Harmonic Standard

and Sources
Textbook:
Power Quality in Electrical System:
Chapter 5
Fundamentals of Electric Power
Quality Chapter 5 & 6

1
Contents
⚫ Background

⚫ Harmonic Standard

⚫ Harmonic Sources

2
Background
⚫ Harmonics are sinusoidal waves that are integral multiples of the
fundamental 60 Hz(50Hz) waveform (i.e., 1st harmonic = 60 Hz;
5th harmonic = 300 Hz).
⚫ All complex waveforms can be resolved into a series of sinusoidal
waves of various frequencies
⚫ Harmonics are continuous (steady-state) disturbances or distortions
on the electrical network

3
Linear and Non-linear Loads

4
Harmonics: causes and effects in power
systems
⚫ Load current becomes distorted because
power electronic devices inside the
nonlinear load are switched on and off to
achieve desired functions
⚫ Non-sinusoidal currents interact with power
system impedance giving rise to voltage
distortion
⚫ The harmonic currents passing through the
impedance of the system cause a voltage
drop Vn for each harmonic given by,


Vn = Z s I n
n =3, 5, 7 ,...
sin (n1t +  n )

⚫ The load voltage is,

 

Vload = Vs − I1Z s sin(1t + 1 ) − Z s  I n sin (n1t +  n )
 n=3,5,7,... 

Fundamentals of Electric Power Quality (S. Santoso)

Root causes: Current and
Impedance
voltage drop V1 (t ) = I1Z s sin(1t + 1 )

perfect
voltage waveshape
Utility Customer Bus

i (t ) = I1 sin( 1t )

Vload (t ) = Vs − I1Z s sin(1t + 1 )

 Root causes: Current and
Impedance
V1 = I1Z s sin( 1t + 1 )

perfect
voltage drops {V n =


I n sin (n1t +  n )( R + jnX )

voltage waveshape n =3, 5, 7 ,...

Utility Customer
Bus

i (t ) = I1 sin(1t ) + I n
n =3, 5, 7 ,...
sin (n1t )

  
Vload = Vs − I1Z s sin(1t + 1 ) −   I n sin (n1t +  n )( R + jnX )
n=3,5,7,... 
 Voltage versus current distortion
⚫ Voltage distortion is the result of distorted currents passing through
the impedance of the power delivery system
Voltage harmonics is
Current harmonics
controlled by changing
need to be controlled
system impedance from
at end-user
utility.

ecmweb.com/mag/electric_harmonic_current_voltage/
Voltage versus current distortion
⚫ Harmonic currents can't flow into other equipment.
⚫ Harmonic voltages generated in one part of a facility will appear
on common buses within that facility.
⚫ Distortion is lower as the bus locates closer to the service transformer.
⚫ Excessive harmonics can appear in facilities distant from the origin
⚫ Example 5th harmonics.
⚫ 1A 5th harmonic current causes five times as much heating as 1A
fundamental current in transformer
⚫ The 5th harmonic voltage produces a negative torque for 3-phase motors.
⚫ The motor draws more positive current to regain its normal operating speed.
⚫ The result is overcurrent in the motor, which either causes protective devices to
open or the motor to overheat and fail.

9
Contents
⚫ Background

⚫ Harmonic Standard

⚫ Harmonic Sources

10
Harmonics Standards
⚫ IEC 61000-3-6 1996
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-6: Limits -
Assessment of emission limits for the connection of
distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power
systems
⚫ IEEE Std 519
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
⚫ GB/T 14549-1993 电能质量公用电网谐波

11
Brief Comparisons

IEC 61000-3-6 IEEE 519

Voltage Harmonic Limits Given Given

Current Harmonic Limits Only for MV Given

Not specified for voltage,

Even-order harmonics Specified for voltage 25% limit for corresponding
odd harmonics for current

Interharmonics 0.2% for voltage Not given

12
THD for voltage limits

IEC IEEE

THD limit for 220kV 3.0% 1.5%

THD limit for 110kV 3.0% 2.5%
THD limit for 66kV 3.0% 5.0%
THD limit for 11kV 6.5% 5.0%
THD limit for 400V 8.0% 5.0%

13
 % of Fund. 220kV, % of Fund. % of Fund. For % of Fund. for
Harmonic
110kV & 66kV 220kV 110kV 66kV
Order
(IEC) (IEEE) (IEEE) (IEEE)
3 2.0 1.0 1.5 3.0
5 2.0 1.0 1.5 3.0
7 2.0 1.0 1.5 3.0
9 1.0 1.0 1.5 3.0
11 1.5 1.0 1.5 3.0
13 1.5 1.0 1.5 3.0
15 0.3 1.0 1.5 3.0
17 1.2 1.0 1.5 3.0
19 1.07 1.0 1.5 3.0
21 0.2 1.0 1.5 3.0
23 0.89 1.0 1.5 3.0
25 0.82 1.0 1.5 3.0
27 0.2 1.0 1.5 3.0
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Point of common coupling (PCC)
⚫ PCC: a point between the end user or customer and the
utility system where another customer can be served.
⚫ Harmonic distortion is evaluated here.
⚫ Primary side or secondary side of the service transformer

15
Concept of Point of Common
Coupling
PCC

Utility System IL

Customer Under Study

Other Utility
Customers

PCC at the transformer primary

where multiple customers are served
Concept of Point of Common
Coupling
PCC at the transformer secondary
where multiple customers are served

Utility System

PCC

Other Utility IL
Custom ers

Custom er Under Study

Limits in IEEE 519
⚫ Ih – magnitude of individual harmonic components (rms amps)
⚫ Isc – short circuit current at the PCC
1000  MVA
I SC = A
3kV
⚫ MVA – three-phase short-circuit capacity in magavoltamperes
⚫ KV – line-to-line voltage at the PCC in kV
⚫ IL – Fundamental component of the maximum demand load
current at the PCC
kW
⚫ Estimated from average of previous 12 month IL =
PF 3kV
⚫ Short-circuit ratio I SC
SCR =
IL 18
Harmonic limit standards
⚫ Maximum individual frequency voltage harmonics (percent)
for loads
⚫ connected to the PCC
⚫ as a function of the size of the load (Isc/IL)
⚫ Isc: maximum short-circuit current
⚫ IL: is the maximum demand load current

19
From IEEE 519
Harmonic evaluation for end-user facilities
⚫ IEEE 519 establishes harmonic current distortion limits at the
PCC.

Even harmonic
component are
limited to 25%
of the limits.

DC offset is not
allowed

20
21
Harmonic Distortion Evaluations
⚫ Limit both voltage and current distortion.
⚫ End Users
⚫ IEEE 519 limits the level of harmonic current injection at PCC.
⚫ TDD – percentage of the maximum demand current level
⚫ The utility
⚫ Responsible for limiting voltage distortion at PCC.
⚫ THD – percentage of fundamental voltage.
⚫ Avoid unwanted system resonances.
⚫ Measurements of the currents injected by load are needed.
⚫ Minimum measurement period is 1 week.

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 Harmonic evaluation on the utility system

⚫ Determine the acceptability of the Voltage distortion.

⚫ For limiting voltage distortion
⚫ Injected harmonic currents from end users must be limited.
⚫ Avoid resonance
⚫ One of the harmonic current frequencies is close to system resonance
frequency
⚫ Generally occur at a capacitor bank, may remote from the point of
injection
Bus Voltage at PCC Individual Harmonic Total Voltage
(Vn) Voltage Distortion Distortion - THDVn
(%) (%)
Vn  69 kV 3.0 5.0

69 kV  Vn  161kV 1.5 2.5

Vn  161kV 1.0 1.5

Harmonic voltage distortion limits
23
in % of nominal fundamental frequency voltage.
(from IEEE Std.).
Current limit evaluation procedure
⚫ Define the PCC
⚫ usually at primary side of a service transformer
⚫ Calculate the short-circuit ratio at the PCC,
find limits on individual harmonics and on the
TDD.
⚫ Characterize the harmonic sources.
⚫ Measure for at least 1 week.
⚫ Evaluate harmonic levels with respect to limits.

24
Contents
⚫ Background

⚫ Harmonic Standard

⚫ Harmonic Sources

25
Sources of harmonic currents
These sources can be grouped into three main areas:
⚫ Power electronic equipment
⚫ Variable speed drives (AC drives, DC drives, PWM drives, etc.);
UPS systems, rectifiers, switch mode power supplies, static
converters, thyristor systems, diode bridges.
⚫ Arcing equipment
⚫ Arc furnaces, welders, lighting (mercury vapor, fluorescent)
⚫ Saturable devices
⚫ Transformers, motors, generators, etc.
⚫ The harmonic amplitudes on these devices are usually insignificant
compared to power electronic and arcing equipment, unless saturation
occurs.
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Another way to classify
⚫ Commercial loads
⚫ Single-phase power supplies
⚫ Fluorescent lighting
⚫ Adjustable-speed devices for HVAC (pumps, fans) and
Elevators (motors)
⚫ HVAC: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
⚫ Industrial loads
⚫ Three-phase power converters
⚫ Arcing devices
⚫ Saturable devices
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Typical commercial loads
Load Mode Fundamental THD-F (%) Dominating
Current Harmonics
Computer with monitor On 0.54A 110% 3rd 58%

Laser printer Print 0.34A 113% 3rd 55%

Idle 0.11A 160% 3rd 52%

Fax machine Send 0.16A 120% 3rd 87%

Print 3.74A 6% 3rd 5%

Idle 0.11A 98% 3rd 54%

Photocopier Copy 5.56A 26% 3rd 20%

Idle 0.35A 106% 5th 42%

UPS #1 Server 40A 35% 3rd 25%

UPS #2 PC 4.3A 130% 3rd 89%

Magnetic ballast w/cap On 0.21A 30% 3rd 18%

Electronic ballast #1 On 0.19A 34% 3rd 26%

Electronic ballast #2 On 0.23A 10% 3rd 9%

Sodium Lamp On 0.24A 64% 7th 44%

Compact florescent lamp On 0.1A 136% 3rd 49%

Fan coil On 8.5A 5% 5th 4.8% 28

Lift Run 39A 36% 5th 28%

Rectifiers
⚫ Rectifiers are used to convert AC power to DC power.
⚫ Low-power applications – single phase
⚫ Contribute to third harmonics

⚫ Front-end of switching power supplies, motor drives

THD = 48.3%

Simple model

29
Example C=1000uF
Ripple 25v

C=10,000 uF
Ripple 4v

THD=140%

THD=256%

30
 Switch-mode power supply

⚫ Input rectifier
converter input (50/60Hz) AC to DC
⚫ Inverter stage
convert dc to high frequency ac (> 20kHz)
⚫ High frequency transformer
provide isolation, very small size
⚫ Output rectifier: Provide required dc output

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply www.ecmweb.com/mag/809ecmPQCfig1.jpg
 Products
⚫ PCs, printers, copies, mobile-phone charger

Input Voltage & Frequency: 100-240VAC, +/-

10%, 50/60Hz
Output Voltage Range: 2.4V-24V
Output Current Range: 0.1A-2.0A
Max. Output Power: 12W
Efficiency: ≥85%
Ripple Wave: 0.4%
Insulation: 3KV/5mA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply
http://rbsfm.ej.am/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=27
32
http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/hgindustries/product-detailloyQPJnCuGRa/China-12-Watts-Switch-Mode-Power-
Supply-HGS-12W-.html
 Wireless Power Transfer

33
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/WPTEHT
 Three-phase Rectifiers
⚫ Most widely applied in adjustable speed drive.
⚫ A great advantage for removing third- harmonics

www.reuk.co.uk/Three-Phase-Bridge-Rectifier.htm 34
http://ecmweb.com/images/812ecmPQCfig1.jpg
DC drives
⚫ DC motors are connected to the output of the rectifier.
⚫ DC drive system
⚫ Simple control
⚫ Wider speed range
⚫ Higher starting torque
⚫ Purchase and maintenance costs are high
⚫ 6-pulse rectifier is most widely used.
⚫ 12-pulse used for large drives.

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Traction Substation

36

http://www.secheron.com/Applications/DC-traction-power-substation
12 pulse Rectifiers

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24 pulse rectifier

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 Advanced Rectifier

http://www.joliettech.com/abb_evaluating-harmonics-with-ac-drives.htm 39
 Three-phase power converters
⚫ Basic 3-phase, 6-pulse, pulse-width modulation (PWM)
drive, which is the most common type.
⚫ Input: convert AC power to DC power.
⚫ Middle: DC bus
⚫ Output inverter: inverts the DC voltage back to AC, with variable
voltage and frequency.
⚫ power devices, such as silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) or
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)

40

http://ecmweb.com/power_quality/sixpulse_conversion_harmonics_1208/
CSI and VSI
⚫ Voltage source inverters (VSIs) or current source
inverters (CSIs).
⚫ A VSI requires a constant dc voltage input to the inverter stage.
This is achieved with a capacitor or LC filter in the dc link.
⚫ The CSI requires a constant current input; hence, a series
inductor is placed in the dc link.

41
http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_pesky_inbetween_harmonics/
CSI and VSI
•VSI drives are limited to applications that don’t require rapid
changes in speed.
•CSI drives have good acceleration/deceleration characteristics

42
Current source ASD Voltage source ASD
Fluorescent lamps

Magnetic ballast Electronic ballast

43
THD=15% THD=144%
 High-frequency Fluorescent ballasts
Lighting accounts for 40 to 60 percent of a commercial building load.
Popular choice for energy savings.

Cheap ballast Conventional ballast Ballast with PQ compensator

44
http://www.ringdale.com/RenewableEnergyDevices/PowerSavingDevices.asp
 LED Lamp

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http://www.axino-tech.co.nz/documents/Testing%20LED%20lamps.html
Arc Welding

46
 Arc Welding Equipment
Voltage
Spectrum

Current
Spectrum

Voltage and current associated with the operation of the arc welding equipment

Voltage and current waveforms during the operation of the arc welding equipment.
47
www.dranetz-bmi.com/newsletter/9-2003/index.cfm
 Transformers
⚫ Magnetic flux generated by an electromagnetic coil is the
amount of magnetic field or lines of force produced within a
given area.
⚫ more commonly called "Flux Density".
⚫ Symbol B with the unit Tesla, T.
⚫ The magnetic strength (H) of an electromagnet
⚫ the number of turns of the coil
⚫ the current flowing through the coil
⚫ the type of core material being used.
⚫ Harmonic components not exceed
1% in full load operation
⚫ Harmonics are high in low load situation
48
Example
⚫ Iron cores: non-linear B/H curve
⚫ the ratio of flux density to field strength (B/H) is not constant
⚫ Saturation cause inductance decrease

49
The End!

50