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 NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 688
,< '..1,

^CAU Of *

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

Yagi Antenna Design

NEW BOOK SHELF

JAN 3 1 1977
 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards1 was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901.
The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology
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- Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302.
Yagi Antenna Design

Peter P. Viezbicke

Time and Frequency Division

Institute for Basic Standards
National Bureau of Standards
Boulder, Colorado 80302

*t*T 0F or

/ V

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward 0. Vetter, Under Secretary
Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued December 1976

 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS TECHNICAL NOTE 688
Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech Note 688, 27 pages (December 1976)

CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1976

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402
(Order by SD Catalog No. C13. 46:688) Price 65 cents (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailinj
 FOREWORD

This work was carried out by the National

Bureau of Standards at antenna test ranges
located in Sterling, Virginia, and at Table
Mountain near Boulder, Colorado.

These measurements were carried out by the

Antenna Research Section of the Radio System
Division, National Bureau of Standards.

Ii
 CONTENTS
Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. METHOD OF MEASUREMENT 1

3. RESULTS 1

3.1 Effect of Reflector Spacing on Measured Gain 2

3.2 Effect of Different Equal Length Directors and Gain

ng on Measured
for Different Yagi Lengths Spac

3.3 Effect of Different Diameters and Lengths of Directors on Measured Gain

3.4 Effect of the Size of a Supporting Boom on the Optimum Length of a

Parasitic Element .......... 6

6
3.5 Effect of Spacing and Stacking of Yagi Antennas on Realizable Gain

3.6 Measured Radiation Patterns of Different Length Yagi Antennas 6

k. DESIGNING THE YAGI ANTENNA 21

16
21
5. CONCLUSIONS

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....

7. REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES and FIGURES

Table 1. Optimized Lengths of Parasitic Elements for Yagi Antennas of Six

Different Lengths ..........

Figure 1. Gain in dB of a Dipole and Reflector for Different Spacings Between

Elements ...........

Figure 2. Arrangement of Three Reflecting Elements Used With the k.2X Yagi

Figure 3. Photograph of the Trigonal Reflector Experimental Set-Up Used With

the k.2\ Yagi

Figure k. Gain of a Yagi as a Function of Length (Number of Directors) for

Different Constant Spa. igs Between Directors of Length Equal to
0.382X .

Figure 5- Gain of a Yagi as a Function of Length (Number of Directors) for

Different Constant Spacings Between Directors of Length Equal to
0.41 U .

Figure 6. Gain of a Yagi as a Function of Length (Number of Directors) for

Different Constant Spacings Between Directors of Length Equal to
O.klkX .-..."
Figure 7. Comparison of Gain of Different Length Yagis Showing the Relationship
Between Directors Optimized in Length to Yield Maximum Gain and
Directors of Optimum Uniform Length ....... 8

Figure 8. Measured Gain Vs Director Length of a 1.25A Yagi Antenna Using Three
Directors of Different Length and Diameter Spaced 0.35A. 8

Figure 9- Yagi Antenna Design Data Showing the Relationship Between Element
Diameter to Wavelength Ratio and Element Length for Different Antennas 9

Figure 10. Graph Showing the Effect of a Supporting Boom on Length of Elements

Figure 1 1 . Gain of an Array of Yagis, Stacked One Above the Other and in Broads de , 10
as a Function of Spacing ...... 13
11

Figure 12. Gain of an Array of Two Sets of Stacked Yagis Spaced 1 .6X as a funct
of Horizontal Distance Between Them ..... 11
on 13
Figure 13. Radiation Patterns of a Dipole and Reflector With 0.2A Spacing 12

Figure ]k. Radiation Patterns of a 3~Element, 0.k\ Long Yagi 12

15
Figure 15. Radiation Patterns of a 5-Element, 0.8A Long Yagi

Fi gure 16. Radiation Patterns of a 6-Element, 1.2A Long Yagi

Figure 17. Radiation Patterns of a 12-Element, 2.2X Long Yagi

Figure 18. Radiation Patterns of a 17-Element, 3.2X Long Yagi

l*t
14
Figure 19. Radiation Patterns of a 15-Element, 4.2X Long Yagi

Figure 20. Use of Design Curves in Determining Element Lengths of 0.8X Yag
Considered in Example 1 .......

Figure 21 , Use of Design Curves in Determining Element Lengths of h.2X Yag

Considered in Example 2 ....... 20

VI
 YAGI ANTENNA DESIGN

Peter P. Viezbicke

This report presents data, using modeling techniques, for the optimum design
of different length Yagi antennas. This information is presented in graphical
form to facilitate the design of practical length antennas--f rom 0.2A to k.2X
long--for operation in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range. The effects of
different antenna parameters on realizable gain were also investigated and the
results are presented. Finally, supplemental data are presented on the stacking
of two or more antennas to provide additional gain.

Key words: Antenna, director, driven element, gain, radiation pattern, reflector,
Yagi.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Yagi-Uda antenna [1], commonly known as the Yagi, was invented in 1926 by Dr. H. Yagi
and Shintaro Uda. Its configuration normally consists of a number of directors and reflectors
that enhance radiation in one direction when properly arranged on a supporting structure.

Since its discovery, a large number of reports have appeared in the literature relative
to the analysis, design, and use of the Yagi antenna [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], However,
little or no data seem to have been presented regarding how parasitic element diameter,
element length, spacings between elements, supporting booms of different cross sectional
area, various reflectors, and overall length affect measured gain.

This report presents the results of extensive measurements carried out by the National
Bureau of Standards to determine these effects and gives graphical data to facilitate the
design of different length antennnas to yield maximum gain. In addition, design criterion
is also presented on stacki ng--one above the other and in a columnar configuration. The
gain is given in decibels (dB) relative to a dipole (reference antenna) at the same height
above ground as the test (Yagi) antenna.

2. METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

The measurements were carried out at the NBS antenna range when it was located at
Sterling, Virginia, and at Table Mountain, Colorado, after the antenna research group was
relocated to Colorado. All measurements were conducted at a modeling frequency of 400 MHz.
The antenna under test was used as a receiving antenna and was located approximately
320 meters from a target transmitter and antenna. The transmitting antenna was located at
a height above ground so that the receiving antennas were illuminated at grazing angles.
The Yagi under test was mounted 3^ (wavelength) above ground and its gain was compared to
a reference dipole antenna located approximately 5A to one side and at the same height as
the test antenna. Each antenna was matched precisely to 50 ohms and switched alternately
to an attenuator and associated receiving and detecting equipment located in a nearby
wooden building. In comparing the attenuator readings of the two antennas to produce a
constant receiver output level, line losses to each were measured and compensated for in
arriving at final values of gain. The values of gain were reproducible to within 0.2 dB
over the period when measurements were being carried out. The values presented are those
measured in a forward direction compared to the maximum response of a dipole at the same
height above ground and are believed accurate to within 0.5 dB. If referenced to an
isotropic source, the values must be increased by 2.16 dB.

3. RESULTS
The results of the measurements carried out in this study are presented in graphical
form. They are intended to provide a simple means of designing a Yagi antenna of practical
dimensions with maximum gain for the configuration under consideration. The purpose of
these tests was to determine the following:
 a. Effect of reflector spacing on the gain of a dipole antenna

b. Effect of different equal length directors, their spacing and number on

real izable gai n

c. Effect of different diameters and lengths of directors on realizable gain

d. Effect of the size of a supporting boom on the optimum length of parasitic

el ements

e. Effect of spacing and stacking of antennas on gain

f. Measured radiation patterns of different Yagi configurations

3.1 EFFECT OF REFLECTOR SPACING ON MEASURED GAIN

These tests as well as all others were carried out on a non-conducting plexiglass
boom mounted 3A above ground. With the exception of measurements stated in sections 3.3
and 3-^, all parasitic elements were constructed of 0.63 cm (one-fourth inch) diameter
aluminum tubing. The driven element used in the Yagi as well as in the reference dipole
was a half-wave folded dipole matched to 50 ohms using a double-stub tuner.
The gain of a dipole and reflector combination for different spacings between the two
elements is shown in figure 1. Maximum measured gain was 2.6 dB and was realized at a
spacing of 0.2A behind the dipole. This reflector spacing was used in all subsequent
measurements. However, for the different Yagi configurations the reflector length was
optimized to yield maximum gain. An additional 0.75 dB gain was realized using the
reflector configuration shown in figure 2.

Although this arrangement was used only on the ^4 . 2X long Yagi, comparable benefits
would be realized with other antenna lengths. A photograph of the experimental set-up for
this configuration is shown in figure 3.

Various arrangements and spacings of reflector elements were tested on the k.2\ Yagi
using the drilled plexiglass support as shown. The reflecting elements were arranged in
shapes of plane reflecting surfaces, parabolas and corner reflectors. In addition,
different shaped solid reflecting surfaces placed at various distances behind the driven
element were also used. Of the combinations tested, the one shown in figure 2 yielded the
largest increase in gain over that of the single reflecting element.

3.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EQUAL LENGTH DIRECTORS AND

SPACING ON MEASURED GAIN FOR DIFFERENT YAGI LENGTHS

These measurements were conducted using the same non-conducting boom as mentioned in
the preceding section. The driven element consisted of a A/2 folded dipole; the reflector
was 0.^82X in length and spaced 0.2A behind the driven element. The diameter of all
elements was 0.0085A '(0.25 inches = 0.63cm).
The gain of the Yagi was measured as a function of antenna length (number of directors]
for different equal length directors and spacing between them. The director lengths were
varied from 0.304A to 0.423A and spacings from 0.01A to 0.40X. The Yagi length, measured
from the driven element to the last director, was varied from an overall length of 0.2A to
10. 2X. The reflector in all cases was fixed. Although many measurements were carried out,
only those results and associated graphs are presented that show the effects of these
parameters on measured gain.

Figures k, 5, and 6 show the relative gain of a Yagi as a function of length for
different spacings between director elements using director lengths of 0.382A, 0.^1 IX,
and O.kmX. Figure h shows that for relatively short directors at a spacing of 0.3X,
the gain of the Yagi increased to a maximum value of 14.5 dB when the antenna length was
increased to approximately 10A. Note, however, that as the spacing between elements was
 o
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.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35A

SPACING, S, OF REFLECTOR BEHIND DRIVEN ELEMENT

FIG. 1 GAIN IN dB OF A DIPOLE AND REFLECTOR FOR

DIFFERENT SPACINGS BETWEEN ELEMENTS

0.173A

©
LR3 il

0.135A

DIRECTORS ®
0.27X
LR3
DRIVEN
ELEMENT

REFLECTOR LENGTHS
LR1 = LR2 = 0.455A
LR3 = 0.473A
FREQ = 400 MHz

LR2
[LENGTHS NOT CORRECTED FOR BOOM OR SUPPORT THICKNESS]

FIG. 2 ARRANGEMENT OF THREE REFLECTING ELEMENTS USED WITH THE 4.2X YAG I
 FIG. 3 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE TRIGONAL REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTAL
SET-UP USED WITH THE k . 2\ YAG I

0.3A SPACING
°- 0.4A SPACING

0.2X SPACING
LU

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O £3
0.10X SPACING

/o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ADD 0.2X
FOR REFL LENGTH OF YAGI IN WAVELENGTHS

FIG. k GAIN OF A YAGI AS A FUNCTION OF LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS)

FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH
EQUAL TO 0.382X
 12 ^^X
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FIG. 5 GAIN AS A FUNCTION

OF A YAG I CONSTANT LENGTH (NUMBER
OF BETWEEN DIRECTORS DIRECTORS',
OF OF LENGTH
FOR DIFFERENT SPACINGS
EQUAL TO 0.*tl U

12r-

0.30X SPACING
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ADD 0.2A
FOR REFL LENGTH OF ANTENNA IN WAVELENGTHS

FIG. 6 GAIN OF A YAG I AS A FUNCTION OF LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS)

FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH
EQUAL TO O.klkX
decreased, an oscillatory wave pattern resulted wherein the maximum gain occurred at a
shorter Yagi length and varied between a maximum and minimum value as the length of the Yag i
was changed. As the length of the directors was increased, the variations in the wave
pattern were also enhanced together with a reduction in gain as shown in figures 5 and 6.

The curves presented in figure 7 show a comparison of realized gain vs Yagi length up
to k .2\ for antennas using directors of equal length and those optimized in length. For the
optimized length configurations the gain increased from 0.5 dB for the 2.2A. antenna to
approximately 1.5 dB for the 4.2A Yagi. Table 1 gives details of antenna parameters for the
different optimized design lengths tested and measured.

3.3 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS OF DIRECTORS ON MEASURED GAIN

This effect was determined by measuring the gain of different Yagi configurations for
different director lengths of various diameters. Curves showing the results of measurements
carried out on the 1.25A long Yagi are given in figure 8. As expected, the maximum gain for
the different combinations remained unchanged. The larger diameter elements yielded maximum
gain at shorter lengths while the smaller diameter elements yielded maximum gain at corre-
spondingly greater lengths. Results of a series of measurements, noting these effects, were
carried out on the different length Yagis and, together with results presented in Table 1, a
set of design curves was produced and is presented in figure 9- These data provide the
basic design criterion of the Yagi antenna and are valid over a large frequency range provided
the selected element diameter to wavelength ratio d/X falls within the limits shown.

3. it EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF A SUPPORTING BOOM ON

THE OPTIMUM LENGTH OF A PARASITIC ELEMENT

Round and square supporting booms of different cross-section area were employed in
Yagi antennas of different lengths to determine what effect the boom diameter had on the
optimum length of the parasitic elements. The round and square booms yielded similar
results. The effect of a round supporting boom on the length of a parasitic element is
represented by the curve in figure 10. This experimental response can be used in applying
the boom correction for the final Yagi design.

3.5 EFFECT OF SPACING AND STACKING OF YAGI ANTENNAS ON REALIZABLE GAIN

As shown in figure 11, additional gain is realized when antennas are stacked one
above the other or in broadside. Not only is gain increased but the beamwidth is reduced
appreciably depending upon the configuration employed.

Figure 11 (A) shows the effects of stacking two antennas, one above the other. These
responses show similar mutual effects between two seven-element Yagis and between two
fifteen-element Yagis. At close spacing, approximately 0.8A, the gain was reduced due to
high mutual impedance effects but increased to a maximum of 2.5 dB as the spacing was
increased to approximately 1.6A. Similar effects were measured with the combination shown
in figure 11 (B) . Maximum gain in this case was realized with the two antennas spaced at
approximately 2.0A.

A combination of the above two configurations using spacings as shown yielded an

additional 2.5 dB gain and a corresponding reduction in beamwidth. For example, four 0.8A
Yagi antennas, appropriately stacked, spaced and fed in phase yielded a gain of 1^.2 dB
relative to a dipole located at the same height above ground. In contrast, a combination
of four 4.2A Yagi antennas yielded a gain of 19-6 dB relative to a dipole, as shown by the
graph in figure 12.

3.6 MEASURED RADIATION PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH YAGI ANTENNAS

Radiation patterns measured in the E (hor i zontal -sol id curves) and H (vert ical -dashed
curves) planes for different Yagi designs are presented in figures 13 through 19. The
radiation patterns of the simplest yagi array (which consists of a reflector and driven
 TABLE 1. OPTIMIZED LENGTHS OF PARASITIC ELEMENTS
FOR YAGI ANTENNAS OF SIX DIFFERENT LENGTHS

LENGTH OF YAGI IN WAVELENGTHS 4.2

0.4 0.8 0.475
i 1 .20 2.2
LENGTH OF
0.482 0.482 0.482 0.482 0.482
REFLECTOR, A
0.432 3-2
1st 0.424 0 428 0.428 0.428
0.424
0.415
2nd 0.424 0.420 0.420 0.424
0.407
0.428 0.420 0.407 0.420
3rd
4th 0.428 0.398
0.398 J 0.403
0.407
0.390
0.394
r<
5th 0.390 0.398
6th 0.390
:ctof

0.394
0.390 0.386
7th 0.390
8th 0.390
0.386
0.390
fe 0.398
O.386
9th 0.407 0.390
o 10th
z 0.386
_l 0.390
11th O.386
1—
1 0.390

~1
12th | 0.386
0.390
13th i O.386
i
lAth O.386

15th O.386
0.25
SPACING BETWEEN 0.20 0.20
0.20 0.308
DIRECTORS, IN A 0.20 !
12.25
GAIN RELATIVE
TO HALF-WAVE 14.2
DIPOLE IN dB 10.2
13.4
7.1 9.2
DESIGN CURVE ! , v
(B) (B)
1 (C) (B)
(SEE FIG. 9) K i (D)

ELEMENT DIAMETER = O.OO85

f = 400 MHz
REFLECTOR SPACED C.2A BEHIND DRIVEN ELEMENT
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© DIRECTOR LENGTHS OPTIMIZED

FOR MAXIMUM GAIN (SEE TABLE 1)

© DIRECTORS OF OPTIMUM UNIFORM LENGTH

13

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N = NUMBER OF DIRECTORS
S = SPACING BETWEEN DIRECTORS
(REFLECTOR SPACED 0. 2A ON ALL ANTENNAS)

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1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

OVERALL LENGTH, IN WAVELENGTHS, OF DIFFERENT YAG I S

FIG. 7 COMPARISON OF GAIN OF DIFFERENT LENGTH YAG I S SHOWING THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIRECTORS OPTIMIZED IN LENGTH TO YIELD
MAXIMUM GAIN AND DIRECTORS OF OPTIMUM UNIFORM LENGTH

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LENGTH OF DIRECTORS IN INCHES

FIG. 8 MEASURED GAIN VS DIRECTOR LENGTH OF A 1.25X YAG I ANTENNA

USING THREE DIRECTORS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH AND DIAMETER
SPACED 0.35X
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AS A FUNCTION OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM

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FIG. 13 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A DIPOLE AND REFLECTOR WITH 0.2X SPACING

-o

CO

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Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. \k RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 3-ELEMENT, 0.4X LONG YAG I

12
 - :
X
\y
/ //
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V WE : 48* -1

■ WH= 56' ■
\\ ■ 1
1 :
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i.
Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 15 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 5-ELEMENT, 0.8X LONG YAG I

CO

-a

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00
Q-
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Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 16 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 6-ELEMENT, 1.2X LONG YAG I

13
CO

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CD

QC

T3
Ol
N

Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 17 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 12-ELEMENT, 2.2A LONG YAG I

X3

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Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 18 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 17-ELEMENT, 3.2A LONG YAG I

14
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Azimuthal Angle, degrees

FIG. 19 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 15-ELEMENT, k.2\ LONG YAG

15
element) are presented in figure 13. The 3~dB E and H plane beamwidths measured 66 and
111° respectively. The beamwidth of the 3-element 0 . ^X antenna, as shown in figure 1 4 ,
measured 57 and 72 in the E and H planes respectively. The E plane, front-to-side ratio
is in the order of 24 dB, while the radiation to the rear was only 8 dB down from that in
the forward direction.

The radiation pattern of the 5_element 0.8A Yag i presented in figure 15 is characterized
by a 3 dB beamwidth of 48 and 56 in the E and H planes respectively. The E plane,
front-to-side ratio remained comparable to the 3-element antenna; however, the front-to-
back ratio was improved considerably and measured 15 dB. In radiation patterns of 6, 12,
17 and 15-element Yagis as shown in figures 16 through 19, the beamwidths became progres-
sively smaller as was expected with increased gain.

4. DESIGNING THE YAG I ANTENNA

To facilitate the design of an antenna of practical dimensions and yet realize maximum
gain, refer to the curves shown in figure 9- These data were developed from results of
model measurements carried out at 400 MHz using elements of different diameters. Only
those curves are presented which will enable the user to design the 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2,
3.2 and 4.2A long Yagis that yield gains of 7.1, 9-2, 10.2, 12.3, 13.4 and 14.2 dB respec-
tively over that of a dipole mounted at the same height above ground.

In designing a Yag i antenna, the following basic information is required and, of

course, will depend upon individual requirements.

1. Frequency of operation, f (wavelength, A)

2. Antenna gain required, G (dB)

3. Diameter of parasitic elements (directors-reflectors) used in construction, d/A

4. Diameter of supporting boom used in construction, D/A

Careful consideration should also be given to selection of the diameter of the

elements and boom at the wavelength or frequency of operation. This is important since
smaller diameter and lighter materials can be used at the higher frequencies in contrast
to larger and heavier materials needed for support at the lower frequencies. Note also
that the selected element diameter-to-wavelength ratios used in the design of the chosen
antenna must fall within the limits shown.

If maximum gain is to be realized using the data presented, it is essential to follow

very closely the procedure described here. In addition, the element lengths should be
measured and cut to a tolerance of about 0.003A with respect to the calculated values. To
aid the user in the design of this antenna and to familiarize him in use of the design
data, two specific examples are presented. The first considers the design of a 5-element,
0.8A Yagi; the second example presents a step-by-step procedure for the design of a 15-
element, 4.2A Yagi. In the first example, consider the design of a 0.8A Yagi antenna to
operate at a frequency of 50.1 MHz in the amateur radio band and yield a gain of 9-2 dB
relative to a dipole. The elements shall be constructed of 2.54 cm (1 in.) diameter
aluminum tubing with the boom of 5.08 cm (2 in.) diameter aluminum tubing.

GIVEN: Frequency 50.1 MHz, A = 597 cm. (235 in.)

Element Diameter, d = 2.54 cm. (1 in.)
d/A = 0.0042
Boom diameter, D = 5.1 cm. (2 in.)
D/A = 0.0085
Element spacing = 0.2A = 119 cm. (47 in.)
Overall length - 0.8A = 478 cm. (188 in.)

16
 STEP 1: Plot the lengths of the parasitic elements obtained from Table 1 for 0.8X long
U2
Yagi on the corresponding curve in figure 9. For clarity, these curves are
reproduced in figure 20. Establish points L = L_ , L,, , LD and determine

the parasitic element lengths for d/A = 0.0085.

Thus L = L - 0.428A
1 3
L = 0.424A

LQK = 0.482A
STEP 2: For our design, where the element diameter to wavelength ratio d/A = 0.0042,
plot and establish this point on the director curve and indicate by a check
mark (/) . This is the uncompensated director length of D. = D = 0.442A.

STEP 3= For the same d/A ratio, determine the uncompensated length of the reflector
LDK = 0.485A.

STEP h: With a pair of dividers, measure the distance along the curve between the initial
points D. = D, to D determined in Step 1. Transpose this distance from the

point established in Step 2 downward along the curve and determine the uncom-
pensated length of director L = 0.438A.
2
From the foregoing, the uncompensated parasitic element lengths for the 50.1 MHz
Yagi are:

L = 0.438A
2

LDK = 0.485A
To these values, a correction must be added to compensate for the boom diameter.
STEP 5: Refer to figure 10. For a boom diameter-to-wavelength ratio D/A = 0.0085,
determine the fractional increase in wavelength by which each of the para-
sitic elements must be increased. From the chart this length = 0.005A.
Thus, for this design the exact lengths of the parasitic elements should be
measured and cut to the following lengths.
L = L = Q.hklX + 0.005A = 0.^7A = 267 cm.
1 3

L = 0.438A + 0.005A = 0.443A = 264. 5 cm.

2
= 0.485A + 0.005A = 0.490A = 293 cm.
R
The driven element is designed so that the Yagi can work either into a 50 or 200 ohm load
impedance. For a 50 ohm impedance, a folded dipole and a quarter-wave balun can be employed.
Precise matching to 50 ohms can be accomplished by using a double-stub tuner connected into
the feed 1 ine.

17
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 If the antenna is designed with a 200 ohm balanced input impedance, then the driven
element should be designed to provide an impedance step-up ratio of 12. For this configura-
tion, a A/2 balun section and stubs can be used to provide proper impedance transformation
and matching. Other matching methods can also be employed such as Gamma or T match [10, 11,
12].

As a second example, consider the design of a k .2\ long Yagi to provide a gain of 1^.2
dB relative to a dipole to operate on 827 MHz in the center of TV Channel 73. For the
construction of this antenna let us select and use a 1/2-inch diameter boom with 3/1 6- i nch
diameter elements using thin wall brass tubing.

GIVEN: Frequency 827 MHz, A = 36. 3*+ cm. (1^.3 in.)

Element diameter, d = 0.48 cm.
d/A = 0.013
Boom diameter, D = 1 .27 cm. (1/2 in.)
D/A = 0.035
Element spacing = 0.308A = 11.2 cm.
Overall length - 4.2A = 152 cm.
STEP 1: Plot the lengths of parasitic elements from Table 1 for the 4.2A long Yagi on
the corresponding curve in figure 9. For clarity, these curves are reproduced
and presented in fiqure 21. Establish points L^
D, = L^D2 , L„D3...L„
D13 and locate

the parasitic element lengths on the curve as in the previous example for the
d/A = 0.0085 case.

STEP 2: For our particular design, however, where the element diameter to wavelength
ratio d/A = 0.013, plot and establish this point on the 4.2A long Yagi curve
and indicate this starting point with a check (/) . This is the uncompensated
director length of D = D = 0.414A..

STEP 3: For the same d/A ratio, determine the uncompensated length of the reflector,
LDK = 0.473A; from curve D, figure 21.

STEP k: With the use of a pair of dividers, establish and measure the distance be-
tween the points D. = D„ to D_. Transpose this distance from the initial (/)

mark downward along the director curve and determine L = 0.409A.

Measure the distance from D, = D„ to D,. Transpose this distance from

initial (/) point and determine length of D, = 0.395A. Similarly,

determine remaining director lengths. L = 0.391A, L = O.385A, L =

U5 6 U7
0.381A, L.
U8 to Ln
U13 = 0.377A.
To these values a correction must be added to compensate for boom diameter.
STEP 5: Again, refer to figure 10. For a boom diameter-to-wavelength ratio D/A =
0.035, determine the fractional amount by which each element must be
increased to compensate for boom. From the curve, determine this length =
0.026A.
Thus, to realize maximum gain from this antenna, measure and cut the
parasitic elements to the following lengths:

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20
 U4

L = L = 0 .41 ^tX + 0.026A = 0.440A = 16.0 cm.

1 2
D6
L = 0.409A + 0.026A = 0.435A = 15-8 cm.

Ln = 0.395A + 0.026A = 0 .421 X = 15-3 cm.

Ln = 0. 391 X + 0.026A = 0.417A = 15.1 cm.

5
L = 0.385X + 0.026A = 0.41 IX = 14.9 cm.

L = 0.381A + 0.026A = 0.407A = 14.8 cm.

7
LD8 - L = 0.377A + 0.026A = 0.403A = 14.6 cm.
D13

LDR = 0.473A + 0.026A = 0.499A = 18.1 cm.

The driven element can be of a variety of designs and will depend upon
individual requirements. It is usually measured and cut to one-half
wavelength less a shortening factor to compensate for end-effects and
matched to the characteristic impedance of the feed line.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The data presented in this report provide the necessary information for the design of
Yagi antennas ranging in length from 0.2A to 4.2A. These data allow the user to design
antennas to yield maximum gain for seven different design configurations. In addition,
stacking of antennas, side by side and one above the othei — all fed in phase — provides an
additional gain up to 5.2 dB over that of the single array.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to extend sincere appreciation to William Gorboczieski for his assist-
ance in the fabrication of test set-ups and in carrying out of the measurements. Also,
sincere appreciation and thanks to Alvin Wilson for providing the radiation patterns.

7. REFERENCES

[1] Shintaro, U., and Yasuto, M. , Yagi-Uda Antennas (Sasoki Printing and Publishing Co.,
Ltd., Senda, Japan, 1954).

[2] Mailloux, R. J., The long Yagi-Uda array, IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-1 4 ,
pp. 128-137 (Mar. 1966).

[3] Barbano, N. , Log periodic Yagi-Uda array, IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-1 4 ,
pp. 235-238 (Mar. 1966).

[4] Thiele, G. A., Analysis Y Yagi-Uda type antennas, IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop. AP-1 7 ,
pp. 24-31 (Jan. 1 969) .
[5] Emerson, J., Arranging Yagi antennas for positive results, Broadcast Engineering, No. 5,
pp. 32-40 (May 1971).

[6] Shen, L., Directivity and bandwidth of single-band and double band Yagi arrays, IEEE,
Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-20, pp. 178-I8O (Nov. 1972).

21
 [7] Cheng, D. K. , and Chen, C. A., Optimum element spacings for Yagi-Uda arrays, IEEE, Trans
Antennas and Prop., AP-21 , pp. 615-623 (Sept. 1973).

[8] Chen, C. A., and Cheng, D. K. , Optimum element lengths for Yagi-Uda arrays, IEEE, Trans.
Antennas and Prop., AP-23, pp. 8-15 (Jan. 1975).

[9] Nose, K. , Crossed Yagi antennas for circular polarization, QST, pp. 21-24 (Jan. 1973).

[10] Healey, D. J., Ill, An examination of the Gamma Match, QST, pp. 11-15 (Apr. 1969).

[11] Nose, K. , Adjustment of Gamma-matched parasitic beams, QST, pp. kk-hS (Mar. 1958).

[12] The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty Second Ed. (AM Radio Relay League, 1976).

22
m^mi^^
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. No.
Gov't Accession
Er.BLIOGRAPHIC DATA 3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET NBS-TN-688
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date
December 1976
YAGI ANTENNA DESIGN 6. Performing Organization Code
277.00
7. AUTHOR(S) 8. Performing Organ. Report No.
Peter P. Viezbicke
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
2776124
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
11. Contract/Grant No.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP) 13. Covered
Type of Report & Period

FINAL
Same as 9. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant
bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

This report presents data, using modeling techniques, for the optimum design of
different length Yagi antennas. This information is presented in graphical form to
facilitate the design of practical length antennas--from 0.2A to 4.2A long--for
operation in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range. The effects of different
antenna parameters on realizable gain were also investigated and the results are
presented. Finally, supplemental data are presented on the stacking of two or more
antennas to provide additional gain.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper
name; separated by semicolons)

Antenna, director, driven element, gain, radiation pattern, reflector, Yagi.

19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF PAGES
18. AVAILABILITY IXX Unlimited
(THIS REPORT)

~2 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

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