England in the 16th
and 17th centuries
Strok Sofiia 8-A
England in the 16th century.
In the 16th century, significant changes were taking place in the
villages and towns of Little England:
The monarchy
Parliament played a significant role in the country's political
life.
Rapid development of capitalist relations
Transformation of England into a colonial state
The beginning of manufacturing production
Development of trade, especially maritime trade.
Henry VIII Tudor
Henry VIII Tudor (1491-1547) became the King of England in
1509. He married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his
brother.
From 1513 to 1529, Henry pursued foreign policy, initially
under the guidance of Cardinal Wolsey, whom Thomas More
later replaced. The Pope refused to grant an annulment,
leading Henry to break ties with the papacy. He declared
himself the head of the English Church, dissolved
monasteries, and ended his marriage to Catherine. He
married Anne Boleyn and later several other women.
Henry VIII
Tudor
The rupture with the papacy resulted from the illegitimacy of Henry's marriage to Catherine and the
Pope's refusal to annul it. Parliament prohibited appeals to the Pope in church matters and appointed a
new Archbishop.
Henry declared himself the head of the Anglican Church and oversaw the secularization of monastery
lands. Despite the inconsistency of these reforms, he established the independent Church of England.
In his later years of rule, Henry VIII's governance became increasingly harsh, marked by numerous
political executions. The king consolidated more power and underwent multiple shifts in his religious
views. Historians have counted approximately 72,000 executions during his reign.
In January 1547, the 56-year-old Henry VIII passed away, and the
crown passed to his underage son, Edward. According to the will,
How did Mary Tudor sisters, who were recognized as legitimate. Mary, known as
in the absence of a direct heir, the title could be inherited by his
become the Queen of "Bloody Mary," became a victim of persecution due to her
England?
staunch Catholic faith. The question of her right to the throne
troubled the new king, who altered his father's will and appointed
his 16-year-old half-sister Jane Grey as his heir.
02
In the summer of 1553, just three days after the approval of the
will, Edward passed away.
As a result, 16-year-old Lady Grey unexpectedly ascended to the
throne. The populace was reluctant to recognize her, and within
a month, the older daughter of the late Henry VIII, Mary Tudor,
assumed the throne.
Mary I Tudor
In the first six months of her reign, she executed Jane Grey, her
father-in-law John Dudley, and himself. A year later, after marrying
Philip Habsburg, the heir to the Spanish throne, Mary Tudor began
persecuting all those who had supported her father in carrying out
the Reformation in England. Around three hundred Anglican church
hierarchs, including Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer,
were burned at the stake. Mary's intention to completely eradicate
Protestantism and return monastery lands to the Catholic Church led
to a rebellion, during which Elizabeth was arrested.
Mary's marriage to Philip of Spain proved unsuccessful - they had no
Mary I
children, and due to the Franco-Spanish war, England lost Calais, its last
Event 1
Tudor
possession in continental Europe. Shortly before her death on November
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17, 1558,
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Elizabeth as her successor.
Event 2
In particular, the reign of Mary Tudor, whom he dubbed "Bloody" due to
her cruel persecution
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widespread in the 17th century when "Bloody Mary" acquired a reputation
Event 3
as a bloodthirsty tyrant, and her contributions to the state's reform,
which laid the foundations for the success of the Elizabethan era, were
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downplayed or forgotten.
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Elizabeth 1
Upon the death of the 42-year-old Mary Tudor in November 1558, her 25-year-old sister
Elizabeth ascended to the English throne, surviving several assassination attempts. On
January 15, 1559, she was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London.
Elizabeth I continued the Reformation initiated during the reigns of Henry VIII and
Edward VI, reinstating the authority of the Protestant Church. She also supported
Calvinists in Scotland, which led to a conflict with the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart, who
had her own claims to the English throne. The religious order established by Elizabeth
through the "Act of Supremacy" in 1558 laid the foundations for the future Anglican
Church.
Elizabeth 1
In foreign policy, Elizabeth allied with other Protestant
monarchs against the Pope. In 1588, England defeated
the Spanish Armada and emerged victorious in the
Anglo-Spanish War, establishing itself as the most
powerful maritime nation. Three years before this, the
first English colony in North America, named Virginia in
honor of the virgin queen Elizabeth I, who never
married, was established.
Elizabeth 1
At the end of 1602, a significant number of deaths among Elizabeth's close
relatives and friends plunged her into deep depression and illness. Being
childless, shortly before her death, she agreed to recognize her successor as
her nephew, James VI, the King of Scotland, the son of Mary Stuart.
By the time of Elizabeth's death in 1603, England was experiencing a flourishing
of arts and sciences, and the country had already established itself as a
recognized global leader in various aspects of international relations. This
allowed Elizabeth I to be remembered as one of the greatest English monarchs
in history. The period of her rule, known as the "Elizabethan Era," is celebrated
as a golden age of both statecraft and the arts.
James I
In late 1602, James VI was declared the King of England, and two
months later, he was crowned as James I. He supported the
colonization of Ireland and quelled the uprising in 1608. Despite
conflicts with Parliament, James I ensured a long period of peace and
closer ties with continental states, especially Protestant principalities
in Germany. He only entered the Thirty Years' War late in life, in
exchange for state subsidies. Although James I attempted to unite
England and Scotland, it was only achieved in 1707 during Queen
Anne's reign when a single monarchical structure was established.
Charles I ruled England from 1625 to 1649. His reign was a
significant period in English history marked by conflicts with
Charles 1
Parliament and efforts to strengthen royal authority. He
provoked the English Civil War (1642-1651), in which royalist
forces fought against parliamentary forces for control of the
country. The military conflict lasted for several years and
ended with the victory of parliamentary forces.
On January 30, 1649, following the conclusion of the war,
Charles I was found guilty of treason and other charges and
publicly executed. This led to the end of the monarchy in
England and the establishment of the Commonwealth of
England under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.
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