Greek Architecture {8 Century BC - 2 Century Geographical Intuence The tugged nature of the Greek peninsula ond iis widespread isiands, made ‘communication cficu. It was bounded on 2 sides by Black Sea and the Meditertanean Sea, with Athens af is center kingdom Contains the upper city known as. the citadel ‘Aegean civilzation has two cultures known (o: Minoan which flourished in Crete under the legendary King Minos of Knossos, and the moiniand civzation known — os Mycenaean, cfr one of the great centers, Mycence. The Minoans were the fist great cute of ‘Aegean civiization, Geological inuence Marble ~ chief bulding materials, they also had ample supplies of building. stones: facilitates exactness of ine and refinement of deta The famous vawiety of marble is the Pentelle marble of Greece. found in the quaries of Mount Pentelikon in Attica, Climatic intuence Cimate war infermediate between cold fond hot which favored an outdoor He Gramatic presentation. Most of public Ceremonies took place in an open air, even in tligious ites, due to imited public buidings other than temples. Religious intuence 1. Aegeans — worship nature: priestesses rather than’ priest conducted the religious rites 2. Greeks - represents ther deities by large slatues. They worship natural ‘phenomena. Greek Architecture History of Architecture Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging 10 the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heros. the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and sual practices. They were @ part of religion in foncient Greece. Greek belies ‘goddess of commerce, Aptodite | jove and beauty ‘90d of low ond earn. a ‘voto | mule, and pasty. ‘ies ‘od of wor ‘riers | godess of hash ‘Goddess of acming and Avena | wredom a ‘Qoddess of ear and Dionyses | god of wes and Teasing lephaester | 30d oe, ome, ond Wephaests | 905 Wore ‘wile of fo, podem oF mariage son of ous. ayFicaT ha Merocies | god and man: Hermes | messenger of the god 7 ‘Geddes of hearth ond = Rome ‘sodden ofvek od of flock Poseidon | god of he seo a Supreme goo. er of he sky.chie! god Historical influence |. Early Period/Mycenaean/Helladic Greece (3000 BC - 700 6C) = Aegears, Minoan and Myceneans ‘were the only people in Greece + Detense architecture such os fortifications of Mycenge and Tiyns ‘were necessary for protection, «Citadel placed were bul 2. Hellenic Period ‘+ essentially columnar and trabeoted In Acropols, which was crowned by Parthenon. By the 16” century. Parthenon was converted into © ‘Christian church TRISCALE REVIEW CENTER JUNE 2020 1+ The “city state” ("pois') emerged as the basé of Greek society + Great figures in philosophy and science suchas. Pythagoras [philosopher-scientst) ond Socrates [philosopher) + Grock theatre has a religious dtibute and originated from the festival of the worship of Dionysus. 3. Hellenistic Greece + Phiip of Macedonio unifed Greece fand his son, Alexander the Great embarked on a national crusade ‘against Perio. ‘+The death of Alexander at 32, led to the division of the empire among his generals. + Greece became a Roman province. Sociol and Polticol infuence Chief diversion were music, dancing, wresting. boxing. gymnastic, and bull fighting often with reigious “connection. Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games. as well as in craftwork Tyrannic, atistocratic, and democratic were the forms of goverment. Pericles one of leadersin Athens. ‘Architectural Character |. Aegean Architecture/Earty Period {. Low pitch oF flat roof on multi-storey structure 'b, Stoinway was developed for vertical circulation cc. Houses ond palaces were the principal building types, ui of rubble oF cut stone without mortar. d. Walls were coated with stucco & floors with gypsum fe. Columns were of cypress wood, tapering downward, cylincical shalt, dlscike base and a widely projecting capital wih 2 moin ports: square abacus (above) circular echinus (below) This broad-topped column was necessary to collect the weight of the thick wal, Greek Architecture History of Architecture 9. Houses termed as megaron and Palaces were principal builcing types Megaron Areas: ‘Enclosed porch living apariment or -megaron proper sThalamus- sleeping room fh. Amethods of walling surface finishes: ‘of huge stone blocks laid mortar ‘*Polygonal - a masonry wie is constucted w/ stones having polygonal faces inclined blocks - stone: with inclined blocks 2. Greek Architecture/Hellenic Period 9. Choracteriscs: TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER — JUNE 2020 2al Simplicity ond harmony Pury of ines Perfection of proportions Refinement of detois . This Hellenic Period chief buiding type were temples w/e were bull towards the riing sun (20s!) Temples were the principal bullsings. CColonnades suround the temple. @. Geek architecture wos essential ‘columnar and trabected, 1. Timber forms were imitated in stone with remarkable exactness. For this reason, Greek architectuxe has been called “carpentry in marble”. a. The method of constucting the column was the morize & tennon of tongue & groove. fh. Sectioned columns were cored with @ cent hole or depression £0 that they coud be pegged together, using stone or metal pins |. Characteristic Features ‘They use rectangular plan ‘+ ropylaea - Temples gateways * Collonade surounds the temple *Ceiing were omitted and treated w/ timber paneled coffers acunoria “Walls were made up of stones ‘Marble sculptures completed the buildings ‘*Mural paintings on the wats of temples were highly developed raze etn | fevoven “captar ‘tg stybate “Optical ilusions were conected ‘om horizontal nes not fo appear Greek Architecture History of Architecture ‘cropping or sogging from the center, 0 sight convex outlines were formed for stylobates [upward cuvature at its center of 2.3/8" on the shorter sides and 4 '5/16" on the longer sides). cornices ‘and archives tom the temple Parthenon, the some w/ vertical lines for columns. *Veriical columns were inclined inwards towards the top of 23/8" to conect the appearance of ~ Columns have Gn entasls@ sight convex curve used on Greok Columns [vertical and horizontal) to corect the optical luson of concavity w/e resul! to dropping cand sagging Angle columns were stouter ond Set closer fo the adjacent columns. ‘Letters were larger on the upper lines than in the lower. 3. The Hellenistic Period 2. Civic design developed and buiicing ‘groups were laid out on symmetical ‘TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER — JUNE 2020 3=v lines linked by colonnaded porticoes orstoas™ b. Town planning become new developments . Trabeated architecture wos sl usual but arches began to appear over ‘wall openings. Examples of Architectural Stuctures: The Palace, Mycenea — 3. Tombs ‘Gate of ions, Mycenae (1250 8C)= mest Fiypes of Aegean Tomb ancient stone seuphie n Exope @ tobs mal shonexotied Construction, shaped line an old fashion beehive. It consist of a long pasiage known os domes leacing fo domed chamber 2. Palaces — used by kings orlocal chieftain ‘Treasury of Areus, Mycenae b. Rock - cut o¢ chamber tomb: rectangular chamber, cut within the Slope ilside approach by Dromos, Greek Architecture TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER — JUNE 2020, History of Architecture 4“Amynthas Rock Tomb, Mugla, Turkey Greek Architecture/ Hellenic Period 1, Temenos/citadel/acropolis. - sacred ‘enclosure: upper city = aR Important Structures Found in Acropolis 2. Principal Tempe Pinacotheca (pictuce gallery) Gypthotheca lecuipture gallery) Statue of Athena The Gecthelon (Old Temple of Athena The Parthenon Theater of Dionysus Sioa of Eumenes Odeion of Herodes Atticus Temple of Athena Nike 2. Clie Square - square city or market place; the Greek's polical business and economic life (eg: Civic Square at Miletus, Civic Square at Ephesus, Civic ‘Square at Priene} Greek Architecture Hisloy of Architecture Temples ~ the chie! building: usually he plan is rectanguar in shape Temples were not bull for intemal worship but with special regard to the outwardettect mote steps Windows were rare and. some were hypaetal (party open to the sky) (On the ends of the temple roof is the tympana |{riangular-shaped pedimen') fled with sculptures Part of a Greek Temple 2. Nos principal chamber Containing the statue of the god ot goddess. w/ porticoes ond olonnades '. Pronaos = the inner portico in front of ‘ads, oF celia of the naos TRISCALE REVIEW CENTER ~ JUNE 2020 5. Epinaes/Opisthedomus - posticum which server as) the teasury ‘chamber iy oe g Poll ee Ways of Describing Temples (rectangular) 18. According to the number of columns fon the entrance front = In Antis~ temples that hove 1-4 Columns between antoe of the front. 2s the usval number. + Amphi-Antis ~ temples that have 1-4 columns between antoe ot the front ond rear. 2 is usual number. + Prostyle — temples that have a portico of columns at front + Amphi-prostyle - temples thot have o portico of columns at the front and recr. + Peripieral — temples that have single line of columns surounding the nos Greek Architecture History of architecture + Pseudo-peripteral - temples thot hove flonkes of columns: ‘attached fo the naos wal + Dipteral ~ temples that have doubie ine of columns surrounding the naos + Peeudo-dipteral — temples ore tke the las, but the inner range ‘of columns is omilted on the flanks of the naes, By the rangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation 10 100s 0s below: ‘+ Henostyle~ 1 column + Distyle ~2 columns Tistyle -3 columns Telrastye ~ 4 columns Pentastyle ~§ columns Hexastyle -& columns Heptasiyle -7 columns Octastyle 8 columns Enneastyle -9 colurnns Decastyle~ 10 columns Dodecastyle 12 columns Inthe Doc Order, the intercolumniation is sometimes referred to in terms of the number of triglyphs between columns +) Monokiglyph - an interval of 1 tiglyph + Ditiglyph - an interval of 2 frighyphs TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER — JUNE 2020 ‘*« ‘© Folyigiyph - an interval of more than 2 tiglypns @ i @rrcnosme © + Oosme @ * Oousme OER Deanne pee csc between 2 adjacent colurnns usualy meatuted ot the lower parts of the shafts + Pyknostyle - 1% column dometers + S7tivle-2 colina diameters Eusivle- 2 column diameters + Diastyle - 3 column diameters + Araeostyle - 3% column diameters 4. Propylea - enirance gateways wie matted the approach to the sacred enclosure in many cies in Greece Greek Architecture History of architecture ©. Propylgea of Athens — fons the imposing entrance. to Acropols Erected by: Peteles: architect by: Mensicles bb. Propyleea, Epidaurus ©. Propylaes, Priene 5. Theater — on open-cir structure. which Conssted of orchesta, aucitorum of Ccavea out of the slope of hilside, in or ear ety Parts of Teter: + Orchestra + Cavea- Aucitorivm + Skene - scene TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER - JUNE 2020 7+ tegelon -sioge + Parascenia - Dressing Room + Diazoma - Wide Horizontal Walkway between the upper and lower uditerum seats + Sloae - Columnated Portico 4. Public Building ~ restoration of Athens Clympia, Delphi and Epidauros gave an idea ofthe dstbution of buildings on ths famous sites 2. Agora ~ town square: on open air, ‘meeting place for the transaction of ‘business and aso market place ». Sioa — a long colonnaded bulling wie serves to connect public ‘monuments and for shetter ‘toa of Eumenes, Athens Echo Sioa, Olympia Greek Architecture Histor of Architecture ‘toa Poikile, Olympia Stoa of Attaos, Athens Prytaneion — a senate house to the Chief cignitaries of the city ‘+ Prytoneion, Olympia, + Prytaneion, Athens, + Prytaneion, Friene Bouleuterion council howe: covered meeting place of the democraticaly elected councils (e.g: Bouleuterion, Miletus ~ lorgest ‘accommocdition of 1,200 people) Assembly Halls ~ used by citizens in ‘general assembly + Thesslion, Megapolis + Ekklesiasterion, riene Odeon — 0 theater building used mainly by musicians in the presentation of ther works for ‘competition and for public approval TRISCALE REVIEW CENTER ~ JUNE 2020 8‘Odeon of Pericles, Athens = Bee ‘Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Athens was buill in 161 AD by Herades Atticus in memory of his wile @. Slaidum/Stadion ~ foot race couse ‘and aso used for other athletic performances + The Stadium, Athens - up to 50,000 spectators: Architect Herodes Atticus ‘+ Stadium, Olympia wos the oldest sadium in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games were held on this site Ponathenian ‘Stadium (Kallimarmare), Athens. Greece was excavated in 1870 & rebuilt to host the fist modern Olympics in 1896. tt can seat 80,000 spectators, Greek Architecture Histor of Architecture h k Hippodrome - pion similar fo stadium but longer. for horse and chotiot racing Palaesta — © wresting school: The ‘events that did not require a lot of space, such as boxing and wresting, were practiced here. The poioestra functioned both independently and (50 part of public gymnasia, Gymnasium = c place for physical exercise, both Polaestra and Gymnasium were prototype of Roman Thermae + Gymnasia, Olympia + Gymnasio, Epherus + _Gymnasia, Pergamon Parts of Gymnasiu + Cours forathietes + Tanks for bathers * Dressing rooms and tolets + Exedrae and other seats for expeciotors + Stores, places for rest ond Conversation + Epheblum/Ciub - for lectures Naval buildings — includes ship. sheds, ond stores Tombs ~ mausoleum or monumental tombs: one of the most famous of al tombs and one of the 7 wonders of the word was erected to King Mausolus by his widow, Arlemesio fond from it derived the term mausoleum applied to monumental tombs + The tion Tomb + Sarcophagus, Cnidus TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER - JUNE 2020 9‘+ Nereid Monument, Xanthus + The Mausoleum, Holicarnassus ‘wos erected for King Mausolus by his wife. Covered with white marble, its beauty & uniqueness made it one of the 7 wonders of the ancient word. It was designed by Pythius & Satyrus with Scopas as the master sculptor. rm. Domestic Bullding/ Greek Houses usally one storey with rooms bult round an intemal cout w/ Potticoes on 3 sides and chambers grouped around. Most homes. in fncient Greece had a courtyard, which wat the center of activity Houses were made out of sun-dtied brick on @ foundation of stones. Homes were divided into areas for the men ond areas for the women. The andron was a room reserved for males fo entertain male guests Greek Architecture History of Architecture Classical Greek Home in Friene “planned similar to Aegean Megaron ¥ example of a Greek house 1b. Ascleplelon_heaiing temple ‘Ascelpieion of Epidaurus Orders of he Greek {An order includes the column (capital. shat bate) with on entablature, which i following © certain rule with regords to systems of designing, 1. Doric Order - 1 order of the Grook ‘Architecture: the simples and the eartest ‘among the 5 orders Parthenon Temple: ‘masculine in quality; has no base: height 46 1/2x0 the of base TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER ~ JUNE 2020 10Parts of Dorie Order: from navtivs shell and ram's hom: nas ©. Dovle Parts no tee: has 24 ules separated by + Pediment filets not by orries; has on attic bose: + Enlabiature height is 9x2 of base + Crepidema 3, Corinthian Order - 3° capital introduced b. Pediment Parts by the Greek Architecture. Most + Antefixae elaborated and most elegant of all tre 3 + Tymphanum copita’s introduced by the Greeks. it 2 Acroterion looks lke an inverted bell: Aconthus cc. Entaboture Pats Plant; The acanthus leat and scrol play © Comice (on important role in Greek + Frieze Omamentation; The invention of the + Aichitave Corinthion capital wos due to . Comice Calimachus who got the idea trom + Mutule observing a basket covered with 0 fle + Gutlae lover the grave of a Corinthian maiden: ©. frieze Parts ‘most omate of the classical orders: with + Trigiyphs ‘canthus leaves & scrolls: has sender + Metope futed columns; has 9 base similor 10 the 1. Architrave Ports Tonic: height is 9x-10x @ of base + Toenia + Regulae + Guttae @ Tiglyph + 2 whole and 1 Ye Channels + Shank 7 h. Column Ports + Capital ’ + Shaft ‘ + base Capital Ports l + Abacus + Echinus | |. Shatt Parts + Annulel ‘ + Trachelvem/trachetion + Hypotracheleum/ Hypotrachelion k. Crepidema Parts + Stylobate 2 Stereobate Shafts Plan I + utes (20) pa + Amis (2) 2. lonle Order ~ 2 capital intooduce by Greek Achilecte. lt iso mote Temples Sophisticated order. Its less heavy thon 1, Dole the Dorie and less elaborated than the Corinthian order. it war used in Erechtheion, Athens, ako of Asters, Ephesus: 4ttonted capital oiginated Greek Architecture TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER - JUNE 2020 History of Architecture na) = : 2. The Parthenon. Athens +” Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle Dedicated to Athena Lorgest Greek temple Architect lelins & Calierates Master Sculptor Phedias Statue of Athena: cone of the most marvelous works of Phidios: made Of gold and ivory 128 m. high: eyes were of precious stones 'b. The Temple of Zeus Olympus, Agrigentum + Doric, Pseudo Peripteral Heptastyle 2slargest Greek temple It uses Allantes (carved male figure) + Allas- mole figure support ccanying the word in kneeing postion + Telamones - mole figure support in standing postion + Architect: Theron 2 tonic Greek Architecture History of Architecture ‘Temple of Athena Nike, Athens Tonic, AmphiProstyle. Tettostyia * Dedicated to the windlass viciory + Architect: Calicrates '. Temple of Apolo, Didyma. + designed by Paeorius and Dophnis roof was hypaethat dipteral octastyvle plan no opisthodomos %, x= ‘The Erecthelon, Athens Ionic, Apteral. lmeguiar Plan, No side Colonnade Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis Muses caryatid porch Caryatids ~ draped female figure without hands and corying nothing Canephora - same as caryatids but this time w/ basket on her head TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER — JUNE 2020, 2x + Usesegg & tongue oregg & dart 3. Corinthian ‘omament 'd. The Temple of Arthemis, Ephesus + Helenestic temple, ionic, diptera}, octostvie + One of the seven wonder of the word + Center of Pan - ionic festival of ‘Asitie Colonies + Achitect: Deinoerates — uncer the time of Alexander the Great + Master Sculptor Seopas ©. Thole. Epidaurs +” osronomical monument 2 butt by Poheton e. Talos Pilipeion, Ohmpia iielos peel Ohya 5 Feral lon wi ent Macedond "& compicted by ‘cnnthion columns a + foorin Bok & nite marble + Aiholon ba ciculer temele fis word is ako used for a Mycenaean crevier subterranean tomb Greek Architecture TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER - JUNE 2020, History of architecture 131b. The Choragic Monument of lysicrates, Athens + Cofinthian + Type of monument erected to support a rpoid as @ prize for athletic exercises of “musical Competitions in Greek festival '. Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens, by ‘Cossutios + tenowned os the largest temple inGesce + housed one of the largest cult statues in the ancient wort, ‘+ Builder: Antiochus Epiphanes Other Architectural Stuctures 1. Temples ‘Octagonal Structure Known as the Horologium of “Andronikos Cythestes In is inferior, it-nos elepyseka water-clock internally, Sunil extemally 2. Theaters ‘8. Temple of Apollo Epicutus, Bassae + Bote, Tonic. Corinthian, Peripteral, Hexostyle + Architect letinus ‘The Theater of Dionysos, Athens + Where fomouschorogic Competitions took place duing tne Ponathenaic festivals Prototype of al Greek temple Iwas the fist stone theatre ever bul, cut into the southem cif face of the Acropolis, It was a mojer open-air theatre that could sea! 18000 was one of the eatiest theater in the word, where plays were pettormed ot festival in honer of the god Dionysus (God of wine) Greek Architecture TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER ~ JUNE 2020 Histor of Architecture 4'b. The Theater, Epidaurus + by Polytiitos + an impressive open-air theater renowned for iis nearly perfect ‘architecture and acoustics. + Most beau ond preserved Greek lemple Other Greek Terms |. “Abacus ~ the flat square on top of a Copital: uppermost member of « capital 2. Ancon/Console — a scrolled Bracke! w/e suppers a comice or entablature over a ‘door ora window 3. Andon/Androniis — the pat of a building used by men at the banquet room for entertainment 4, Aprotheea - store room, wine storage 5. Cyelostyle —— crcuar projecting collonade 6 Cyrtostyle a circular projecting portico 7. Dents — o smal square biock used in setiesin ionic Corinthian, composite end rarely in dor comices 8. Dromos - the long deep passage way to ‘an ancient Egyptian tomo 9. uting — 2 sholow, concave grooves runing verticaly on the shoft of a ‘column, plaster or other surfaces 10. Glyptotheca- 0 sculpture galery 11; Hecatompedon — ci buicing 100 tt in length or width; especialy the cella of Parthenon 12. Kenistra ~ in ancient Greek theater it was the orchesio 13, Loggia - on arcacied or collonaded porch or galery attached to @ lower Siucture 14, Modiion ~ @ console on the other side ‘of a doorway supporting a comice 15. Plinth =the lowest square member of the ‘bose treasury house 16, Quacriga ~ 2 chariot oeawn by 4 horses V7. Thesaurus ~ treasury house in ancient Greece Greek Architecture History of architecture 18. Tiga -chatiot drawn by 3 horses 19, Volute ~ spiral scroll in an ionic capt: smaller verions appear on Corinthian fond Compasite capitals *Greek Mouldings and Ornaments + Refined + Deicatein contour ¥ due 10 the fine-grained marble in which they were cored ¥ due to the cleor aimosohere & ‘continuous sunshine wrich [produced strong shadows from sight projections + Though these mouldings were formed by hand, they approach very closely 10 various conic sections: porabola, hyperbota & olipse. 1. Gyma reversa (ogee) - waterleat & fongue 2 Cyma recta ~ honeysuckle) Ovolo - egg & dat (or egg & tongue) Asragal or bead) - bead & ree! Torus = the guiloche oF plait. moment, or with bundles of leaves tied by bands 6. Corona - usually painted with the fet ‘omament (al called key pattem) canthemion (er The Filet, Cavetto and Scotia are generally plain mouldings 1. The lle ia small pion face to separate other mouldings. 2. The seotia iso deep hollow mouicing 3. The eavetto’s a simple hollow moulding Elements of Classical Supports 1. Basie Forms Pier ‘Column Piiaster Pedestal Engaged Column Baluster 2. Special Forms ©. Caryatids b. Canephorae © Alles/Atiantes — male figure in kneeing position supporting the wore at his shoulders TRI SCALE REVIEW CENTER ~ JUNE 2020 15* 6. Telamon/ Telamones - mole figure in © Ana Column - pier or plaster standing postion in place of formed by a thickening at the end of ‘column the wall COMPARATIVE ARCHES AAS