Answer :

1. An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used as a helping verb along with the main
verb in a sentence to make it more meaningful. It is used to alter the tense, mood
or voice of the sentence.

The definition of an auxiliary verb.

An auxiliary verb is “a verb such as be, do, and have used with main verbs to show
tense, etc. and to form questions, and negatives”, according to the Oxford
Learners’ Dictionary.
The Macmillan Dictionary defines auxiliary verbs as “the verbs ‘be’, ‘do’, and
‘have’ in English, when they are used with another verb to form tenses, questions,
question tags, and the passive. For example, in the sentences ‘I am listening’,
‘Are you working?’, ‘You don’t like her, do you?’ and ‘The bill has been paid’,
‘am’, ‘are’, ‘do’, and ‘has been’ are all auxiliaries.”
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, an auxiliary verb is “a verb that is used
with another verb to form tenses, negatives, and questions. In English, the
auxiliary verbs are ‘be’, ‘have’, and ‘do’.”

Examples of auxiliary verbs.

Am, is, are, was, were, will, have, has, had, may, might, can, could, shall,
should, must, ought to, would, etc., are some examples of auxiliary verbs.

Use auxiliary verbs to express the tense in a sentence.

Given below are some points you have to keep in mind when using auxiliary verbs to
express the tense in a sentence.
•When using the forms of ‘to be’, make sure you use the gerund (verb+ing) form of
the main verb as they are used to indicate continuous action.
•When using forms of ‘have’, see to it that you use the past participle forms of
the main verbs along with the different forms of ‘have’. There is one other thing
that you should keep in mind. When the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘been’ are used
together to represent the perfect continuous tense, see to it that you use the
gerund (verb+ing) form of the main verb in that particular sentence.
•When using the auxiliary verb ‘will’ to denote the simple future tense, see to it
that you use the root verb as such along with ‘will’ and a gerund (verb+ing) along
with ‘will be’ to indicate the future continuous tense. Make sure you employ the
past participle form of the main verb when it is used to indicate the future
perfect tense along with the auxiliary verbs, ‘will’ and ‘have’.

Examples of how auxiliary verbs are used to express the voice of the verb in a
sentence.
Here are some examples of how auxiliary verbs are used to express the voice of the
verb in a sentence.
•Any sort of amendments to the bill *was refused* by the judge.
•The bus *will be boarded* by me at 8:30 p.m. tonight.
•The solution to the problem *will have been delivered* by the authorities, this
time tomorrow.
•Chocolates *are liked* by most children.
•He *has been checked* by the doctor.

2. Parts of speech are among the first grammar topics we learn when we are in
school or when we start our English language learning process. Parts of speech can
be defined as words that perform different roles in a sentence. Some parts of
speech can perform the functions of other parts of speech too.

Parts of Speech Definition

•The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines parts of speech as “one of the classes
into which words are divided according to their grammar, such as noun, verb,
adjective, etc.”
•The Cambridge Dictionary also gives a similar definition – “One of the grammatical
groups into which words are divided, such as noun, verb, and adjective”.

Different Parts of Speech with Examples.

Parts of speech include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions,
conjunctions and interjections.

8 Parts of Speech Definitions and Examples:

1. Nouns are words that are used to name people, places, animals, ideas and things.
Nouns can be classified into two main categories: Common nouns and Proper nouns.
Common nouns are generic like ball, car, stick, etc., and proper nouns are more
specific like Charles, The White House, The Sun, etc.

Examples of nouns used in sentences:

•She bought a pair of shoes. (thing)
•I have a pet. (animal)
•Is this your book? (object)
•Many people have a fear of darkness. (ideas/abstract nouns)
•He is my brother. (person)
•This is my school. (place)

Also, explore Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns.

2. Pronouns are words that are used to substitute a noun in a sentence. There are
different types of pronouns. Some of them are reflexive pronouns, possessive
pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. I, he, she, it, them, his,
yours, anyone, nobody, who, etc., are some of the pronouns.

Examples of pronouns used in sentences:

•I reached home at six in the evening. (1st person singular pronoun)
•Did someone see a red bag on the counter? (Indefinite pronoun)
•Is this the boy who won the first prize? (Relative pronoun)
•That is my mom. (Possessive pronoun)
•I hurt myself yesterday when we were playing cricket. (Reflexive pronoun)

3. Verbs are words that denote an action that is being performed by the noun or the
subject in a sentence. They are also called action words. Some examples of verbs
are read, sit, run, pick, garnish, come, pitch, etc.

Examples of verbs used in sentences:

•She plays cricket every day.
•Darshana and Arul are going to the movies.
•My friends visited me last week.
•Did you have your breakfast?
•My name is Meenakshi Kishore.

4. Adverbs are words that are used to provide more information about verbs,
adjectives and other adverbs used in a sentence. There are five main types of
adverbs namely, adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree, adverbs of frequency, adverbs
of time and adverbs of place. Some examples of adverbs are today, quickly,
randomly, early, 10 a.m. etc.

Examples of adverbs used in sentences:

•Did you come here to buy an umbrella? (Adverb of place)
I did not go to school yesterday as I was sick. (Adverb of time)
Savio reads the newspaper everyday. (Adverb of frequency)
Can you please come quickly? (Adverb of manner)
Tony was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open during the meeting.
(Adverb of degree)
5. Adjectives are words that are used to describe or provide more information about
the noun or the subject in a sentence. Some examples of adjectives include good,
ugly, quick, beautiful, late, etc.

Examples of adjectives used in sentences:

The place we visited yesterday was serene.

Did you see how big that dog was?
The weather is pleasant today.
The red dress you wore on your birthday was lovely.
My brother had only one chapati for breakfast.
6. Prepositions are words that are used to link one part of the sentence to
another. Prepositions show the position of the object or subject in a sentence.
Some examples of prepositions are in, out, besides, in front of, below, opposite,
etc.

Examples of prepositions used in sentences:

The teacher asked the students to draw lines on the paper so that they could write
in straight lines.
The child hid his birthday presents under his bed.
Mom asked me to go to the store near my school.
The thieves jumped over the wall and escaped before we could reach home.
7. Conjunctions are a part of speech that is used to connect two different parts of
a sentence, phrases and clauses. Some examples of conjunctions are and, or, for,
yet, although, because, not only, etc.

Examples of conjunctions used in sentences:

Meera and Jasmine had come to my birthday party.

Jane did not go to work as she was sick.
Unless you work hard, you cannot score good marks.
I have not finished my project, yet I went out with my friends.
8. Interjections are words that are used to convey strong emotions or feelings.
Some examples of interjections are oh, wow, alas, yippee, etc. It is always
followed by an exclamation mark.

Examples of interjections used in sentences:

Wow! What a wonderful work of art.

Alas! That is really sad.
Yippee! We won the match.
Sentence Examples for the 8 Parts of Speech

Noun – Tom lives in New York.

Pronoun – Did she find the book she was looking for?
Verb – I reached home.
Adverb – The tea is too hot.
Adjective – The movie was amazing.
Preposition – The candle was kept under the table.
Conjunction – I was at home all day, but I am feeling very tired.
Interjection – Oh! I forgot to turn off the stove.
What is a noun clause?

A noun clause is a dependent clause that works just like a noun in a sentence.
Q2
What is the definition of a noun clause?

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics explains a noun clause as “a clause

whose syntactic role is seen as like that of a noun or noun phrase”, and the
Collins Dictionary defines it as “a clause that fulfils the same function as a
noun”.
Q3
What are the four functions of a noun clause?

The four main functions of a noun clause include,

Working as the subject by performing or constituting the action in a sentence.
Taking the place of the object in a sentence by receiving the action.
Acting as the subject complement by identifying or describing the subject.
Functioning as the object of a preposition.
Q4
Give 3 examples of noun clauses.

You will have to be ready to face the consequences of whatever decision you make.
How we would finish the assignment on time is still a question.
This was exactly what I was looking for.

What is a prepositional phrase?

A prepositional phrase is a combination of a preposition, a modifier and its

object. A prepositional phrase can be placed in the beginning, middle or end of a
sentence based on its role in that particular sentence. Prepositional phrases are
just a part of the sentence it modifies and cannot stand alone.
Q2
What is the definition of a prepositional phrase?

The Collins Dictionary defines a prepositional phrase as “a structure consisting of

a preposition and its object. Examples are on the table and by the sea.” According
to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a prepositional phrase is “a phrase that begins
with a preposition and ends in a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.” Another definition
of a prepositional phrase is given by the Macmillan Dictionary. According to it, a
prepositional phrase “consists of a preposition followed by a noun group, pronoun,
or ‘-ing’ form. A prepositional phrase is often an adjunct in a clause, for example
in the sentences ‘I called about your advert’, and ‘I learned a lot from reading
crime fiction’, ‘about your advert’ and ‘from reading crime fiction’ are
prepositional phrases.”
Q3
Give some examples of prepositional phrases.

Given below are some sentences to show you how prepositional phrases can be used in
sentences.
The box was kept under the table.
We were planning to order food during the break.
The girl in the second row is the one who has recently joined.
Before we start class, I would like to talk to you about something.
According to the weather forecast, the next two days are expected to be very
sultry.
The cafe on the fourth street has really good muffins.
The man with the big moustache had come to the store today morning.