Biotechnology & Genetic

Engineering I
Outlines & Study Objectives
• What is Biotechnology?
• Biological Sciences Field Involved in Biotechnology
• Biotechnology Classification
• gold biotechnology / Bioinformatics
• Blue Biotechnology
• Green Biotechnology
• Red Biotechnology
• White Biotechnology
• Yellow Biotechnology
 • Gray Biotechnology
• Brown Biotechnology
• Violet Biotechnology
• Dark Biotechnology
• Plant Biotechnology
• Plant Tissue Culture / Cloning
• Plant Tissue Culture / Micro-Propagation
Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture/ Micro Propagation

Learning Outcomes of the Topic “Biotechnology

& Genetic Engineering”
After studying this topic biotechnology & genetic engineering,
you should be able to, understand the microbes application for
the advancement of human being desired products.
 Biotechnology & Genetic
Engineering
❑What is Biotechnology? The concept of biotech or
biotechnology circumscribe a wide range of procedures for
modifying living organisms according to the human purposes.
✓ It describe the improvement in domesticated animal, cultivated
plants through breeding.
✓ Breeding, the mechanism that employ artificial selection and
hybridization.

Artificial/Selective breeding is the process by which humans use breeding mechanism to

selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which typically males and females
will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
 Cont..
✓ The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology “the
application of biological organisms, systems, processes to learn
about the improvement in value of materials, organisms such as
pharmaceuticals, crops, livestock etc.”
✓ The European Federation of Biotechnology, define biotechnology,
the integration of natural science and organisms etc. for products
and services.
✓ Biotechnology is based on basic biological sciences, e.g. molecular
biology, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics,
microbiology and technical methods to support and perform the
basic research.
 Biological Sciences Field Involved in
Biotechnology
❑ Molecular Biology: The branch of biology that deals with the
structure and function of the macromolecules, e.g. Proteins &
Nucleic acids.
❑ Biochemistry: The branch of biology concerned with the chemical
and physico-chemical processes and substances which occur within
living organisms.
❑ Cell Biology: Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the
structure and function of the cell.
❑ Embryology: The branch of biology concerned with the study of
embryos and their development.
❑ Genetics: Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study
of heredity & variation in living organisms.
❑ Microbiology: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms,
unicellular, multicellular, covering the branches of virology,
parasitology, mycology, phycology, bacteriology etc.
 Biotechnology Classification
➢ The term, “Biotechnology” categorized into the following
branches for our convenience & understanding:
➢Bioinformatics
▪ Bioinformatics is also called gold biotechnology.
▪ It is an interdisciplinary field that addresses biological
problems as well analyze biological data.
▪ The field bioinformatics also refer to as computational
biology.
▪ Computational biology may defined as "conceptualizing
biology in terms of molecules,
▪ and then applying informatics techniques to understand and
organize the information associated with these molecules,
on a large scale.
 Cont..
➢ Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas such as
functional genomics, structural genomics, protein, a
components in the pharmaceutical sector.
 Blue Biotechnology
➢ Blue biotechnology is based on the exploitation of sea resources to create
products and industrial applications.
▪ This branch of biotechnology is mostly used for the industries of refining
and combustion.
▪ Particularly, the production of bio-oil with photosynthetic microalgae etc.
▪ The sea and fresh water organisms are used for various purposes,
▪ like increasing seafood supply and safety,
▪ developing new drugs etc.
 Green Biotechnology
➢ Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural
processes.
▪ An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via
micropropagation.
▪ Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow
under specific environments in the presence or absence of
chemicals.
▪ One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more
environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial
agriculture.
▪ An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a
pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of
pesticides.
▪ An example of this would be Bt-corn (Bt: Bacillus thuringiensis).
 Cont..
▪ It is commonly considered as the next phase of green
revolution.
▪ It is mainly focused on the development of agriculture.
▪ On the other hand, green biotechnology involve some
microorganism to clean and reduce waste.
 Red Biotechnology
➢ Red biotechnology is the use of biotechnology in the medical and
pharmaceutical industries and health preservation.
▪ This branch involves the production of vaccines and antibiotics.
▪ Creation of artificial organs and new diagnostics of diseases.
▪ As well as the development of hormones, stem cell, antibodies,
diagnostic test etc.
 White Biotechnology
➢ White biotechnology also known as industrial biotechnology.
▪ White biotechnology applied to industrial processes.
▪ An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful
chemical.
▪ Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to
produce chemicals and to destroy hazardous/ polluting chemicals.
▪ White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than
traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.
 Yellow Biotechnology
➢ Yellow biotechnology refers to the use of biotechnology in food
production.
▪ For example, making wine, cheese, and beer by fermentation.
▪ It has also been used to refer to biotechnology applied to insects.
▪ This includes biotechnology-based approaches for the control of harmful
insects,
▪ The characterization and utilization of active ingredients or genes of
insects for research;
▪ or application in agriculture and medicine and various other approaches.
 Gray Biotechnology
➢ Gray biotechnology refer to
describe the environmental
applications,
▪ It focus on the maintenance
of biodiversity and the
remotion of pollutants.
▪ Gray biotechnology also called
the white or industrial
biotechnology.
▪ An example is the detection of
metals/ gases presence in a
particular region using a
particular organism of
microorganism, plants etc.
 Brown Biotechnology
➢ Brown biotechnology is related to the management of arid lands
and deserts.
➢ One application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist
extreme environmental conditions.
➢ Brown biotechnology is related to the innovation, creation of
agriculture techniques and management of resources.
 Violet Biotechnology
➢ Violet biotechnology is related to law, ethical and philosophical
issues around biotechnology.
 Dark Biotechnology
➢ Dark biotechnology is the color
associated with bioterrorism or
biological weapons,
▪ And biowarfare which uses
microorganisms and toxins to
cause diseases and death in
humans, livestock and crops.
▪ Bioterrorism is terrorism
involving the intentional release
or dissemination of biological
agents/ harmful infectious
agents.
▪ These agents are bacteria,
viruses, fungi, toxins etc.
 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
➢ Plant biotechnology refer to the application of techniques to manipulate
the genetic potential of plants.
➢ The origin of plant biotechnology traced back to 1850-1860s, reported in
the work of German plant physiologists Julius von Sachs and W. Knop.
➢ In the work, they reported that plant can grow in water, if provided some
essential elements.
➢ Such as salt dissolved in water, a techniques now called hydroponics.
➢ The use of hydroponics provide studies on the growth of plant in nutrient
solutions “Tissue Culture Techniques”
 Plant Tissue Culture / Cloning
➢ Plant tissue culture is a collection of methods of growing large
number of cells in a controlled environment.
➢ At present, the great impact of tissue culture is used in plant
multiplication., called micropropagation or clonal propagation.
➢ Plant can be regenerated in an artificial medium (in vitro), from
explants like root, shoot, bud etc., and tissues like cortex,
epidermis, phloem, xylem etc.
 Plant Tissue Culture / Micro-
Propagation
➢ Micro-propagation is the practice
of multiplication of stock plant
material to produce a large number
of progeny plants.
➢ In this method, the technique of
culturing plant cell, tissue or an
organ is utilized for propagation of
plants.
➢ A small piece of tissue, organ or
even a single cell is taken from a
plant and is transferred to a
sterilized container with nutrient
medium in aseptic conditions.
Cont..
➢ The tissue grows very fast into an un-organized mass, called callus.
➢ The developed masses/ callus can be maintained and multiplied
for an unlimited period.
➢ When small portions of the tissue are transferred to another
specialized medium, it induces differentiation and plantlets (little
plants) are formed.
 Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture/
Micro-Propagation
✓ By this method, an indefinite
number of identical plants can
be obtained vegetatively starting
from a small amount of parent
tissue.
✓ In orchids, the carnations,
chrysanthemums, asparagus etc.
have been propagated
successfully by the process of
micro-propagation.
✓ Currently, large scale planting of
cardamom plants by micro-
propagation is being exercised
and successful in some part of
the world.