Programming in C

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 Example 1

 What if we want to process

three different pairs of integers?

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 Example 2
 One solution is to copy and paste the necessary lines
of code. Consider the following modification:

 What if you wanted to process four sets?

Five? Six? ….

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 Processing an arbitrary number of pairs
 We might be willing to copy and paste to process a
small number of pairs of integers but
 How about 1,000,000 pairs of integers?
 The solution lies in mechanisms used to control the
flow of execution
 In particular, the solution lies in the constructs that
allow us to instruct the computer to perform a task
repetitively

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 Repetition (Looping)
 Use looping when you want to execute a block of code
several times
 Block of code = Body of loop
 C provides three types of loops
 while statement
1  Most flexible
 No ‘restrictions’
 for statement
2  Natural ‘counting’ loop
 do-while statement
3  Always executes body at least once

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 The while Repetition Structure
 Repetition structure
 Programmer specifies
 Condition under which actions will be executed
 Actions to be repeated
 Psuedocode
While there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list

 while loop repeated

 As long as condition is true
 Until condition becomes false

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 The while Repetition Structure
• The condition is
tested false
condition
• If the condition is
true, the loop body
is executed and the true

condition is
loop body
retested.
• When the condition
is false, the loop is
exited. next stmt

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 1
The while Repetition Structure
 Syntax:

while (expression)
basic block

 Expression = Condition to be tested

 Resolves to true or false
 Basic Block = Loop Body
 Reminder – Basic Block:
 Single statement or
 Multiple statements enclosed in braces

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 Loop Control Variable (LCV)
 The loop control variable is the variable whose value
controls loop repetition.
 For a while loop to execute properly, the loop control
variable must be
 declared
 initialized
 tested
 updated in the body of the loop in such a way that the
expression/condition will become false
 If not we will have an endless or infinite loop

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 Counter-Controlled Repetition
 Requires:
1. Counter variable , LCV, initialized to beginning value
2. Condition that tests for the final value of the counter
(i.e., whether looping should continue)
3. Constant increment (or decrement) by which the
control variable is modified each time through the
loop
 Definite repetition
 Loop executes a specified number of times
 Number of repetitions is known

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 Example 3

EXECUTION CHART
count count<5 repetition
0 true 1
1 true 2
2 true 3
3 true 4
4 true 5
5 false
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 Loop Pitfalls

Enter value or zero to end: 2

What is wrong with my

program? It just sits there!

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 Loop Pitfalls: Misplaced semicolon

 Notice the ‘;’ after the while condition!

 Body of loop is between ) and ;
 Result here: INFINITE LOOP!
Ctrl-c = Kill foreground process

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 The for Repetition Structure
 A natural 'counting' loop
 Steps are built into for structure!
1. Initialization initialization
2. Loop condition test
3. Increment or decrement false
condition

true
loop body
…
increment

next stmt
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 Review: Assignment Operators
 Statements of the form
variable = variable operator expression;
can be rewritten as
variable operator= expression;

 Examples of assignment operators:

a += 5 (a = a + 5)
a -= 4 (a = a - 4)
b *= 5 (b = b * 5)
c /= 3 (c = c / 3)
d %= 9 (d = d % 9)

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 Review: Pre-increment operator
Pre-increment operator: ++n
i) Stand alone: add 1 to n
If n equals 1, then after execution of the statement

the value of n will be 2.

ii) In an expression:
Add 1 to n and then use the new value of n in the expression.

If n is initially 1, the above statement will print the value 2.

After execution of printf, n will have the value 2.

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 Review: Post-increment operator
Pre-increment operator: n++
i) Stand alone: add 1 to n
If n equals 1, then after execution of the statement

the value of n will be 2.

ii) In an expression:
Use the value of n in the expression and then add 1 to n.

If n is initially 1, the above statement will print the value 1 and then
add 1 to n. After execution, n will have the value 2.

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 Pre- and Post-decrement operator
 Pre- and post-decrement operators, --n, n-- ,
behave in a similar manner
 Use caution when using in an expression

 Do not use unless you know what you are doing!

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 2
The for Repetition Structure
 Syntax:

for (initialization; test; increment)

basic block

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 for loop example
 Prints the integers from one to ten

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 for Loop Example

How many times does loop body execute?

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 for Loop Example

How many times does loop body execute?

Bite 1 -- Yum!
Bite 2 -- Yum!
Bite 3 -- Yum!

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 The do-while Repetition Structure
 The do-while repetition structure is similar to the
while structure
 Condition for repetition tested after the body of the loop
is executed

loop body

true
condition

false

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 3
The do-while Repetition Structure
 Syntax:
do {
statements
} while ( condition );

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 The do-while Repetition Structure
 Example

 Prints the integers from 1 to 10

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 The do-while Repetition Structure
 Example

 Makes sure that the user enters a valid weight

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 The break Statement
 break
 Causes immediate exit from
a while, for, do/while or switch structure
 We will use the break statement
only to exit the switch structure!

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 The continue Statement
 continue
 Control passes to the next iteration
 We will not use the continue statement!

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 Programming in C

THE END

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