Different Branches of AI

Tushar B. Kute,
http://tusharkute.com
Artificial Intelligence

• Types
– Artificial Narrow Intelligence
– Artificial General Intelligence
– Artificial Super Intelligence
• These are the three stages through which AI can
evolve, rather than the 3 types of Artificial
Intelligence.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence

• Also known as Weak AI, ANI is the stage of Artificial

Intelligence involving machines that can perform
only a narrowly defined set of specific tasks.
• At this stage, the machine does not possess any
thinking ability, it just performs a set of pre-
defined functions.
• Examples of Weak AI include Siri, Alexa, Self-driving
cars, Alpha-Go, Sophia the humanoid and so on.
• Almost all the AI-based systems built till this date
fall under the category of Weak AI.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

• Also known as Strong AI, AGI is the stage in the

evolution of Artificial Intelligence wherein
machines will possess the ability to think and make
decisions just like us humans.
• There are currently no existing examples of Strong
AI, however, it is believed that we will soon be able
to create machines that are as smart as humans.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

• Strong AI is considered a threat to human existence

by many scientists, including Stephen Hawking who
stated that:
– “The development of full artificial intelligence
could spell the end of the human race…. It would
take off on its own, and re-design itself at an
ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by
slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete and
would be superseded.”
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

• Artificial Super Intelligence is the stage of Artificial

Intelligence when the capability of computers will
surpass human beings.
• ASI is currently a hypothetical situation as depicted
in movies and science fiction books, where
machines have taken over the world.
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

• I believe that machines are not very far from reaching

this stage taking into considerations our current pace.
• “The pace of progress in artificial intelligence (I’m not
referring to narrow AI) is incredibly fast. Unless you
have direct exposure to groups like Deepmind, you
have no idea how fast—it is growing at a pace close to
exponential. The risk of something seriously
dangerous happening is in the five-year timeframe. 10
years at most.” —Elon Musk quoted.
• So, these were the different stages of intelligence
that a machine can acquire.
AI on Functionalities

• When someone asks you to explain the different

types of Artificial Intelligence systems, you must
categorize them based on their functionalities.
• Based on the functionality of AI-based systems, AI
can be categorized into the following types:
– Reactive Machines AI
– Limited Memory AI
– Theory Of Mind AI
– Self-aware AI
Reactive Machine AI

• This type of AI includes machines that operate

solely based on the present data, taking into
account only the current situation.
• Reactive AI machines cannot form inferences from
the data to evaluate their future actions. They can
perform a narrowed range of pre-defined tasks.
• An example of Reactive AI is the famous IBM Chess
program that beat the world champion, Garry
Kasparov.
Limited Memory AI

• Like the name suggests Limited Memory AI, can make

informed and improved decisions by studying the past data
from its memory.
• Such an AI has a short-lived or a temporary memory that
can be used to store past experiences and hence evaluate
future actions.
• Self-driving cars are Limited Memory AI, that uses the data
collected in the recent past to make immediate decisions.
• For example, self-driving cars use sensors to identify
civilians crossing the road, steep roads, traffic signals and
so on to make better driving decisions. This helps to
prevent any future accidents.
Theory Of Mind AI

• The Theory Of Mind AI is a more advanced type of

Artificial Intelligence.
• This category of machines is speculated to play a
major role in psychology.
• This type of AI will focus mainly on emotional
intelligence so that human believes and thoughts
can be better comprehended.
• The Theory of Mind AI has not yet been fully
developed but rigorous research is happening in
this area.
Self-Aware AI

• Let’s just pray that we don’t reach the state of AI,

where machines have their own consciousness and
become self-aware.
• This type of AI is a little far fetched given the present
circumstances. However, in the future, achieving a
stage of superintelligence might be possible.
• Geniuses like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawkings have
consistently warned us about the evolution of AI.
• AI is a very vast field that covers many domains like
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and so on.
Branches Of Artifical Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence can be used to solve real-

world problems by implementing the following
processes/ techniques:
– Machine Learning
– Deep Learning
– Natural Language Processing
– Robotics
– Expert Systems
– Fuzzy Logic
Branches Of Artifical Intelligence
Machine Learning

• Machine Learning is the science of getting

machines to interpret, process and analyze data
in order to solve real-world problems.
• Under Machine Learning there are three
categories:
– Supervised Learning
– Unsupervised Learning
– Reinforcement Learning
Deep Learning

• Deep Learning is the process of implementing

Neural Networks on high dimensional data to gain
insights and form solutions.
• Deep Learning is an advanced field of Machine
Learning that can be used to solve more advanced
problems.
• Deep Learning is the logic behind the face
verification algorithm on Facebook, self-driving
cars, virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa and so on.
Natural Language Processing

• Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the

science of drawing insights from natural human
language in order to communicate with machines
and grow businesses.
• Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in
their tweets, Amazon uses NLP to understand
customer reviews and improve user experience.
Robotics

• Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence

which focuses on different branches and
application of robots.
• AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a real-
world environment to produce results by taking
accountable actions.
Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on

the principles of “degrees of truth” instead of
the usual modern computer logic i.e. boolean in
nature.
Expert Systems

• An expert system is an AI-based computer

system that learns and reciprocates the
decision-making ability of a human expert.
• Expert systems use if-then logical notations to
solve complex problems. It does not rely on
conventional procedural programming.
• Expert systems are mainly used in information
management, medical facilities, loan analysis,
virus detection and so on.
Major AI Approaches

• Two Major AI Techniques

– Logic and Rules-Based Approach

– Machine Learning (Pattern-Based Approach)

Rules based approach

• A system designed to achieve artificial intelligence (AI) via

a model solely based on predetermined rules is known as a
rule-based AI system.
• The makeup of this simple system comprises a set of
human-coded rules that result in pre-defined outcomes.
These AI system models are defined by ‘if-then’ coding
statements (i.e. if X performs Y, then Z is the result).
• Two important elements of rule-based AI models are “a set
of rules” and “a set of facts” and by using these, developers
can create a basic artificial intelligence model.
• These systems can be viewed as a more advanced form of
robotic process automation (RPA).
Learning vs. Designing

• AI is a bigger concept to design intelligent machines

that can simulate human thinking capability and
behavior, whereas, machine learning is an application or
subset of AI that allows machines to learn from data
without being programmed explicitly.
Machine Learning

• Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI)

that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and
improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development
of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.
• The process of learning begins with observations or data, such
as examples, direct experience, or instruction, in order to look
for patterns in data and make better decisions in the future
based on the examples that we provide.
• The primary aim is to allow the computers learn automatically
without human intervention or assistance and adjust actions
accordingly.
 Thank you
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