9

Activity Sheet
Creative Technologies 9
Quarter 3
Week 1 and Week 2
Number Systems

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

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 Learning Activity Sheets in Creative Technologies 9

Name of Learner:____________________________Grade Level/ Section: __________

School: __________________________Teacher: MRS. RALYN R. RESICO
Date: ______________

Number Systems in Electronics

Learning Competency with Code

3.1 Recognize different number systems and their uses
(SSP_TLE-CT9NSE -IIa-1.1)
3.2 Convert numerical data between each number system
(SSP_TLE-CT9NSE -IIa-1.2)

INTRODUCTION

Mensuration, as defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the geometry applied to

the computation of magnitude lengths, areas, or volumes from given dimensions or angles.
It is the act of measuring something of numerical value.

The field of Information Technology is different from other fields because mensuration
is done on virtual measurements to refer to different measurable specifications of various
computer components and converting between the different number systems used in
computing. Knowing these will help you better understand and appreciate how computer
works.

BASIC DEFINITIONS

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Computers can only understand 0s and 1s. Computation and manipulation therefore
of data within a computer system only involve these two digits. These are called binary
digits. The smallest unit of information on the computer is called a bit (0 or 1). These digits
are then being combined to represent a character, a number, or a symbol. The role of a
programmer is to understand how data is being translated from one form to another inside
the computer.

The number system, also called numeral system, is a notation that represents
numerals or numbers. There are a lot of number systems but there are only four significant
number systems that is being used in understanding computers. These are the Binary
Number System, the Octal Number System, the Decimal Number System and the
Hexadecimal Number System. They are represented on the table below:
Number System Radix / Base Valid Numbers
Binary 2 0, 1
Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A(10), B(11),
Hexadecimal 16
C(12), D(13), E(14), F(15)

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VALIDITY OF A NUMBER

To know if a number is valid under a number system, you need to follow the formula:

Valid in Number System = n – 1

where n is the base or radix. In this formula you are getting the maximum valid number within
a number system. The valid numbers will be from zero (0) to the result obtained using the
formula. For example, the only valid number in Binary Number System is 0 and 1 because
applying the formula:

Valid in Binary Number System = n – 1

Valid in Binary Number System = 2 – 1
Valid in Binary Number System = 1

Therefore, the maximum valid number will be 1. The following numbers will then be
valid under the binary number system:

10012
111012

These are valid numbers because there is no digit that is higher or equal to the radix
of the binary number system. The following numbers therefore are invalid under the binary
number system:
10022
111632
In the above examples, 1 0 0 22 is invalid because of the existence of the number 2.
Remember that the maximum number must only be 1. The second example is invalid
because it contains the numbers 6 and 3.

In order to identify that a number belongs to a

specific Number System, it is necessary to put the base
or the radix at the end of the number.

THE DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The numbers that we directly know is being referred to as Decimal number system.
It is the most common and the one that we use when we are counting, solving equations or
to calculate how much did we buy in the market. It has a radix/base of 10. The valid numbers
used in the number system is 0 – 9.

Example (we will be using the same sample numbers to all four (4) number systems:

110 42510
2510 82710
20010 100010

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THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

This is considered as the machine language or the language that can be directly understood
by the computer. The machine needs to convert symbols and numbers to 0s and 1s in order to
perform calculations and interpretations. It has a radix of 2 and only has numbers 0 and 1 as valid
numbers.
Example:

12 1 1010 10012
1 10012 11 0011 10112
1100 10002 11 1110 10002

THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The octal number system is a result of simplifying the representation of characters in

computer programming. This is done by subgrouping binary numbers into three (3) called octets.
This number system uses 8 as its base/radix with valid numbers 0 – 7.

Example:

18 6518
318 14738
3108 17508

THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Because of the significant developments in computing, the instructions and character

representations has grown and therefore needs to be represented in a very efficient and effective
way, so that the Hexadecimal number system was born. It uses base 16 with 0 – 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F as valid numbers and characters.

Example

116
1916
C816
1A916
33B16
3E816

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 NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION

We have noted that machine language represented by 0s and 1s is the only

language being understood by computers and programmers use Octal and
Hexadecimal to efficiently and effectively represent numbers, symbols, characters etc.
It is also part of a technical competencies being sought for a computer programmer
under Principles of Information and Technology. This part of the lesson will discuss
number conversion from one number system to another.

Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversion

A. Decimal to Binary

The following rules will be followed in converting decimal numbers to any

number system:

1. Divide the decimal number by the base or radix of the number system you want to
convert to.
2. Write down the quotient and the remainder of the division operation.
3. Repeat steps one (1) and two (2) for each quotient you get until you cannot divide the
quotient by the radix or base any further.

Write down the remainder for each division operation in sequence from bottom to top
to get the converted number.

Example: Convert 2510 to binary, octal, and hexadecimal. (For instruction purposes, Q
is for quotient and r is for remainder. Arrows were also used to indicate the flow of the
conversion.)
How to divide in actual computation:
 In checking, remember the following: any number
raised to 0 is equal to 1 and any number raised to 1 is
equivalent to the number itself.

SHORTHAND METHOD IN CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY

Before we move on to other conversion process, it is good to note that there is

one way of converting decimal numbers to binary quickly. Following the example to
convert 2510 to binary, here are the steps:

1. Write guide numbers by powers of two from left to right. Stop when the next power of
two is greater than the given number.

16 8 4 2 1
It ends at 16 because the next guide number (power of 2) is 32 which is greater than
25.

2. Write 1 under the last guide number written and subtract the guide number from the given
number.

16 8 4 2 1
1
If we subtract 16 from 25, then what is left will only be 9.

3. Write 1 to the next guide number making sure that each guide numbers will not be greater
than the remaining number, if that happens write 0 instead.

4. Repeat step 3 to until you reach the first guide number.

16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 1

The final answer will be 110012.

B. Binary to Decimal
To convert binary number to decimal, refer to checking of decimal to binary
where you have to multiply the value of each bit starting from the least significant bit
by the powers of two then adding them up all together.

The answer is 42510.

You may also opt for the following (shorthand) steps:

1. Write the binary numbers with spaces.

2. Starting from the least significant digit, write 1 above the digit and on the next digits
write the power of 2 until the last digit going to the left.
3. Add the numbers with digit to get the answer.
 Octal to Binary and Binary to Octal Conversions

A. Octal To Binary

We have learned that each digit in an Octal number is composed of 3 binary digits
called octet. To convert octal to binary, we just need to find the bit composition of each
digit by doing the following:

1. Write each digit of the given octal number with spaces.

2. Make 3 lines going down from each digit. See to it that you have spread the lines
going outside keeping the base of the lines at the center of the digit.

3. Write guide numbers 4 2 1 at the end of each lines.

4. Place 1/s on the guide number/s that sums up the given digit.

B. Binary to Octal

In converting binary numbers to octal, follow the following steps:

1. Arrange the given binary bits in groups of 3 starting from the least significant digit
(right-most digit). Put a slash in every group and put zero/s from the most significant
digit if it has only one or two digits.

2. Put guide numbers 4 2 1 above the 3 digits. Each octet has a maximum total of 7 since
it is under the octal number system.

3. Get the total of each grouped bits by adding 4 2 1 with only digits of 1 below them.
Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to Hexadecimal Conversions

A. Hexadecimal to Binary

As discussed before, each digit of Hexadecimal is composed of 4 binary digits. To

convert hexadecimal to binary, we just need to find the bit composition of each digit by
doing the following:

1. Write each digit of the given hexadecimal number with spaces.

2. Make 4 lines going down from each digit. See to it that you have spread the lines
going outside keeping the base of the lines at the center of the digit.

3. Write guide numbers 8 4 2 1 at the end of each lines.

4. Place 1/s on the guide number/s that sums up the given digit.

B. Binary to Hexadecimal

Converting binary numbers to hexadecimal is almost the same in converting it to octal,

follow the following steps:

1. Arrange the given binary bits in groups of 4 starting from the least significant digit
(right-most digit). Put a slash in every group and put a pad of zero/s in the most
significant digit if it has only one, two or three digits.

2. Convert each group to its hexadecimal form by placing numbers 8 4 2 1 above the
4 digits. Each nibble has a maximum total of 15 since it is under the hexadecimal
number system.

3. Get the total of each grouped bits by adding 8 4 2 1 with only digits of 1 below
them.