1

Thermal Power Plant

Part of
Heat Exchangers
Lecture 2
Dr. Tareq Al-hababi
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Sana'a University
Undergraduate Students 2023-2024
2
3
Outlines
2.1 Introduction

2.2 Arrangement of Flow Paths in Heat Exchangers

2.3 Basic Equations in Design

2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

2.5 Analysis of Heat Exchangers

2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis

2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers (Use of a correction factor, F)

2.5.3 The ε-NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis

2.6 Summary of Heat Exchanger Design Calculation

4

2.1 Introduction

Heat transfer in Heat Exchanger 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚

▪ Conduction- by direct contact
▪ Convection- by current Movement Q: is the heat transfer rate (W),
U: is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 .K),
Heat exchangers A: is the heat transfer area, m2
ΔTm is an appropriate mean temperature difference
▪ Efficiency
▪ Temperature difference
▪ Conducting material
▪ Fluid turbulence
▪ Fluid velocity
▪ Surface area
 From ChatGPT
To improve the efficiency of a heat exchanger, several design considerations and

operating parameters can be optimized, including:

1.Increasing the heat transfer surface area.

2.Improving the flow arrangement to enhance heat transfer.

3.Selecting appropriate materials with high thermal conductivity.

4.Ensuring proper flow rates and temperature differences between the fluids.

5.Reducing fouling or scaling on the heat exchanger surfaces through regular maintenance.

5
6

2.1 Introduction
The most common tasks in heat exchanger design are rating and sizing.
The rating problem
is concerned with the determination of the heat transfer rate (Q) and the fluid outlet
temperatures (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) for specified fluid flow rates, inlet temperatures, and allowable
pressure drop for an existing heat exchanger; hence, the heat transfer surface area and
the flow passage dimensions are available.
The sizing problem
on the other hand, involves determination of the dimensions of the heat exchanger,
that is, selecting an appropriate heat exchanger type and determining the size to meet
the requirements of specified hot- and cold-fluid inlet and outlet temperatures, flow
rates, and pressure drops.
7

2.2 Arrangement of Flow Paths in Heat Exchangers

As we discussed before, there are some arrangement of flow paths in heat exchangers
as:

1) Parallel flow (two fluids flowing in the same direction)

2) Counterflow (two fluids flowing parallel to one another but in opposite

directions)

3) Crossflow (two fluids crossing each other)

4) Mixed flow (both fluids are simultaneously in parallel flow, in counterflow, and in
multipass crossflow)

Applications include various shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

8

2.2 Arrangement of Flow Paths in Heat Exchangers

Figure: Heat exchanger classification Figure: Multipass and multipass

according to flow arrangements. crossflow arrangements.
9
2.3 Basic Equations in Design
From the first law of thermodynamics for an open system, under steady-state, steady flow conditions,
with negligible potential and kinetic energy changes, the change of enthalpy of one fluid stream is:

𝛿𝑄 = 𝑚𝑑𝑖
ሶ 𝑄 = 𝑚(𝑖
ሶ 2 − 𝑖1 )

𝑑𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 ∆𝑻 = 𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄

Hot 𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ (𝑖ℎ1 − 𝑖ℎ2 ) 𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 )

ℎ

cold 𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐 (𝑖𝑐2 − 𝑖𝑐1 ) 𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑝 𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) 𝒊: specific enthalpy, J/kg

𝒉, 𝒄: hot and cold flow
𝟏, 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 (𝒊, 𝒐): inlet and outlet flow
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞: 𝒎:ሶ mass flow rate 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑻: temperature, 𝐾
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚 𝑸: heat transfer rate, 𝑊
𝑪𝒑 : specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg ⋅ K
𝑼: overall heat transfer coefficient, 𝑊 /𝑚2 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑨: total heat transfer area, 𝑚2
∆𝑻𝒎 = 𝒇(𝑻𝒉𝟏 , 𝑻𝒉𝟐 , 𝑻𝒄𝟏 , 𝑻𝒄𝟐 ) ∆𝑻𝒎 : true mean temperature difference, °C, K
10
2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Plane wall

𝑡
𝑅𝑤 = (𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙)
𝑘𝐴

1 1 1
= + 𝑅𝑤 +
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

1 1 𝑡 1
= + + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑑)
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑼: overall heat transfer coefficient, 𝑊/𝑚2 ⋅ 𝐾
k: thermal conductivity, W/m. K
𝑨: total heat transfer area, 𝑚2
1 1 1 t: wall thickness, m
= + 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑤 + dirty surface (fouled)
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜 h: convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.K
Ai, Ao: inside and outside area, m2
Rw: resistance of wall
𝑹𝒇 : 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
11 2.4 overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Tube wall
𝑟𝑜
ln( )
𝑟𝑖
𝑅𝑤 = (𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙)
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
1 1 1
= + 𝑅𝑤 +
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

𝑟𝑜
ln(
1 1 𝑟𝑖 ) 1
= + + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑑)
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

1 1 1 Thermal resistance network

= + 𝑹𝒇 + 𝑅𝑤 + dirty surface (fouled) associated with heat transfer in a
𝑈𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
double-pipe heat exchanger.
𝑅𝑓 : 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
L: tube length, m
ro, ri: inside and outside radius of the cylinder, m
12 2.4 overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 (𝐔) 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫
13
2.4 overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐑 𝐟
14
Example 2.1
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) with and without fouling for liquid-to-liquid heat
transfer through a 0.003 m thick steel plate [k=50 W/m . K] for the following heat transfer coefficients
and fouling factor on one side:
𝑊 𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 2500 2 , ℎ𝑜 = 1800 2 , 𝑅𝑓𝑖 = 0.0002 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝑚 .𝐾 𝑚 .𝐾
Solution
Substituting ℎ𝑖 , ℎ𝑜 , 𝑅𝑓𝑖 , t, and k into next equation with fouling only on one side, we get
1 1 1
= + 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑤 +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 0.003 1 547 𝑾
= + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 + + = 𝑚2 . 𝐾 Τ𝑊 𝑈 ≈ 𝟖𝟐𝟑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑈 2500 50 1800 450000 𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲

1 1 0.003 1 547 𝑾
= + + = 𝑚2 . 𝐾Τ𝑊 𝑈 ≈ 𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑈 2500 50 1800 450000 𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲
The influence of Fouling Factor is clear where:
What do you notice?
𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
*****
15

Example 2.2
𝑊
Replace one of the flowing liquids in Example 2.1 with a flowing gas [ℎ𝑜 = 50 2 ]:
𝑚 𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 2500 2 , 𝑅𝑓𝑖 = 0.0002 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝑚 𝐾
Solution
1 1 1
= + 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑤 +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 0.003 1 1033
= + 0.0002 + + = 𝑚2 . 𝐾Τ𝑊
𝑈 2500 50 50 50000
𝑾
𝑈 ≈ 𝟒𝟖
𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲

In this case, only the gas side resistance is significant.

What do you notice?

*****
16

Example 2.3
𝑊
Replace the remaining flowing liquid in Example 2.2 with another flowing gas [ℎ𝑖 = 20 2 ]:
𝑚 𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑜 = 50 2 , 𝑅𝑓𝑖 = 0.0002 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝑚 𝐾
Solution
1 1 1
= + 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑤 +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 0.003 1 3513
= + 0.0002 + + = 𝑚2 . 𝐾 Τ𝑊
𝑈 20 50 50 50000
𝑾
𝑈 = 𝟏𝟒
𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲

Here, the wall and scale resistances are negligible.

What do you notice?

*****
17 2.5 Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice, and an engineer often finds himself in a position to
select a heat exchanger that will achieve a specified temperature change in a fluid stream of known
mass flow rate, or to predict the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid streams in a specified heat
exchanger.

In this section, two methods of analyzing the heat exchangers:

1. The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method

2. The effectiveness-NTU method (number of transfer units (NTU) method)

There are some general considerations:

1. Steady operating conditions exist.
2. The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus
heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3. Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4. There is no fouling.
5. Fluid properties are constant.
18
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis

The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method is easy to use in heat exchanger
analysis when the inlet and the outlet temperature of the hot and cold fluids are known
or can be determined from an energy balance. Once ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 , the mass flow rates (m), and
the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are available, the heat transfer surface area (A) of
the heat exchanger can be determined from
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
Therefore, the LMTD method is very suitable for determining the size of a heat
exchanger to realize prescribed outlet temperatures when mass flow rates and the inlet
and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are specified.
19
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
With the LMTD method, the task is to select a heat exchanger that will meet the prescribed heat
transfer requirements. The procedure to be followed by the selection process is:
1. Select the type of heat exchanger suitable for the application.
2. Determine any unknown inlet of outlet temperature and the heat transfer rate using an
energy balance.
3. Calculate the log mean temperature difference ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 and the correction factor F, if
necessary.
4. Obtain (select or calculate) the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient U.
5. Calculate the heat transfer surface area A.

The task is completed by selecting a heat exchanger that has a heat transfer surface area equal
to or larger than A.
 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

The form of ΔT may be determined by applying an energy balance to

m

differential elements in the hot and cold fluids.

Each element is of length dx and heat transfer surface area dA

The energy balances and the subsequent analysis are subject to the following
assumptions.
1. The heat exchanger is insulated.
2. Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible.
3. Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
4. The fluid specific heats are constant.
5. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is constant.
21
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis

Parallel-flow

∆𝑻: 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

So we need the ∆𝑻𝒎
 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger
Applying an energy balance to each of the differential elements, it follows that

𝑑𝑞 = −(𝒎𝒉 𝑪𝒑,𝒉 ) 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝑪𝒉 𝑑𝑇ℎ 𝐶ℎ = −(𝒎𝒉 𝑪𝒑,𝒉 ) 𝑑𝑇ℎ = − 𝑑𝑞Τ𝐶ℎ (1)

𝑑𝑞 = (𝒎𝒄 𝑪𝒑,𝒄 ) 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑑𝑇𝑐 𝐶𝑐 = (𝒎𝒄 𝑪𝒑,𝒄 ) 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝑑𝑞Τ𝐶𝑐 (2)

𝐶ℎ , 𝐶𝑐 : hot and cold fluid heat capacity rates
∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 → 𝑑(∆𝑇) = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 (3)
∆𝑇 :is the local temperature difference between
the hot and cold fluids.

Eqs. 1 and 2 into 3 we get:

1 1
𝑑 ∆𝑇 = −𝑑𝑞 + (4)
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
The heat transfer across the surface area dA may also be expressed as
1 1
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇 (5) Eq. 5 into 4 we get: 𝑑 ∆𝑇 = −𝑈 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇 +
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
 1 1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger
𝑑 ∆𝑇 = −𝑈 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇 +
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
𝑈𝐴
By integrating across the heat exchanger: =− 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
𝑞
2 2
𝑑 ∆𝑇 1 1
න = −𝑈 + න 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 & ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
1 ∆𝑇 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 1
∆𝑇2 𝑈𝐴
∆𝑇2 1 1 ln =− ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
or ln
∆𝑇1
= −𝑈𝐴 +
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
∆𝑇1 𝒒

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝑞 = 𝑪𝒉 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 ) & 𝑪𝒉 = (𝒎𝒉 𝑪𝒑,𝒉 ) 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1
𝑞
𝑪 =
→ 𝒉 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑻𝒍𝒎
ℎ,𝑖 ℎ,𝑜
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 : log mean temperature difference
𝑞 = 𝑪𝒄 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) & 𝑪𝒄 = (𝒎𝒄 𝑪𝒑,𝒄 )
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
𝑞 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
→ 𝑪𝒄 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2
𝑐,𝑜 𝑐,𝑖
∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
ln = −𝑈𝐴 + ∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
∆𝑇1 𝑞 𝑞
24
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
𝑑𝑞 = −(𝒎𝒉 𝑪𝒑,𝒉 ) 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝑪𝒉 𝑑𝑇ℎ → 𝑑𝑇ℎ = − 𝑑𝑞 Τ𝐶ℎ Summary of Parallel-flow
𝑑𝑞 = (𝒎𝒄 𝑪𝒑,𝒄 ) 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑑𝑇𝑐 → 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝑑𝑞 Τ𝐶𝑐

∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 → 𝑑(∆𝑇) = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 𝑈𝐴

=− 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
𝑞
1 1
𝑑 ∆𝑇 = −𝑑𝑞 + ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜

2 2
𝑑 ∆𝑇 1 1
න = −𝑈 + න 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
1 ∆𝑇 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 1 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇2 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 +
∆𝑇1 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑚

𝑞 = 𝑪𝒉 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 )
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2
𝑞 = 𝑪𝒄 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )

∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
ln = −𝑈𝐴 +
∆𝑇1 𝑞 𝑞
∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜

where Ch and Cc are the hot and cold fluid heat capacity rates, respectively.
25
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
𝑑𝑞 = −(𝒎𝒉 𝑪𝒑,𝒉 ) 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝑪𝒉 𝑑𝑇ℎ → 𝑑𝑇ℎ = − 𝑑𝑞 Τ𝐶ℎ Counter-flow
𝑑𝑞 = − (𝒎𝒄 𝑪𝒑,𝒄 ) 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = −𝑪𝒄 𝑑𝑇𝑐 → 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = − 𝑑𝑞 Τ𝐶𝑐
𝑈𝐴
= 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 → 𝑑(∆𝑇) = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 𝑞
1 1 ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜
𝑑 ∆𝑇 = −𝑑𝑞 −
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐

∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈 𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇
2 2
𝑑 ∆𝑇 1 1 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
න = −𝑈 − න 𝑑𝐴 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
1 ∆𝑇 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 1 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1

∆𝑇2 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 − 𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑚
∆𝑇1 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐

𝑞 = 𝑪𝒉 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 ) ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2
𝑞 = 𝑪𝒄 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )
∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,2
∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
ln = −𝑈𝐴 − ∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
∆𝑇1 𝑞 𝑞
 ∆𝐓𝐥𝐦 : log mean temperature difference
Parallel-flow Counter-flow
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2

∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,2
∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
27
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis

Special Operating Conditions

Heat capacity rate: refers to the rate at which a material can absorb or
release heat energy per unit time.
Ch ≫ Cc : the hot fluid remains
approximately constant throughout the heat
exchanger, while the temperature of the cold
fluid increases.

Phase change occurs

under constant
temperature
Special heat exchanger Conditions:
(a) Ch ≫ Cc or a condensing vapor, Hot fluid = const.
(b) An evaporating liquid or 𝐶ℎ ≪ 𝐶𝑐 , cold fluid = const.
(c) A counterflow heat exchanger with equivalent fluid heat capacities (𝐶ℎ = 𝐶𝑐 ).
28
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
Special case of Counter-flow
When:
∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 = ∆𝑇
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖

𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )

In this case, it can be shown using L’Hospital’s rule that:

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 → 𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 (𝑇ℎ −ℎ𝑐 )

Note:
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋 𝑑𝑜 𝑁𝑇 𝐿
where 𝑁𝑇 is the number of tubes used in the
heat exchanger
29
Phase Change Diagram

𝑞 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
𝒒 = 𝒎 𝒉𝐕

𝒒 = 𝒎 𝒉𝐅

𝑞 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻

𝑞 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻

For more information visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5DZtABqfCA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lAxBTLgYfU