctyslectoris aennedas A device consisting of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields where charged particles witha specificvelocity canbe filtered Velocity selectors are usediin devices, such as mass spectrometers. inorder toproducea beam of charged particles all raveliing at the same velocity = Theconstruction of avelocity selector consists of two horizontal oppositely charged plates situated inavacuum chamber ‘©. Theplates provide auniform electric held with strength Ebetweenthem ‘© Thereis also auniform magnetic field with flucdensity Bapplied perpendicular to the electric held © rabeamof charged particles enter between the plates, they may allhave the same charge but ‘ravelat differentspeeds v ‘© Theelectric force does not depend onthe velocity: Fe=EQ + However, the magnetic force does depend on the velecity: Fa = BQv ©. Themagnetic force willbe greaterfor particles which are traveling faster + Tosclect particles traveling at exactlythe desired the speed v, the elecitic and magnetie force must ‘therefore be equal, but in opposite directions Fe=Faii + + + | + + + (unoercecreo| ELECTRIC FoRcE te ee ‘2 Vv MAGNETIC FORCE WAGNETIC FIELD INTO PLANE OF PAPER = BLECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FORCE EQUAL BUT OPPOSITE ON THE CHARGE The particles travoling at thedesiod speedy wil wavelthrough undefectod voto thoequal and ‘opposite electric and magnetic forces onthem ‘The resultant force onthe paricesat speed ywilbezero, so they wilremanundartected andpass aight troughberweanshe plates Byosuating tho alectic and magnetic force equations: EQ=EOY The charge Gwilcanceloutonbothsidesto give the selected velocity vequaton ‘Therefore the speed vinwhiche particlowil evain unceflcies is toundley the ratioof the elaetic and magnetic hela strength > IFaparicienas a sneed reste orlessthanv.the magnetic force wildatectit anccelice with oneotthecharged patos ©. Thiswouldromove the particles inthe boamthatare net ocactly ctspeod v "Note: tne gravitational ‘orce onthe charged paricls willbe negiigbie comparedto he electic and ‘magnetic forcos and thorefore canbaignorodin maze caleulationsWorked example Apostiveion aves betweentwo charges plates towards lt Sa) Statethe cirectonf the loctrie ‘and magnetic Aeldeonthe int) Calculeta sha apeedot thoionamarging fromsit Swhan thomagnetic ‘AAncdensiyie 0.50 Tardtheclectrcfoidstrencthic2.3 kV m le) Whichpiazewil me onbe dafactod ‘towardsitthe spead was greaterthanthesaeedin par) 8 our oF THE PAGE +9 e—- 6 s a as Paria) ‘Stepl: _Directionot Enela 1 Flocte eld nae point romthe positive tonagative to charge 1 Thovofora semustbe doctor vertically upwards Step2: _Ditectioncf BAola Using Feming’slet-handrute: 1 The chargeorcuntentlisto the ight + Bigouto!thepsge 1+ Thereiore.theforce Fis vertically downwards Par io} Velecty selectoraquation Blectroholderrength, £=28KV m''=2.8x10°Vm Magnetic uc density. 8= 0.607 B= 2810 some’Part(b) Velocity selector equation Electric eld strength, E=2.8kVm'=2.8 x10°vm™ Magnetic fluxdensity, B= 0.50T 2.8 x 10° 0.50 Sih Part (c) Ifthe speedincreases, the magnetic force mustbe greater because Fg av Since the magnetic force would direct the ion downwards in the directionof the feld, the ion will be deflected towards the positive plate20.1.10 Magnetic Fields in Wires, Coils & Solenoids toot Yourwoit Magnetic Fields in Wires, Coils & Solenoids ‘© Magnetic feldpa:tems arenot cniy observed arourdaar magnets, magnetic teldsare formed wherever curentis towing, suchas in © Longstraight wires © Lengsolencids © Flatereuercoils Field Lines in a Current-Carrying Wire = Magnetic heldtinesinacurrentcanying witear circularrings, centered on tho wire + The fei neers trengestnearshe wire and become further part vay fromthe wire 1 Reversingthe currantroverses theciractionot the held (CURRENT ~CARRYING wake 4 MAGNETIC FIELD LINES PLANE AT OD, FURTHER APART AWAY TO_WIRE h FROM THE WIRE CURRENT THE FINGERS ON YOUR RIGHT] HAND WILL CUAL IN THE ‘SANE DIRECTION AS THE NAGNETIC_ FIELDThe direction of magnetic fold Ines on acurrantcarrying wire canbe detormined by the right hand ‘thumb rule + Thofield ines are clockwise erantclcckwise eroundthe wire, depanding onthe ciecticnet the + The draction ofthe magnatiefeldie dotervinastoy Maxwellerighthand serew rule ‘9 This ie detorminedley acing the right-hand hum inthe ciraction the euren‘in:he wire and curingthe fingers onto thopaim © The drectionct zne cured gers represents the direction of themagnetchedarcund thewre © Forexample.ittne currents traveling verily upwarcs. tne magnetic Teld ines wilbe arected anticleckwse.as seen romarectly abovethewire ‘9 Note: rreairactionar ine curtentistakento be te conventonal curren: ie.rramposkWe 10 ‘negative, not tie dieccion of econ tow Field Lines ina Solenoid 1+ Asseen ftom curtentcanying wire, anelecitc curren: produces a magnetic held + Anelectromagnetic makesuse ofthisbyusingaceilo wre caledasoleneld which concentiaces ‘te magnetic eld + One ends becomes anorthpoleand thecther the seuthpcle ‘Magnetic held ines around 2 solenoidare simiar toa bar magnet1 Thorefora the magnate felines arcuns 2 solonoil aco vary simlartoabarmagriet ‘© The ted ines emerge fromthenerthrole The reldinesretuento:resoutn 2016 ‘© Whichisthenorthorsouth pole dependson thedirection of thecurrent © TMsistoundoy memghtnandgip ule 1. Thisinvolves grinping the alactremagnetse the Angers epresonttha iractionat the currant owas ‘= Thethumb pomtsin he drectionct he held lines side the col. or nother werds.pointtowarasthe electromagnet snortn pole Field Lines ina Flat Circular Coil + Afar circular ccilisequal:0.one ofthe cols ofa solenoid + Thofodlines willemarge through one side the crcle(nerthpoieandleave the cther (south pole) 1 Asbefora, the irsetono! tencrth and southpaledapendonthedirection ofthecurent 9 Thscanbedsterminedtyusing tne right hand thumb rule © leasierta aretthe airaction of me magnetic held onthe straightpar of the cicularcol'to Cetermne wnich arectontnenediines arepassngthrougn t Vases Magnetic fakdlinesofasingle circular collars addedup together tamake tomake the held nas of 2 solenoidWorked example The curentinalong staight vertical wreisinthe direction XY.asshowmintheiagram Skatentho pattem ofthamagneticttuxin the herzontal plane ABCD duetathecurant carnyngwre: Draw atloartfourtuxtinesYConcenticeireles Increasing separation between each circle \Y Arrows érawn in anticlockwise drection ExamTip Remembertodraw the arrows showingthe direction othe feldlines on every singéefelcline you draw. ‘Aigo, ensure thatin aunform magnetic fel, the eld linesare equally spaced. Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength ‘© estrengin ot ne magneticneld ot asolenoldcan be increased by. (© Adding acore made from aferrous(iton-rich) materia eg. an itonrod (©. Adsing more turns in necall ‘= When current flows through the selencid with aniron ore, becomes magnetised, creating aneven stronger tela ‘©. Theadaition ofan ron core can stiengthenthe magnetic heldup toa several hundred urnes 1 When moro tune ara added inthe coil this concentrates themagratichaldlines, causing the rragnetic held svength te nerasee20.1.11 Forces between Current-Carrying Conductors Origin of the Forces Between Current-Carrying Conductors + Acuntentcaryingcenductor, such as a wie, procucesa magnetic eldaround’* +) Theatrectionor me nelacenendson tacnectiono te curentirrough he wre © Thsisdotervined bythe righthand thumb ula + Peale curent samyhng eansustorewiltheratereaitnarattactarrepelaachather| © Ifthecurentsatein:he same crectionn both conductors, he magnetic hedlinesbetweenthe conuctorscance|ovt- te concicrors wi attraet can CENe! © lfthocurente ate inthe apatite circetion nboteencustors tha magnate eldinasctwosn ‘he conductorspush eachother apart- the conductorswillepeleachather BOTH CURRENTS NV ‘BOTH CURRENTS OFPOSING DIRECTIONS INTO THE PAGE Both wires will attactifthevrcurrents are inthe samedreetion and repelitinopposite directions + yinen tneconauctors attract. hacirectionct the magnetictorces wile towards2acnoher + When theconcuctore ropa, the direction of he magnescfersoe will be away om eachother + Themagnitudeof each force depend onthe amount of curtentanclengihoftewireWorked example “wo long. staigt,curent- carrying conductors, Wi and 2, alehelcat aciose dsience, as shown in agra. diegram 4 ‘The conductorseach carrythe same magnitude curentin thesame direction Aplanviewtramatove ‘tha conductorsissiown nclaoram2. a em diagram 2 ‘Ondlagram 2, draw arrows, one ineach case, toshow thedirectionet 1+ Thamagnatic eld at Xdue tothe currantinwre Zabel tis arrow Bz) + Thotorao at) anaresultet themagnotieholectuova tha curentin tna wire YZakel ths ars Fs) + Thamagnotic eld at duotothe currant inwio Wx(labelthis arowr 3) 1+ Thoforce at aearacutefthe magnetic ald du to tha curentinshe wire WX abalthis arrow Fe)= Newton's Third Law states ‘© When two bodies interact, the force on one bodys equal but opposite in direction to the force onthe otherbody * Therefore, the forces on the wires act inequal but opposite directions20.2.1Magnetic Flux sen Magnetic Flux Definition + Electroagreticinductioniswhenanesm fisinducedina closed crcuitconductor duetoit moving ‘rougha magnatiofols 1 hsnacpene nnon aconcuetoreutetnraugh magneterlaings * The amount of em finaucedis dererminedty the magnetic Fx + The amount of magnetic fuxvaresasthecolctateswithinshe held ‘6 Thotietnoteta magneniotelethat paseostnugha gven aa © Itisamacirurn nhenthe magnetic elines are perbendicdarto the area « [tisatamrimumwnanthemegreticfldlinosarsparalleltothe ras 1 The magnetic Muxisdotnec.as: Thopreduct oftho magnetic Fux donsity and thocress-sectionalarea peypondicularto the ‘tectionot tne magnetic mux censty > > > oN S & Ss > MAGHETIC ‘CROSS-SECTIONAL| FIELD LUNES! ‘AREA The magnetic fuxis maximum when the magnetic held ines andthe area they are traveling through ‘sreperpencicular Inctrer wares, magnetic urls the number of magnetic haldinas trough a given areaCalculating Magnetic Flux = Magnetic fuxisdetmedby the symbol @(groekletter'phi) = Rismeasuredinunits of Webers (Wb) © Magnetic ixcan be calculateausing = Where! © @=macnete fux(We) © B= magnetic Huxdenslty(1) 8 Azeross-sectionalarea(m?) ‘+ Whenthe magnet held nes are nct cormpletely perpendicular tothe area A.then te component of magnetic ux density Sperpencicularta the xoa'staken ‘The equation thenbecomes: © = BAcos(0) = Where! ‘© 8 = angle between magnetic feldlines andthe Ine perpencicularto thepiane of the erea(often called the normal ine)(degrees) MAGNETIC FIELD LINES’ e=BA | & BAcostO) ‘The magnetic ux decreases asthe angle between the field lines andplanedecrease This means the magnetic fusis: ‘9, Maximurn BA whon cos(8)=Tthevafere planeortearea ‘2. Minimum = 0 when cos(8) = 0 shoretore 8 « 90°.Thernagnatichaldelines are parallel to the plane ofthearea The magnaticheld Ines ara perpensicularto the+ Ane mfisinducedinactcult whenthe magnetic fur iinkage changes withrespect otine + This moans anamtieincucediwhen theres ‘© Achangingmagneticfuxdensiy 5 ‘© Achanaingcross-sectionalarea A © Achangeinangle @ Workedexample Analuminum wedowtramenasawetnar 40 cmand lenathct "Scmas snown nthe Noureselow \@ Cc ‘The frameishingedlatong the vertical edge AC Wher the windowisclosed. the frameis norm: Earth's magnetic held wth rages Fucdensiy1.8 «1057 ‘2)Celcularethornagretic Fux hrough the window whenitisclosed _e)Skotenthe graphet the magnatic fun againet anglebstweentharhal ines and he normalwnenthe window isopened and otatedby 180" Panta) Step: Wirteouttheknawn quantities (Cross-sectional area, A= 40 em x 73cm =(40 x10") (7310-2) =0.292m= Magnetic fuxdensity.B=1.8«10"°TParla) ‘Step: —_wtacuttne knownquanties (cross-sectional area, A= 40cm «73cm =(4010°4)x(73x10 4) =0.2920* ‘Magnetic Mux density, =1.8 +10 *T ‘Step2—_ Witedownthe equation fermagnetic tux e=0A Step3: Substauteinvalues © =(1.8110°9) 0.292 -5.256 410-6 5.3 10600 Pare) ‘The magnetic Flucwilbecta minimum whenthe windowis spenedby90° end a maximum ‘when fly closedor openedto180° MAGNETIC FLUX ©/ We g 30" 180 ANGLE TO NORMAL 6 / DEGREES Exam Tip Cconsqercaretuty ine value oF®.Its:re angie oatwaen ne telatines andthe re nemmal(permenciculan tothe planeo:he areathe heldines are passing through Fitholps, drcwingthe normalenthe area provided helpvsualse thecorectarele.20.2.2 Magnetic Flux Linkage @ Testvourselt Magnetic Flux Linkage + TMemagnevc nuctinkage s 2 quantity commoniy usec Torsolenolds wnich are made ot Ntums ot 1 Magnetic Huxlinkage is defredas: Theproduct of the magnetic uxand the number of tums + igcaleuateducingthe equation + where: (© @= magnetic tuxWvD) © N=rurbe cftwinsor:hecol (© B=magnette rexcenstty i) © Azcross-sectonalareatm?) + Thefurinkage@N has heunisso# Weber tums (Wb turns) 1 Aswinmagnetic Tuc ITthe Telctnes are not completely perpenaicuarto the pine ot tne areatney arepassnattrougn (fore, the componentor the Mux densiy whichis perpendicular isequalto: ON =BANCOStB) Worked example Asolenaidoteicularcross.sectianalraclusof 0 40mPand 300 tums stacingnerpendiculartoa ‘magnetic Telc vrinmmagnetc Tux dersity ot. 1mT Determine ine magnetic Tix inkageorths sclera‘Step 1: Write out the known quantities: Cross-sectional area, A = wr? = (0.4)? = 0.503 m? Magnetic fiux density, B = 5.1 mT Number of turns of the coil, N = 300 turns Step 2: Write down the equation for the magnetic flux linkage ON = BAN Step 3: Substitute in values and calculate ON = (5.1 10°) x 0.503 x 300 = 0.7691 = 0.8 Wb tums (28.1)20.2.3 Principles of Electromagnetic Induction Srrestroursett Principles of Electromagnetic Induction + Electromagnetic inductionisanhenomenan which accurswhenan em fisincuced when Conductormovestrougha magneticnod When the conducrorcutsthrough the magnetic fla ines ‘9 Thiscaucas a changainmagpatic fax ‘9 Vinich cauree werkto be done ‘9 Thiswarkis thon sraneformedinto electrical energy Therefore. tetacted:o@completecrcult a curten:wilbeincuced ‘sisinown as eleetromagneticinquction nds aennecas: Theprocessin which n ¢.m.tleinducedin a clesed circuit due to changesinmagnatic fx + Thecanaeeuraitnerwnen: ‘9 Aconductor cuts shreughamagnatic eld ‘9 The direction ot amagneticfoldthrough a coilchanges # Electiomagnetic nguctionisused in ‘9 Bectrcalgensratorsuniencomertmecnanicalenetgy a electical nergy ‘9 Transformers wnicnareused nelectecalpower transmission + Thephenemencncan eesily be demonstated with amagnet and a cell orawireandtwo magnets Experiment 1: Moving a magnet through a coil + When a cols connected roa senshive voltmeter, abar magnetcan be maved nand outer :hecalExperiment I: Moving a magnet through a coil + Whena collis connected toa sensitive voltmeter, abarmagnet cankemovedin and out of he coll roinsuce ane ms Absrmagnetismoved through aceilcemectedtoavolimater to induce ano.m. Tho expected results are: ‘+ Whenthe barmagnetis net moving the vcltmetershows azere reading ‘© Wnenthe bar magnets nelcsllinside, or outside, thecoll,therate of change of uxis zero, so, ‘horas noe. finckiced ‘= Whenthe barmagnet begins to move inside the col thereisa reading on thevoltmeter ‘© Asthebarmagnet moves, its magnetic faldlines ‘cut through’ the cell,gereratinga change in magnetic fx © Trisinducesane.m. withn the ecil shown mementany®y thereadhg onthe varuneter + Whenthe barmagnetis taken beck out ofthe col, ane r.tisindueac inthe opposite rection ‘9 Asthernagne’ changes direction, the direction ofthe curent changes ‘© Treveltmeterwil momentarily showareadingwith the opposite sign + Increasing the speed of tha magnet nducesane im fwithahigher magnitude ‘© Asthespeed ot ne magnetincreases, terete of change of nuxincreases + Thadlioction ofthe elecris current, andle.ms.inducedin the concuctoris uch that it eppeasetho change thatoroducesit,‘Ane.m fisinduced only when the barmagnet is moving through the coll + Factors that wilincroazothe nducecla mf ar ‘© Moving the magne: faster trough the col 18 Adding more turstothecol ‘© increasinathestiencth ofthe bar magnetExperiment 2: Moving awire through a magnetic field ‘© Whena ona wires connected to avoltmeter and moved between two magnets. an em {fisinduced + Noto::horoiene curent Youing through the wre to ctart with Awireis moved between two magnets connected toa voltmeter toinduce ane. ‘Tne expected esutts a ‘© Whenthe wireisnot moving, tne voltmeter shows 2zera reading '» When the wire isheldestlinside, oroutside, thernagnets, the rate of change of fuxiozer0, 20, ‘nerelene e.m.tinduced ‘+ Asthewireis movedthrough between the magnets, an e.m.isinduced within thewre, shown rmomentarly Bythe reedingen theveltmeter ‘© Asthewre moves, tt Cutstrrough the magnet neialinesorthe magret, eneratng achange inmagnetic fur + Whenthe wires taken backout ofthe magnet, an e.m.fis ncuced in theoppositediection ‘© Asthewite changes direction. the direction ofthe current changes 1» Trovaltmeterwill mementariy show sreadingwith the oaeasite sign + Asbefore, che rection cf the electric current. and m. inducedinthe conductoris such that it ‘opposes the change thatproducesit 1 Factors that wilinerease the incioacia mn aro © Increasing thelengtho' the wie © Moving thewrebeeenthe magnets faster 1» Increasing the trangthe the magnets20.2.4 Faraday's & Lenz's Laws DS testvousor Faraday's & Lenz's Laws += Foracay/s law telous the magnitude of theinduced e.mfinelectiomagnetic incuction ands cdotned a5 The magnitude of the induced e.m.fis directly proportional totherate of change in ‘magnetic nuxineage Ad Nat = Where: © e=inducede.m.fIV) © Nenumber oftunsorcot © Bp=changein magnetic fux(Wib) © At=timeinterva (3) + Lenz's Lan givesthe direction of he induced e m fasdefnedbyFaraday'slav: The induced e.m.facts insuch a direction toproduce effects whichoppose the change causingit + Lene’slow combined withFaracay'slawis: ab een ‘This equation shows: © Vinenabar magnetgoesthrough col an e.m rmagnetio toc ‘© Acuentis also induced whicheneans the colinowhas tsonnmagnetichield ‘© Thecol'smagnetc held ac:sinthe opposite directon to the magnetic neldct the bar macnet Isingucecwithin he call duetoachangen ‘Ta auect current (a.c)powersupplysrepiacedwith anaternating curent (a.c)supply the emt Induced wil aiobe alteratng withthe same frequency asthe supplyExperimental Evidence for Lenz’s Law ‘© Tover'yLenz'slaw, he only apparatusneededis: © Abar magnet © Accilat wie © Asenstiveammeter Note: acelisnot equities 1 Aknowinpteeltner nore o south or thetba: macnetis pushecinto the col, whicn induces 2 magnetic eld nthe col © Using theright hand grprule the curled fngersincicatethe drectenof the curent ancthe ‘hum indicates the direction ofthe induced magnetic held + Tne@recueno’ ine curentis obsewed on the ammeter ‘© Reversing the magnet drection would give an opposite erection on the meter ‘© Theincuced hela (nthe cai)repelstne bar magnet This becauceco* Lere'siaw: ‘© The direction othe Incuced neldn:ne co! pusnesagannst thecnange creatiralt. e.the bar DRECTION OF THE INDUCED FIELD) OPPOSES THE DIRECTION THAT THE BAR NAGNET IS MOVING ‘CURRENT DUCES) MAGNETIC FIELD IN com ‘Lenz's iaw canbe verinedusing acollconnectedin series witha sensiuveammeterand a DarmagnetWorked example A small ectangular coll contains 350 1uns of wire, Melonger sidesare 3.5 cm andtheshortersklesare Jem ea treatin The colisheld between :he poles of large magnet so hat the collcanrotate aboutan axs through is ‘sercre.The magnet produces urifernmagnetic held fux density 80 mTlbetween topos. The celia postionedhorzortallyand-hen tumedthrough anangle of 40"in atime of 0.185 Caleulatethe magnitude o! ne average e mfinduced nthecolt Stepl: _wntedowntnekxown quannties Magnetic fuxclensity,B = 80 mT =60%10-°T ‘Area, A=3.5 21:4 =(G.5 10-2) «(1.4210-2) 24.9210 m? Number ofturna,N « 350 Teneinterval,At=0.188 Angle between colland feldlines, 6 = 40° Step2:WitteouttheequationforFaracay'slaw: Ae eeN AL Step3: —Writeouttheequationfor uxiniage: gh Balt cos(6)Step4: Substitute values into tuxlinkage equation: @N = (BO x 10-4) x (4.9 x 10-4) x 350 x cos(40) = 0.0105 Wb tums Step5: Substitute fux linkage and time into Faraday’ s law equation: O15 018° 0.05839 = 58 mV (2 s.f.)21.1.1 Alternating Current & Voltage Steet Yoursoir Properties of Alternating Current & Voltage © Anattomating curent a clis cetredas: A current wnich periodically varies trom posttve tonegativeand changes ts magnitude continuously wit ime + Thiameanethedrectionot analterratingcurren: varies everyhalfeyele 1 Thevaritionot curent orp d. nithtire canbe desorbed asa sine curve ia. sinusoidal ‘© Theretore,tneelectons ing wirecartyng 2.c. moveDack ancTornwitn simple rarmonic motion ‘© Aswith SHY, thevelationship between time period and frequency fof anaternatingcurentis givenby: at =F + Peak curont or poak vottege (V9 iecotnad ae: Tha maximum vakie ofthe alternating curent orvoliage 1 Peak current crvoitage. canbe datermined rom the amplitude ofthe graph TIME PERIOD TF tumsGraph of altemating current against time witha tme period of 20 ms and peak currentot 2A “+ Mains electrcity'ssuppliad ar altemating curent ‘© Powerstatonsproduce altomatng curent 19 Thsisthe typeof curent supplied ivhen devices are pluggecinto sockets Worked example The yaracionwithtine fof the curputvolage Vor ar altemating vokage suppiyisshonnin te graph bolo wy, Use me grapn ro calculate zne mequencyor thesuppy.step) Write downthe period frequency elation step2: {Calculate the time perid Fomshe graph 11 Tete periogisthe ime taken ‘or one complete cycle 1 Fromtne graph, thissequalio 0.2ms 1 Therefore, shetme period 1=02ms=0.2«10°s Step 3: Substitute nto reqvency equation ExamTip Rememberte double checkthe unt on tha atemating curntandvakage graphs. These aracttan chowninthe ange of mili seconds (ma) instaad of eaconde (e)onthe xox Using Sinusoidal Representations ‘©The equation presenting aerating current wnicn aves he value ot tne current at anytime Tetgein(at) + vere © lecurentiay © lb=peakeurent a) © uisangularfequency.tthecupply(rads")‘© Note: shisasne tinction snce heatematve current graphs siusolca! ‘© Asimilarequston canbe usea ‘orreresentngarematng vorage: =Vosin(at) = Where: © V=vottage(¥) © Vo peak oliage ‘© Recaltherelatenthe equatenforangularfreauency w w= =2nt Workedexample “analtematingcurent| varies withtimot as showninthe graph below. VA, ~10 15 -20 caloulntethe vaue tthe curenttatime 048 Usingthe graph andthe equatienforatematingcurerStep: Wiiteautthe equation ‘oratematng curent losin(wt) ‘Step2:_Wrteouthe equation for angularfrequency Pr nn Steps: Measure me 1 peried Tand peakcurrentis romtne grapn The time periadisthe timetakenfor one fulleycle, T=0.108 Peakcurtent (amplitude) .lo=17 Step4: Substitute valves nto alternating curent equation attimet Using the time given in the question.t = 0.485 iin (2) |,sin(at) t= t72in ZOD) - 46.160 ~ABA(25f) Exam Tip Ramamborta check that your ealoulateisintadians mace whon using anyatthasaequations Thisis| Decauseangularrequency wis measured inrads21.1.2 Root-Mean-Square Current & Voltage Ce |S test tours Root-Mean-Square Current & Voltage = Root mean squara|rm.)values ef eurent, orvolage. aro ausefulway of comparing 2.ccurnt or voltage. toits equivalentdirect curent. crvaltage + Therm svalves teprecenthe d.c current, orvoltage, values that wil produce the sameheating offect or powarclatipatien. athe alternating current,orvaliage ‘© Thetm.svaueot anatemating currentiscletned s: The valve of@ constant current that produces the same pewerin aresistoras the eltemeting current ‘© Thezm.scurentl, 15 denned bythe equation: + So.tm-scuttentisequalto 0707 se, which's about70% ofthe peak currentlc ‘© ThaLm.svalueot enalemating votage s denned as Thovalueef aconstant voltage that preduces the same pewerinaresistoras the alternating voltage Them. svottage Vn siscletneciby the equation = Where: © lo= peakeurrent(a) © Vo=peckveltage() Lm.vaneisthere'oredetnedas Thostoady dkectcuront, orveltago, that delivers the same average powering osisteras ‘the alterating current, or voltage+ Aresistiveloadi any electrical componart withresistarceeg alamp VOLTAGE oo PEAK VOLTAGE == --AMS VOLTAGE TIME Vimsamd peak voltage. Therm svoliageisabout 7076 of the peak voltage Worked example Analternasing currents is represented by theequation 1 10sin oom) wnere is measureainamperes an inseconas Forthisatematng curent, determine therm s‘Step 1: Write out the equation forr.m.s current ‘Step 2: Determine the peak voltage Ip = The alternating current equationis in the form: 1 = Ip sin(ust) = Comparing this tol = 410 sin(lOGmt)means the peak current isl = 410A Step 3: Substitute into the |, .,, equation hee= 410 _ 599.91 = 280 A(2 st) “2