Cem evoy Fluid Properties © Fluid is capable of flowing easily and classified into liquid and gas. © Mass density/specific mass is the ratio of mass to volume and described as: P= 7 : V = volume (m3); m = mass (kg); p = mass density (kg/m*). p for water = 1000 kg/m? © Specific weight is the ratio of weight to volume and expressed as: Y=7>3 7 = Specific weight/weight density (Nim*); W = Weight (N). 7 for water = 9810 N/m’. © Specific weight relates mass density and acceleration due to gravity g in the form = pg; g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s?), © Specific volume is the reciprocal of specific weight and expressed as: S, ae = Specific volume (m*/N). Y Sv # Specific gravity/relative density S is the ratio of mass density/specific weight of given liquid to mass density/specific weight of standard liquid. Generally, water is chosen as standard liquid. The value of S for water is 1. Viscosity quantifies fluid resistance to flow. ‘© No slip condition is the one in which particles have the same velocity as that of surface to which they are attached. a Ww, av, _ + Newton's law of viscosity is given as: 7 = 41-7 ~ or rape ite Shear stress (N/m?); b= Dynamic viscosity/coefficient of viscosity/viscosity (N-s/m’) (or CGS unit is 1 poise = 0.1 N-s/m?); Vp = Point velocity (m/s) at a distance y(m) from the bottom; av, a, as > = Velocity gradient, i. variation of velocity 2V,(or dV;) over a height y y ay (or dy) (s7}). Dynamic terminology is used due to existence of mass term. 12 Fluid Mechanics: Pro lem Solving Usint MATLAB. uid Mechanics Iving Using. i scous resistance/shear force F = tAi F = Viscous resistanct Vi resistance/s for ei a sous resis she: ‘A= Surface area (1). OTce (y ‘ #, is e acct ss density V=—; V= Kinematic vig, kinematic viscosity relates viSCOSI'Y i oer Viscosity in f y (om’/s). (m/s) and unit in CGS system is stokes ( ) Bulk modulus of elasticity K = . dp = a ey K = Bulk modulus of elasticity Wn, v . (Nim); ee Reduction in volumetric strai dp = Increase in pressure EZ wo tit, Surface tension o is force F that is required to maintain unit length of film Lj in F ©, ¢ = Surface tension (N/m); L = Length of the film (m). r . Surface tension o of water droplet, soap bubble and liquid jet respectively are siven as: 40 80 20 Pre m2); d = Di E : pany p=73P ressure (N/m’); d = Diameter/length of the jet (m), Capillary sise is due to influence of cohesion as compared to adhesion; capillary fa is due to the influence of adhesion as compared to cohesion. Capillary rise ot fall 4ocosé tension 0 = is expressed as: h = : h = Capillary rise or fall (m); @ = Angle of contact (0° for clear water and glass, around 130° for mercury and glass); d=Di lass tube (m). — NUMERICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1.1 Mass density and kinematic viscosity of a liquid are 838 kg/m? and 1.6 x eae 1s. Compute specific weight, specific gravity, specific volume and viscosity. Mass density of water and acceleration due to gravity are 1000 kg/m? and 9.81 m/s?, [Code: Chap!_ln] Given: Mass density of liquid, p 838 kg/m? Kinematic viscosity of liquid, v = 1.6 x 104 m/s Mass density of water, p, = 1000 kg/m? Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s? To find: Specific weight, Specific gravity, Specific volume and Viscosity Solution: a Weight of liquid, y= pg = 838 x 9.81 = 8220.78 Nim® Pecific weight of water, 1, = pyg = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 Nim? ik3 Fluid Properties . ‘1 hero vy 8220.78 fic gravity of liquid, $= = “2-8 _ specific st Ye 9810 0.838 Bey i 1 cific volume of liquid, S,=— = Fa 3 Spe 7 ~ 8220.78 0.0001216 m/N viscosity of liquid, w= vp = 1.6 x 10 x 838 = 0.13408 N-s/m? EEE HESS SII ISS ISI IE SII IE ETO IO TH II TI SII IAI III IIIS name of the Code : Chapl_i.m Inputs to the Problem SEE HS IO SEES O ISIE EIE EIS TI III III IIIT DIDI IIIT IO III Mass density of liquid in kg/m*3 1 838 Kinematic viscosity of liquid in m*2/s : 1.6e-4 Mass density of water in kg/m*3 : 1000 Acceleration due to gravity in m/s*2 : 9.81 ROE SEES EEOC CCIE TSE E SEIT IOI IIE IIIT ISIC RII TAIT TTI III II E Output of the Problem MRE HE SEES UE GSE EIEIO IASI III IDI II III IIIT IT IIIA III specific weight of liquid = 8220.78 N/m*3 Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m*3 specific gravity of liquid , = 0.838 Specific volume of liquid = 0.001216 m*3/N Dynamic viscosity of liquid = 0.1341 N-s/m*2 SRE OES HEE ISITE IIIa III II III SOT II III III ITI I III III I I PROBLEM 1.2. Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity of a liquid are 8 x 10+ N-s/m’, 5 x 10-7 m2/s. Mass density of water and acceleration due to gravity are 1000 ke/m? and 9.81 mvs”. Fatimate mass density, specific weight and specific gravity of the liquid. (Code: Chapl_2.m] Given: Viscosity of liquid, = 8 x 10 N-s/m? Kinematic viscosity of liquid, v= 5 x 107 m/s Mass density of water, py = 1000 kg/m? ‘Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s* To find: Mass density, Specific weight, Specific gravity Solution: 8x10“ v 5x10" Specific weight of liquid, 7 = pg = 1600 x 9.81 = 15696 N/m? Specific weight of water, % = Pug = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 Nim? Mass density of liquid, p= = 1600 kg/m?4 Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB Specific gravity of liquid, s=—2 = 1559 - 1.6 y of liquid, SF = JOOS IIS II IOS EISI ISIE IERIE ICICI OI I og tt Name of the Code : Chap1_2.m Inputs to the Problem FESS IGS ISI IORI IORI I IIE Dynamic viscosity of liquid in N-s/m*2 Kinematic viscosity of liquid in m*2/s Mass density of water in kg/m*3 Acceleration due to gravity in m/s*2 FEE AISI ISI III II III II I IIE Output of the Problem JES IEEE SEIS III I ISOS ICE IORI IOI Mass density of liquid = 1600 kg/m*3 = 15696 N/m*3 Specific weight of liquid Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m*3 Specific gravity of liquid = 1.6 GES SISSIES ESSE SIE IORIOSIODISIIESEISISIIS IDS IEEE BSSFSHB EEE Ee, : Be-4 ee 5e-7 1000 9.81 dee PROBLEM 1.3 Liquid A of volume and specific gravity 0.015 m? and 1.8 is blended with liquid B of volume and specific gravity 0.01 m? and 1.1, and reduced by 4% after blending. Calculate specific gravity and mass density after blending. Specific weight of wateris 10000 Nm®. Given g = 9.81 m/s*. [Code: Chap1_3.m] Given: Volume of liquid A and B, V;, V> = 0.015 m%, 0.01 m3 Specific gravity of liquid A and B, S, Sp = 1.8, 1.1 Percentage reduction of liquid after blending, sh = 4% = 0.04 Specific weight of water, 7%, = 10000 N/m? Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s” To find: Specific gravity and mass density after blending. Solution: Weight of liquid A, W; = V,S;%, = 0.015 x 1.8 x 10000 = 270 N Weight of liquid B, W, = V2Sy, = 0.01 x 1.1 x 10000 = 110 N Total volume of liquids before blending, V = V; + Vp = 0.015 + 0.01 = 0.025 m? Net volume of liquid after blending, V, = (1 — sh)V = (1 — 0.04) x 0.025 = 0.024 m’ Weight of liquid after blending, W, = W, + W) = 270 + 110 = 380 N Specific weight after blending, y = % _ 380 yn ee 2 3 %,~ dong 7 1583333 NimFluid Properti Specific gravity of liquid after blending, aL, 1583333 | 1,583 Tw 10000 7 Mass density of liquid after blendi = (* } 1S ing, p= S| tw = 1513 x (3 161 i oat 3.66 kg/m ECE HIDES SSO Soi oiiores Name of the Code :.chap1_ 3.m Inputs to the Problem ~ FOOTIE IEEE REEL EEE SHES ERD nO annonHinoniinliaaes * * JOOS OOO BOBS HEE Bo boii Volume of liquid A in m3 Volume of liquid B in m3 Specific gravity of liquid a Specific gravity of liquid B Percentage reduction of liquid after blending Specific weight of water in N/m*3 Acceleration due to gravity in m/s*2 FEES SSSI SOD O SSS SSS aS EE BEE EE Output of the Problem ZOHO S IGS SISSIES SSSR SUSE UU Dir Eioter Net volume of liquid after blending = 0.024 m3 Weight of liquid after blending = 380 N Specific gravity of liquid after blending = 1.583 Mass density of liquid after blending = 1613.66 kg/m*3 JESSIE IES CII GIG IG SI IG ISI TOSS SIJO SII ISS III ISDS IG III IIE PROBLEM 14 An ice skater with weight and average skating area of 600 N and 0.06 m* is in motion with a velocity of 16.66 nvs. Friction factor and dynamic viscosity are 0.82 and 0.172 N-s/m®, Quantify the thickness of layer between skater and surface. [Code: Chap1_4.m] Given: Average skating area, A = 0.06 m? Weight of ice skater, W = 600 N ; Velocity of ice skater, Vp = 16.66 mvs (or change in velocity dV, = 16.66 ~ 0 = 16.66 mis) Viscosity of ice, 1 = 0.172 N-s/m? Friction factor, f = 0.82 To find: Thickness of layer between skater and surface Solution: a, 16.66 Shear force F = fW = 0.82 x 600 = tA = aA = 0.172 x e. x 0.06 Thickness of layer between skater and surface, dy = 3.495 x 10¢methene ke tke © Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB JESSIE IE ISIS EI SESE IEEIORI EES IIIT IORI a ep tee we Se, Name of the Code : Chapl_4.m Inputs to the Problem JOSE ESSE SSIES IES BODES IIIS SSIES SES it tee Average skating area in m‘*2 1 0.06 hey Weight of ice skater in N + 600 Velocity of ice skater in m/s : 16.66 Dynamic viscosity of ice in N-s/m*2 : 0.172 Friction factor 1 0.82 FEES SSSI ISI ISI IOI ISTO EIO OE Output of the Problem FEE EIE EEE SEES SII SEEISEIOE EIS ISIOEI ORI IOI I Thickness of layer between ice skater and surface = 0.0003495 m GOSS SEBS SO GEESE SSIS HE OSES SEISORIOU ICCC ESOS IES Ee tebe PROBLEM 1.5 A sold rectangular shaped plate with weight and surface area of 600 N ang 0.6 m? slides down on a plane inclined at 24° to the horizontal. Velocity of descent is 12 mi, Dynamic viscosity of Iubricating liquid is 0.2 N-s/m*. Determine the thickness of lubricant film, (Refer: Figure 1.1] [Code: Chap1_5.m] Given: Surface area of plate, A = 0.6 m* Weight of plate, W = 600 N Velocity of descent, V, = 12 m/s (or change in velocity, dV, = 12 - 0 = 12 m/s) Angle of inclinaton of plane with horizontal, @ = 24° Dynamic viscosity of lubricating liquid, = 0.2 N-s/m? gy, 600 N 12 m/s 24° FIGURE 1.1. Weight sliding down on inclined plane. To find: ‘Thickness of lubricant film Solution: Shear force Fa ed = p24 wyFluid Properties 7 600 sin 24° = oax(2)xo6 dy Thickness of lubricant film, dy = 0.0059 m EEE ESI III III III IIT III III IIIT IIIT III III e of the Code : Chap1_5.m nputs to the Problem REGS BI OSS IEEE IESG IAI TTI II IITA I III III face area of plate in m*2 1 0.6 ght of plate in N 600 Velocity of descent in m/s 12 angle of inclinaton of plane with horizontal in degrees 1 24 7 0.2 Dynamic viscosity of lubricating liquid in N-s/m*2 z TSH E SISSIES IO IOI III III Output of the Problem SESE HESS SEES HIE ISSISIIS EE I IOI IORI III ckness of lubricant film = 0.0059 m TOG EEGEHIS IIIA IIIA III III SIG II IIa I IOS I III III IIE PROBLEM 1.6 Point velocity Vj(an/s) and distance ym) from bottom plate are related as "Dy + 1.4y2—y"5. Dynamic viscosity ofthe liquid is 10x 10-*N-s/m?. Compute shear stress at y= 0.20 m and yp = 0.16 m. Comment on the shear stress pattern from 0.2 m to 0.16 m. [Refer: Figure 1.2] [Code: Chap1_6.m] Given: ‘The relation between point velocity V,(in/s) and distance y(m) from bottom plate is given as: Vp = L2y + 14y? -ys Viscosity of the liquid, 1 = 10 x 10-4 N-s/m” y vat ay+ 14y-y> Vp FIGURE 1.2. Velocity distribution. To find: Shear stress at y; = 0.20 m and y» = 0.16 m from the bottom plate, shear stress patterni Problem Solving Using MATLAB ov, is Fy b+ 2.8y=2.59! oy, Shear stress T= 1" ay 3 4 0.20 m; oe = 1.2 + 0,56 — 0.2236 = 1.5364 s~'; Shear stress = (10 x 10) x 1.5364 Aty, = 1.5364 x 10° N/m? At yp = 0.16 m; Be = 1.2 + 0.448 ~ 0.16 = 1.488 s-!; Shear stress = (10 10 x Lagg y = 1.488 x 103 Nim? Shear stress pattern: decrease is observed from yy = 0.2 m to y= 0.16 m TREES EEE IEEE ISIE IIE SEIS IIIS HOI I IOC IIIS IIIS I IIIT IA Name of the Code : Chapi_6.m Inputs to the Problem FESS EE ESS SSE EEE ESOS ESHER EE IS ISIS I III III III IIE Give a equation of Vp in terms of y: 1.2*y+1.4*(y*2)-y%2.5 Vp = Inline function: vp(y) = 1.2*y+1.4* (y*2)-y*2.5 £0 = (6*y)/5 + (7*y*2)/5 - y*(5/2) Distance yl from bottom plate in m 20.2 Distance y2 from bottom plate in m : 0.16 Dynamic viscosity of liquid in N-s/m*2 : 10*(10*-4) JOS IIIS OTIS IIT IIIS ISS TI ISIS ISG SII II III IO I I AI II Output of the Problem JESS ISO IIS SSSI SEES ISS IS SII III ISIS ISG IDEEE Shear stress at yl = 0.001536 N/m*2 Shear stress at y2 = 0.001488 N/m*2 Decrease in shear stress is observed JOSS SSS ISOS SSID SEI ISGG RIESE SEE IIIS I ISR I II IIEFluid Properties 9 PROBLEM 1.7 Vertical gap (separated by two plane surfaces) is 0.03 m wide and contains liquid L (Specific gravity and viscosity 0.82 and 1.8 N-s/m?), Plate of dimension 1.6 m x 1.6 m x 0.0016 m is placed in the middle of vertical gap. Plate is pulled up with a velocity of 0.18 mis. Weight of plate is 86 N. Mass density of water and acceleration due to gravity are 1000 kg/m? and 9.81 m/s, Compute shear resistance, buoyant force and net force required to lift the plate after considering buoyancy effects. [Refer: Figure 1.3] (Code: Chap1_7.m] Given: Width of vertical gap separated by two plane surfaces, b, = 0.03 m Length, width and thickness of plate placed in the middle of vertical gap, L, b, ¢ = 1.6 m, 1.6 m, 0.0016 m. Weight of plate, W = 86 N Velocity of lifting the plate, V, (or change in velocity dV, = 0.18 - 0 = 0.18 m/s) Specific gravity of liquid L, $ = 0.82 Viscosity, = 1.8 N-s/m? Mass density of water, py = 1000 kg/m? ‘Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s” 0.18 mis Liquid L 0.0016 m— 0.03 m FIGURE 1.3 Position of plate. buoyant force and net force required to lift the plate after considering buoyancy effects Solution: ; Surface area of the plate, A = Lb = 1.6 x 1.6 = 2.56 m’ Volume of the plate, V = At = 2.56 x 0.0016 = 0.004096 m?10 Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB Distance between the boundary of plane surface and the surface of plate placed inthe mig le =f =0.001 of vertical gap, dp= 2. = oeecoanns = 0.0142 m av, 8 Velocity gradient, “FP wae = 12.68 ! dV, Shear resistance, F, = 27A = 2A = 2x 18 x 12.68 x 2.56 = 116.86 N y Specific weight of water, ¥,, = pyg = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 N/m? Specific weight of liquid, y = Sy, = 0.82 x 9810 = 8044,2 Nim? Buoyant foree, F = Specific weight of liquid x Volume ofthe plate = Vs Peay 1V = 8044.2 x 0.004096 Net force required to lift the plate after considering buoyancy effects is given as: F= Fy + W~ Fy = 116.86 + 86 — 32.95 = 169.91 N HDDS ISSO SSDS DBS SS SHE HOLE Hectares Name of the Code : Chapl_7.m Inputs to the Problem REO OD DIO Ir boon n noni ibiranetserines Width of vertical gap in m HOO EEE EEE Torreon: 0.03 Length of plate in m 1.6 Width of plate in m 1.6 Thickness of plate in m 0.0016 Weight of plate in N : 86 Velocity of lifting the plate in m/s: 0.18 Specific gravity of liquid : 0.82 Viscosity of liquid in N-s/m*2 21.8 Mass density of water in kg/m*3 : 1000 Acceleration due to gravity in m/s*2 : 9.81 JX SISOS SSIS SII SISOS HII IIE IIE THE IGE IIE Output of the Problem JOOS II ISS SSI I IIIS SSSI ISI III Shear resistance on the plate = 116.86 N Buoyant force = 32.95 N Net force required to lift the plate = 169.91 N Jonson SUIS IO SIGE IOS II IOS IGE IS ISG ISOS III IIE it are PROBLEM 1.8 In parallel plate scenario, bottom and top plates with a ae eee tie moving with velocity of 0 m/s (rest) and 4 m/s. Force exercised to sua 1 ay fe of length and width 0.9 m x 0.9 m is 140 N. Specific gravity of liquid f oe ak Mass density of water is 1000 kg/m*. Enumerate viscosity and Soe toe if required) Thickness of the plate can be neglected (default value of 1 unit can [Code: Chap1_8.m]Fluid Properties 11 Given: Length and width of the top plate, L, 8 = 0,9 mx 0.9 m Thickness of the liquid film/gap between the top and bottom plate, dy = 0.012 m Force exercised to sustain the velocity of the top plate, F = 140 N Velocity of top and bottom plate, V,1, Vio = 4 m/s, 0 m/s or Change in velocity, dVp = 4 — 0 = 4 m/s Specific gravity of the liquid filling the gap, 5 = 0.90 Mass density of water, p,, = 1000 kg/m? To find: Viscosity and kinematic viscosity of liquid Solution: Surface area of the plate, A = LB = 0.90 x 0,90 = 0.81 m? 4 0.012 ., 2 dl Total viscous resistance, Patdnp tea; 140= ux ( ) x 0.81, resulting ly Viscosity of liquid, ps = 0.5185 N-s/m? Mass density of liquid, p = Sp, = 0.9 x 1000 = 900 kg/m? 5.7611 x 104 mes Kinematic viscosity of liquid, v = Pp FECES ESSE IS ISIS ISOS IOI IOS ISEI TOES ICIS ae Name of the Code : Chap1_8.m Inputs to the Problem JESS ISSUE ODES SS SSSS SS ninnnbSbinnnnnibnbibnbinbnnSbE Length of top plate in m > 0.9 Width of top plate in m 2 0.9 Thickness of liquid film inm 0.012 Force exercised to sustain velocity of top plate in N 140 Relative velocity of top and bottom plates in m/s 4 0.9 Specific gravity of liquid ‘ Mass density of water in kg/m*3 : 1000 FOO IOS SIG IG ICSI ISIS IEICE IO IORI IORI IOC I Output of the Problem FOI JIC ISI OI III SIE CISTI IOI II SOF I IE Surface area of plate = 0.81 m*2 = 0.5185 N-s/m*2 Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity = 0.00057611 m*2/s LO ENE OHIO C ESE ERIS H III E III III IE IIIS IES II II IO SAI III II PROBLEM 1.9 A piston, 0.866 m diameter is placed equidistant from both the ends of cylinder of a diameter 0.880 m. Lubricating liquid of viscosity 0.005 N-s/m*is placed between piston and cylinder. The weight of piston including axial load and length of the cylinder are 12 N and 2 m. Work out sliding velocity of piston in vertical position. (Refer: Figure 1.4] [Code: Chap1_9.m]12 Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB Given: Diameter of piston, d = 0.866 m and diameter of cylinder, D = 0.880 m Length of cylinder, L = 2 m Weight of piston and axial load, F (or W) = 12 N Viscosity of lubricating liquid, 41 = 0.005 N-s/m? FIGURE 1.4 Position of piston in cylinder. To find: Sliding velocity of piston in vertical position Solution: Space between piston and cylinder, dy = Pad D880 0866 = 0.007 m [piston is placed equidistant from both the ends of cylinder] Circumferential area of piston, A = mdL = m x 0.866 x 2 = 5.4413 m” Shear stress, r= =—1? A 5.4413 dV, t=w<2, where dv, =1® = 2.2054 x (2 a = 3.0876 m/s a Hu 0.005 = 2.2054 N/m? Sliding velocity of piston in vertical position, dV, = 3.0876 m/sFluid Properties 13 JBOSS IIIS ISI ISSO ISIS IA III SII IAAI II II Name of the Code : Chapl_9.m Inputs to the Problem JERE OS ISOS ISS EIS IRIS ISI III SHI IAAI IOI III IIE Diameter of piston in m : 0.866 Diameter of cylinder in m : 0.88 Length of piston/cylinder in m 72 Weight of piston and axial load in N 2,12 viscosity of lubricating liquid in N-s/m*2 : 0.005 SESS OOD SISSIES SGC IDII IIHT IIE Output of the Problem JESSE SSSI IO SIGS SE ISSO IORI Space between piston and cylinder = 0.007 m Circumferential area of piston = 5.4413 m*2 Sliding velocity of piston in vertical position = 3.0876 m/s PROBLEM 1.10 Quantify the difference in the intensity of pressure between outside and inside for air bubble of diameter 0.04 x 10 m. Surface tension at the interface of two media is 0.12 N/m. [Code: Chap1_10.m] Given: Diameter of air bubble, d = 0.04 x 10% m Surface tension at the interface of two media, o = 0.12 N/m To find: Difference in the intensity of pressure Solution: 40 _ _4x0.12 Difference in the intensity of pressure, p = — gear Nek eve Nim? .04 x Name of the Code : Chapl_10.m Inputs to the Problem TERE E EEO E EE ESSE IE III ISIS SIS SSO ISIS IOI ISSA DE Diameter of air bubble in m : 0.04% (10*-3) Surface tension @ two mediums of interface in N/m : 0.12 JOSS SESS ESIC SISSIES SO EEE IGE Output of the Problem SESE SIS E II O BSED SEI ISOS II IOCGE Difference in intensity of pressure = 12000 N/m*2 PROBLEM 1.11 What is the increase in the rise of a liquid in a glass tube due to capillary effect for the following data: diameter of glass tube, surface tension at the interface of two media, specific weight of liquid, angle of contact respectively are 4 x 10 m and 0.08 N/m, 9810 Nim’, and 10°. [Refer: Figure 1.5] [Code: Chap]_11.m]'s: Problem Solving Using MATLAB Given: Diameter of glass tube, d= 4 x 103 m Angle of contact, @ = 10° Surface tension at the interface of two media, o = 0.08 N/m Specific weight of liquid, y= 9810 N/m? 1 0.004 m [-— FIGURE 1,5 Capillary rise. To find: Increase in the rise of liquid in the glass tube due to capillary effect Solution: Increase in the rise of liquid due to capillary effect, = 47.6088 _ 40.08 x cos(109 yd 9810 x 4 x 107 = 0.008 m Name of the Code : Chapl_1i.m Inputs to the Problem DUOC UOUOHo i obon at ER EE bars TESS OOD pO BHUboo i ieeniiErE Diameter of glass tube in m 2 4*(10*-3) Angle of contact in degrees : 10 Surface tension @ two mediums of interface in N/m: 0.08 Specific weight of liquid in N/ms3 9810 TOO E EO TIOO re tatttitineniaag Output of the Problem TOC OD OO EI ret tentttiinettens Increase in rise of liquid due to capillary effect = 0.008 m FOI Ik 2 UMAR aa tntebtiatraetalibioe co seid PROBLEM 1.12 Two capillary tubes A, B of diame in a liquid of specific weight 9000 Nim°. Surface tens 0.06 Nim, and 60°. Quantify the diversity in liquid leve ‘ers 0.003 m and 0.006 m are inserted ton assessed and angle of contact were Is in the two tubes, [Code: Chap1_12.m]Fluid Properties 15 Given: Diameter of capillary tubes A and B, D = 0.003 m, and d = 0.006 ; ; = 0.006 m Surface tension and ai ice tens ingle of contact, o, 6 = i Specific weight of liquid, y= 9000 N/m? oan aa To find: Diversity in liquid levels in the two tubes Solution: Diversity in liquid levels in the two tubes is given as: h = 470088 ( vl Yee wa = 450.06 x c05(60") ( 1 x(/—_-_1_)._ 9000 0.003 san) 700022 m JESS SSSI SISOS SSSR E REISER ISH ITI TIT IIIIA II Name of the Code : Chapl_12.m Inputs to the Problem _ JESSE S EIS SEIS ISOS SISSCO SSIS I ISISS SSIS IIE SII II AHI ISIE Diameter of glass tube A in m : 0.003 Diameter of glass tube B in m : 0.006 Surface tension in N/m : 0.06 Angle of contact in degrees : 60 Specific weight of liquid in N/m*3 : 9000 SOC IGIG ISIS IG SEIS IOI ISOS III Output of the Problem GEIS I CI SIS IE II O HIG IS ISCO ISO II II IE Diversity in liquid levels in the two tubes = 0.00222 m FoI GOH I IEEE IIIA IIE IIA III III II I I II III II IAI SII III PROBLEM 1.13 Volume of a liquid is shrunk by 1% due to the increase in pressure, Compute f elasticity of liquid is 2.6 x 10° N/m?. (Refer: Figure 1.6] the increase in pressure. Bulk modulus of [Code: Chap1_13.m] Given: » Shrinking of liquid volume due to inerease in pressure, (=) = 1% (0.01) Bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid, K = 2.6 x 10° Nim? To find: Increase in pressure Solution: + 26x10 = Bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid, K = oe dV Vv Increase in pressure, dp =:2,6% 10° x 0.01 = 2.6 x 107 Nim?16 Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB dp av FIGURE 1.6 Relationship between volumetric strain and change in pressure. SERIES HEISEI III IIIS I III SOIT TOFS CIOS IIIT III III SATII Name of the Code : Chapl_13.m Inputs to the Problem DEIR IO EI EEE Shrinking of liquid volume due to increase in pressure in & : 1 Bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid in N/m*2 2.6* (109) FO ISI III IOC IS SISSIES III IOI I Output of the Problem FG E IIS ISS ETO CIOS ISIE IOI SHIEH JOSIE SEIS SESE IE ISDS EE Increase in pressure = 26 MN/m*2 TEE ESSE COSI EI ES IGS S III IESE I I ISCO IIIT IAAI DERIVATION BASED PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1.14 Piston of diameter 1.3 d revolves inside a 1.5D diameter cylinder. Determine the percentage reduction in the force desired to move the piston if the viscosity is lessened from 3p: to 2u. (Refer: Figure 1.7] Given: Diameter of piston = 1.34, and that of cylinder = 1.5D Change in viscosity = 3p to 2 To find: Percentage reduction in the force desired to move the piston Solution: ay, Shear force F = Au—* = Wy : av, 34, where x is defined as A—2, and A is circumferential are of the piston ay Shear force needed when viscosity is lessened from 3y1 to 2, F, = 3xut and F; = 2xiL Percentage reduction in the force desired to move the piston = L=2 _ 3M —2*H x 100 F xe = 33.33Fluid Properties 17 FIGURE 1.7. Position of piston in cylinder. PROBLEM 1.15 A thin plate is positioned in a gap of h (between two flat surfaces). Viscosities of liquids are 42, (bottom surface) and 1, (top surface). Derive the condition for minimum shear resistance. Determine the position of the thin plate if sz; = Sand ply = 3u. [Refer: Figure 1.8] Given: Gap between two flat surfaces = h Viscosities of liquids at the bottom and top surface = J), Llp To find: Condition for minimum shear resistance, position of thin plate Surface v i iin = Thin plate t ny * LOITTTITITITITIT FIGURE 1.8 Position of plate between two parallel surfaces, Solution: Assumption: his very small and thickness of the plate is negligible. Let V = Velocity of the plate, A = Surface area of the plate, y = Distance from the top surface to the plate, 1, and t = Shear stresses on bottom and top of the plate. v From the principles of shear stress, % ~ Ah — it =me18 Fluid Mechanics: Problem Solving Using MATLAB Mh Force on both sides of the plate, F = (1 + %)A = av} +h Condition (h-y) iy dF a forthe minimum shear resistance, [> = 0 resulting in aH, th ; ja tee 3 Substituting wy) = Su and yp, = 3h; je hy yey? hoy 3 Simplification yields the position of the thin plate, y = 0.4365h a axe) ES 1 -1 Mass density and kinematic vis. 12 13 14 15 1 a 17 cosity of a liquid are 920 10 m/s. Compute specific weight, Specific gravity, specific volume and vig Mass density of water and acceleration due to gravity are 1000 kg/m? and 9.81 mig (Code: Chapl_i.m] — [Ans. 9025.2 N/m?, 0.92, 0.0001 108 mN, 0.1693 Nest Dynamic viscosity and kinematic vi: scosity of a liquid are 6.5 x 10+ Nesta? and 8.35 x 107 m/s. Mass density of water and acceleration due to gravity ae 1000 kg/m? and 9.81 mi/s?. Estimate mass density, Specific weight and specie gravity. (Code: Chap1_2.m] (Ans. 778.44 kg/m’, 7636.50 Nim’, 0714 Liquid A of volume and specific gravity 0.025 m? and 1.92 is blended with lguit B of volume and specific gravity 0.018 m? and 1.26, and teduced by 6.3% afer blending. Calculate specific gravity and mass density after blending. Specific weigh of water is 10.23 kN/m?. The value of 8 = 9.81 m/s’, (Code: Chap1_3.m] [Ans 1.754, 1829.09 kg/m] An ice skater with weight and average skating area of 880 N and 0.082 mis in motion with a velocity of 20.5 m/s. Friction factor and viscosity are 0.96 and 0.18 N-s/m?. Quantify the thickness of layer between skater and surface. [Code: Chap1_4.m] [Ans. 0,0003582 m) plate with weight and surface area of 820 N and Plane inclined at 18° to the horizontal. Velocity of the descent is 18.6 mis. Viscosity of lubricating liquid is 0.24 N-s/m?, Descente thickness of lubricant film, (Refer: Figure 1.1] [Code: Chap1_5.m] _[Ans. 0.01 m] kg/m? and 134 5 A solid rectangular shaped 0.84 m? slides down on a : = 182 Point velocity V,(nm/s) and distance y(m) from bottom plate are related a8 Vp= aa + 1.96)? — yes" Viscosity of the liquid is 14 x 10 N-s/m?, Compute a 0 at Yi = 0.12 m and y» = 0.24 m. Comment on the shear stress pattern from 0. ‘0 0.24 m, (Refer: Figure 1.2] [Code: Chapl_6.m] is observed! Ans. 0.003207 Nim?, 0.003863 Nim?, Increase in shear stress is ae ‘i Vertical gap (separated by two plane surfaces) is 0.034 m wide and contains mension 1.9 2 L (specific gravity and Viscosity 0.96 and 1.96 N-s/m?). Plate of dimensionFluid Properties 19 x19 i : Gis ee m is placed in the middle of the vertical gap. Plate is pulled up asceleiaicn Fd of 0.24 ms. Weight of the plate is 92 N. Mass density of water and wiojan eats ia Sravity are 1000 kg/m’ and 9.81 m/s. Compute shear resistance, effects. [Refer i het force required to lift the plate after considering buoyancy 18; in pach Figure 1.3] (Code: Chap!_7.m] (Ans. 211.56 N, 64.6 N, 238.96 NJ ‘8 In parallel plate scenario, bottom and top plates with a gap of 0.018 m are moving with i Or toe eae Of O ms (res) and 5.25 mis. Force exercised to sustain the velocity ‘op plate of length and width 1.2 mx 1.2 m is 185 : : N. Specific gravity of liquid alee the gap is 1.46. Mass density of water is 1260 kg/m?. Enumerate viscosity ma ‘nematic viscosity of liquid. Thickness of plate can be neglected (default value of | unit can be taken if required), (Code: Chapl_8.m] ' (Ans, 0.4405 N-s/m?, 0.002394 m?/s] 1.9 A piston of 0.92 m diameter is placed equidistant from both the ends of a cylinder of Giameter 1 m. Lubricating liquid of viscosity 0.0062 N-s/m”is placed between piston and cylinder. Weight of piston including axial load and length of a cylinder are 16 N and 2.4 m. Work out sliding velocity of piston in vertical position. [Refer: Figure 1.4] [Code: Chap1_9.m] [Ans. 14.8813 m/s] 1.10 Quantify the difference in the intensity of pressure between outside and inside for air bubble of diameter 0.06 x 10 m. Surface tension at the interface of two media is 0.2 Nim. [Code: Chap1_10.m] (Ans. 13333.33 N/m] 1.11 What is the increase in the rise of liquid in the glass tube due to capillary effect for the following data: diameter of glass tube, surface tension at the interface of two media, specific weight of liquid, angle of contact respectively as 6.4 x 10° m, 0.088 N/m, 9900 Nim’, and 18°, [Refer: Figure 1.5] (Code: Chapl_11.m] [Ans. 0.0053 m] 142 Two capillary tubes A, B of diameters 0.004 m and 0.008 m are inserted in a liquid of specific weight of 10000 Nim?, Surface tension assessesd and the angle of contact were 0.08 N/m and 45°. Quantify the diversity in liquid levels in the two tubes. {[Code: Chap!_12.m] [Ans. 0.00283 m] id increase it . Compute the . ume of aliquid is shrunk by 1.8% due to the increase in pressure : aaa sess in pressure, Bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid is 2.922 x 10 Nin” Refer: Figure 1.6} (Code: Chapl_13.m] “Ens sa x e Nin] f ameter 1.6d revolves inside a 1.8D diameter cylinder, Determine oe i sas iacion inthe fore deste t9 move the psion ithe viscosity i Jessened from 6 t0 3H. (Refer: Figure 1.7 Fans, 50%) ve positioned in a gap of h (between two flat surfaces). Viscosities of 145 A thin plat “peitom surface) and (top surface). Derive the condition for minimum liguids are Ha (Douhm™ mine the position of the thin plate if fy = 8u and wp = 4. shear resistance. Det et [Refer: Figure 1.8)