THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 It is a method in calculating slope and deflection of structures at any arbitrary point

using the principle of work-energy principle.

1
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝑃1 (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚)
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 ∆𝑩 + 𝑷𝟐 ∆𝑫 = 𝑭𝒊 ∆𝒊 −−−− −𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
𝒊 𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑭𝒊 𝑳𝒊 𝑭𝒊 𝑳𝒊
(𝟏)(∆) = 𝒇𝒊 ∆𝒊 = 𝒇𝒊 ∆= 𝒇𝒊
𝑨 𝑪 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝑨𝒊 𝑬𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑬𝒊
𝑫 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏
𝑃2
Where:
𝑩 ∆ = Displacement where the virtual unit load is applied
Note: Direction of the Virtual loadis also the direction of the displacement
𝒇𝒊 = member forces caused by the virtual unit load.
∆𝒊 = member elongation caused by the structures actual load.
𝑓 𝑓 𝒏 = total number of members
𝑓
𝑭𝒊 = member forces caused by the actual loads.
𝑳𝒊 = member length.
𝑓 𝑓
𝑪 𝑨𝒊 = member cross sectional area.
𝑨 𝑫 𝑬𝒊 = member section modulus of elasticity.
1
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
1.5 𝑚 **𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶
1290𝑚𝑚
𝐷 270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶 𝑀 =0 𝐹 =0
1290𝑚𝑚

1290𝑚𝑚

2.0 𝑚 𝐷
2𝐴 − 1.5 360 = 0 𝐴 − 𝐷 + 270 = 0

𝐴 = 270 𝐾𝑁 𝐷 = 540 𝐾𝑁

1290𝑚𝑚 𝐵 𝐹 =0
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁 𝐴
𝐵 𝐷 − 360 = 0
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 = 360 𝐾𝑁
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.

**𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠

1.5 𝑚
270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶
1290𝑚𝑚 360𝐾𝑁 270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶
540𝐾𝑁
540𝐾𝑁
1290𝑚𝑚

1290𝑚𝑚

2.0 𝑚

360𝐾𝑁

360𝐾𝑁
1290𝑚𝑚 𝐵
𝐴 270𝐾𝑁
360 𝐾𝑁 𝐵
0 𝐾𝑁
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.

∗∗Calculate the forces acting on each member due to vertical

1.5 𝑚 virtual unit load at joint C
270 𝐾𝑁 𝑀 =0 𝐹 =0
𝐷 𝐶 1
1290𝑚𝑚 1
𝐷 𝐶 𝐴 −𝐷 =0
0.75 2𝐴 − 1.5 (1) = 0
0.75
1290𝑚𝑚

1290𝑚𝑚

𝐴 = 0.75 𝐷 = 0.75
2.0 𝑚

𝐹 =0

0
1

1290𝑚𝑚 𝐵 𝐷 −1=0
𝐴 0.75
360 𝐾𝑁 0 𝐵 𝐷 =1
𝐴
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
∗∗ Summarized the calculated forces members to calculate ∆

MEMBER Real Length Area, A Elastic modulus, E 𝐹𝐿 Virtual 𝑓∆

∆=
Force, F L (𝑚𝑚) 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐸 Force, 𝑓
(𝑁) (𝑚𝑚)
AB 0 1500 1290 200𝑥10 0 0 0
BC 360𝑥10 2000 1290 200𝑥10 2.79 0 0
CD 540𝑥10 1500 1290 200𝑥10 3.14 0.75 2.355
DA 360𝑥10 2000 1290 200𝑥10 2.79 1 2.79
AC −450𝑥10 2500 967.5 200𝑥10 5.81 −1.25 7.2625

∆ = 𝑓 𝛿 = 12.4075 𝑚𝑚

**Due to axial only

 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
**Considering the increase in temperature
𝐷 270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶 (1)∆ = 𝑓∆= 𝑓 (𝛼 ) (∆𝑇 )(𝐿 )
𝐷 ∆ = 12.4075𝑚𝑚
∆ = 0.012𝑚𝑚 MEMB Length 𝛼 Virtual Change 𝑓𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿
ER ,L (/°𝐹) Force, in Temp,
∆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑓 ∆𝑇 (°𝐹)

𝐴 AB 1500 0 0 0 0
𝐵 BC 2000 0 0 0 0
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁
CD 1500 0 0.75 0 0
DA 2000 6𝑥10 1 +120 0.012
AC 2500 0 −1.25 0 0

(1)∆ = 𝑓 ∆ = 0.012 𝑚𝑚
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
∗∗Calculate the forces acting on each member due to horizontal
virtual unit load at joint C
1.5 𝑚 𝑀 =0 𝐹 =0
270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶 0
1290𝑚𝑚
𝐷 𝐶 1 𝐴 +1−𝐷 = 0
1 2𝐴 = 0
1
𝐴 =0 𝐷 =1
1290𝑚𝑚

1290𝑚𝑚

2.0 𝑚
𝐹 =0

0
0

𝐵 𝐷 =0
1290𝑚𝑚 0
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁 0 𝐵
𝐴
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
∗∗ Summarized the calculated forces members to calculate ∆

MEMBER Real Length Area, A Elastic modulus, E 𝐹𝐿 Virtual 𝑓∆

∆=
Force, F L (𝑚𝑚) 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐸 Force, 𝑓
(𝑁) (𝑚𝑚)
AB 0 1500 1290 200𝑥10 0 0 0
BC 360𝑥10 2000 1290 200𝑥10 2.79 0 0
CD 540𝑥10 1500 1290 200𝑥10 3.14 1 3.14
DA 360𝑥10 2000 1290 200𝑥10 2.79 0 0
AC −450𝑥10 2500 967.5 200𝑥10 5.81 0 0

(1)∆ = 𝑓 𝛿 = 3.14 𝑚𝑚
**Due to axial only
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (TRUSSES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
Example: Determine the vertical and horizontal displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in
the Figure. Due to radiant heating from the wall, member AD is subjected to an increase in
temperature of ∆𝑇 = +120°𝐹. Take 𝛼 = 6𝑥10 /°𝐹 and 𝐸 = 200𝑥10 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The cross-sectional area
of each member is indicated in the figure.
**Considering the increase in temperature
𝐷 270 𝐾𝑁
𝐷 𝐶 (1)∆ = 𝑓∆= 𝑓 (𝛼 ) (∆𝑇 )(𝐿 )
𝐷
∆ =0
MEMB Length 𝛼 Virtual Change 𝑓𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿
∆ = 3.14𝑚𝑚 ER ,L (/°𝐹) Force, in Temp,
(𝑚𝑚) 𝑓 ∆𝑇 (°𝐹)

𝐴 ∆𝒄𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝒎𝒎 AB 1500 0 0 0 0

𝐵 BC 2000 0 0 0 0
𝐴 360 𝐾𝑁
CD 1500 0 1 0 0
DA 2000 6𝑥10 0 +120 0
AC 2500 0 0 0 0

1 ∆ = 𝑓∆=0
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 It is a method in calculating slope and deflection of structures at any arbitrary point

using the principle of work-energy principle.

𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

𝑩 𝟓
500𝑁 𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝜹𝑩 + 𝑷𝟐 𝜹𝑫 = 𝑷𝒊 𝜹𝒊 −−−− −𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
𝒊 𝟏
7𝑚
𝟓
𝑩 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏)(𝜹) = 𝒇𝒊 𝜹𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
5𝑚 5𝑚 𝒊 𝟏
𝑨 𝑪 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑫 𝑓 𝑓 𝒏
𝑓 𝛿 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
200𝐾𝑁 𝜹= 𝒇 𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑓 𝑓 𝒊 𝟏 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑨 𝑪 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑫 𝒇𝒊 = 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒
1 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
𝜹𝒊 = 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
𝒏 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝐴) 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑫 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑩 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑩
500𝑁
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
7𝑚 𝟏) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔
↺ 𝛴𝑀 = 0 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴
𝐶 10 − 200 5 − 500 7 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑨 𝑪 𝐶 = 450𝑁 ↑ 𝐹 sin 54.46 = 250
𝑫 𝐹 = 307.2259𝑁 (𝑇)
200𝑁
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝑩 𝐶 + 𝐴 − 200 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚
𝐴 − 𝐹 − 𝐹 cos 54.46 = 0
𝐴 = 250𝑁 ↓
𝐹 = 321.4286𝑁 (𝑇)
𝑓 𝑓 ← 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐴 = 500𝑁 ←
𝑓 𝑓
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
𝟏) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔

7𝑚 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶
= 200

↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = 200𝑁 (𝑇) 𝐶 + 𝐹 sin 54.46 = 0
𝐹

5𝑚 5𝑚 𝐹 = 553.0066𝑁 (𝐶)
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫 ← 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = 321.4286
𝐹 = 321.4286 𝐹 =𝐹
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 200𝑁
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 𝐹 = 321.4286𝑁 𝑇

𝑓 𝑓

𝑓 𝑓
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
2) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔

7𝑚 𝐹𝐿 200𝑁 7𝑚
𝛿=
= 200

𝛿 =
𝐸𝐴 200𝑥10 𝑁
307.2259𝑁 74𝑚 (0.002𝑚)
𝑚
𝛿 =
𝐹

5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑪 200𝑥10 𝑁
𝑨 (0.002𝑚) 𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝑫 𝑚
𝐹 = 321.4286 𝐹 = 321.4286
200𝑁 𝜹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝒎𝒎 −553.0066𝑁 74𝑚
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑩 𝛿 =
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 200𝑥10 𝑁
(0.002𝑚)
321.4286𝑁 5𝑚 𝑚
𝛿 =
200𝑥10 𝑁
𝑓 𝑓 (0.002𝑚) 𝜹𝑩𝑪 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝑚

𝑓 𝑓 𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝒎𝒎 = 𝜹𝑫𝑪

𝑨 𝑪
𝑫
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
3) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝟑
𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎

7𝑚 ↺ 𝛴𝑀 = 0 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷
𝐶 10 − 1 5 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐶 = 0.5 ↑ 𝑓 sin 54.46 + 0.5 = 0 𝑓 =1 𝑇
5𝑚 5𝑚 𝑓 = 0.6145 𝐶 = 𝑓
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫𝟑 𝟑
↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝜹𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 → 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐶 +𝐴 −1=0
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 200𝑁 𝑓 + 𝑓 cos 54.46 = 0
𝐴 = 0.5 ↑
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 5
𝑓 = 𝑇 =𝑓
← 𝛴𝐹 = 0 14

𝑓
𝐴 =0
𝑓

𝑓 𝑓
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫
1
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
4) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑫
𝟑
𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎

7𝑚
𝛿= 𝑓𝑖𝛿 𝛿 = 𝑓𝑖𝛿

5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑨 𝑪 𝛿 = 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿
𝑫𝟑 𝟑
𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝜹𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎

𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝛿
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 5 5
= −0.6145 6.6071𝑥10 + 4.0179𝑥10 + 4.0179𝑥10
14 14

+ (1) 3.5𝑥10 + −0.6145 −0.0119

𝛿 = 9.6224𝑥10 𝑚𝑚
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫
5 5
𝑓 = 𝑓 =
14 14
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
5) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝑩
𝟑
𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎

7𝑚 ↺ 𝛴𝑀 = 0 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷
𝐶 10 − 1 7 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐶 = 0.7 ↑ 𝑓 sin 54.46 − 0.7 = 0 𝑓 =0
5𝑚 5𝑚 𝑓 = 0.8602 𝑇
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫𝟑 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0 ← 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝜹𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝐶 +𝐴 =0 ← 𝛴𝐹 = 0 𝑓 = 0.5 𝑇
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐴 = 0.7 ↓ 𝐴 − 𝑓 − 𝑓 cos 54.46 = 0
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 𝑓 = 0.5 𝑇 @ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶
1
← 𝛴𝐹 = 0 ↑ 𝛴𝐹 = 0
𝐴 =1 ← 0.7 + 𝑓 sin 54.46 = 0
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 = −0.8602
𝑓 = 0.8602 (𝐶)
𝑓 𝑓
𝑨 𝑫 𝑪
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
4) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑩
𝟑
𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎

7𝑚
𝛿= 𝑓𝑖𝛿 𝛿 = 𝑓𝑖𝛿

5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑨 𝑪 𝛿 = 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿
𝑫𝟑 𝟑
𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝜹𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎

𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝛿
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 = [ 0.8602 6.6071𝑥10 + 0.5 4.0179𝑥10 + 0.5 4.0179𝑥10
1
+ (0) 3.5𝑥10 + −0.8602 −0.0119 ]

𝛿 = 0.0199𝑚𝑚

𝑨 𝑫 𝑪
𝑓 = 0.5 𝑓 = 0.5
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON TRUSSES
𝑩 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
500𝑁
4) 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑩
𝟑
𝜹𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎

7𝑚
𝛿= 𝑓𝑖𝛿 𝛿 = 𝑓𝑖𝛿

5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑨 𝑪 𝛿 = 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿 + 𝑓 𝛿
𝑫𝟑 𝟑
𝜹𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝜹𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎

𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝛿
𝐴 = 2000𝑚𝑚 𝑩 = [ 0.8602 6.6071𝑥10 + 0.5 4.0179𝑥10 + 0.5 4.0179𝑥10
1
+ (0) 3.5𝑥10 + −0.8602 −0.0119 ]

𝛿 = 0.0199𝑚𝑚

𝑨 𝑫 𝑪
𝑓 = 0.5 𝑓 = 0.5
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 PRACTICE PROBLEM

𝐴) 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑫

𝐴
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐴 = 20𝑐𝑚
𝐶
4𝑚

𝐸 𝐷
𝐵
4𝑚 4𝑚

50KN
 THEORY OF
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VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (BEAMS) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 APPLICATION ON BEAMS
𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝒎∆ 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝒎𝜽 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝟐 𝟐
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛.

𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝑵/m
𝟏
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝒎𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝛿
𝒅𝜽 𝟏
𝒎 𝒎 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝒎𝒅𝜽 𝟏𝟎𝒎
𝟐
𝒎(𝑴) 𝒎(𝑴)
𝑴 𝟏(∆) = 𝒅𝒙 𝟏(𝜽) = 𝒅𝒙
Recall: 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒅𝒙 𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
𝑬𝑰

1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑎) 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝒎(𝑴) 𝒎(𝑴) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
𝟏(∆) = 𝒅𝒙 𝟏(𝜽) = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
𝑥 10𝑥
𝑀 = 50𝑥 − 10𝑥 = 50𝑥 −
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 2 2
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
 THEORY OF
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VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (BEAMS) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 EXAMPLE
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛. a) 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑.
𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝑵/m
𝒎(𝑴)
𝟏(𝜽) = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰
𝛿
𝟏𝟎𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟏𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
1) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝜽= 𝟏− 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
b) 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝜽= ; 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕
𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝟏
𝛿
𝟏𝟎𝒎

1𝑥
𝑚 =1− ; 0 𝑡𝑜 10𝑚
10
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (BEAMS) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 EXAMPLE
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛. b) 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝑵/m 𝒎(𝑴)
𝟏(𝜹) = 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰
𝛿
𝟓
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝒎 𝜹= 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟎 𝟐
2) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
a) 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝛿 𝜹=
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝟏𝟎𝒎

𝑚 = 0.5𝑥 ; 0 𝑡𝑜 5𝑚
𝑚 = 0.5𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 5) ; 5 𝑡𝑜 10𝑚
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD (FRAMES) THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
𝐵 = 52.50𝐾𝑁
 EXAMPLE
𝐵 = 55𝐾𝑁
𝐵 = 22.5𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
30𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 50𝐾𝑁
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐵
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑. 𝐵 𝐶
𝐵 = 127.5𝐾𝑁
𝐵 = 52.50𝐾𝑁 𝐵 = 55𝐾𝑁
30𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝐵 = 5𝐾𝑁 𝐵 = 247.5𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐵 = 22.5𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
50𝐾𝑁
𝐶
𝐵 𝐵 𝐶
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐼 = 400𝑥10 𝑚𝑚
4.5𝑚 𝐴 = 225𝑐𝑚
4.5𝑚 4.5𝑚

𝐴 𝐷 𝐴 = 5𝐾𝑁 𝐴 = 55𝐾𝑁
𝐴 𝐷
3.0𝑚 3.0𝑚 𝐴 = 52.50𝐾𝑁 𝐴 = 127.5𝐾𝑁
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES
𝐵 = 3/4
 EXAMPLE
𝐵 = 1/2
𝐵 = 7.5

𝐵
𝐵 𝐶
𝐵 𝐶 𝐵 = 3/4
𝐵 = 3/4 𝐵 = 1/2
𝐵 = 1/2 𝐵 = 7.5
𝐵 = 7.5
𝐶
𝐵
𝐶
𝐴 𝐷 𝐵 = 3/4
𝐵 = 1/2

4.5𝑚 𝐵 = 7.5
4.5𝑚

𝐴 = 1/2
𝐴 𝐴 = 1/2
𝐷
𝐴 = 3/4
𝐴 = 3/4
 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 EXAMPLE
1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

MEMBER Real Force, Length Area, A Elastic modulus, E 𝐹𝐿 Virtual 𝑓∆

∆=
F (𝑁) L (𝑚𝑚) 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐸 Force, 𝑓
(𝑚𝑚)
AB −52.5𝑥10 4500 22500 200𝑥10 −0.0525 0.75 −0.0394
BC −55𝑥10 6000 22500 200𝑥10 −0.0733 0.50 −0.0367
CD −127.5𝑥10 4500 22500 200𝑥10 −0.1275 −0.75 0.0956

Horizontal displacement at joint C due to axial: ∆ = 𝑓 ∆ = 0.0195 𝑚𝑚

 THEORY OF
STRUCTURES

VIRTUAL WORK METHOD THEORY OF

STRUCTURES

 EXAMPLE
1) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

MEMBE Origin Limits Real Moment Virtual Elastic Moment 𝑀𝑚

R7 Equation, M Moment modulus, of Inertia, 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
Equation, m E I (𝑚𝑚 )

AB A 0 to 4.5 −5𝑥 𝑥/2 200𝑥10 400𝑥10 −0.9492

BC B 0 to 6 −22.5 + 52.5𝑥 − 15𝑥 7.5 − 3𝑥/4 200𝑥10 400𝑥10 −11.3906
CD D 0 to 4.5 55𝑥 𝑥/2 200𝑥10 400𝑥10 10.4414

𝑀𝑚
Horizontal displacement at joint C due to bending: ∆ = 𝑑𝑥 = −1.8984 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐼

***Calculate the total horizontal displacement at joint C

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆ = 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆ = 0.0195 𝑚𝑚 + (−1.8984 𝑚𝑚)

***Negative sign means displacement is at
the opposite direction of the applied
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆ = −1.8789 𝑚𝑚 virtual load