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Complex - Numbers Cheat Sheet

1) Complex numbers are defined as numbers that can be expressed in the form of a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. 2) Complex numbers can be expressed in Cartesian form (a + ib), polar form (r(cosθ + i sinθ)) where r is the modulus and θ is the argument, or exponential form (re^iθ). 3) Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed on complex numbers by treating the real and imaginary parts separately and following standard algebraic rules.

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Muhammad Razlan Mohamad Azar
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684 views

Complex - Numbers Cheat Sheet

1) Complex numbers are defined as numbers that can be expressed in the form of a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. 2) Complex numbers can be expressed in Cartesian form (a + ib), polar form (r(cosθ + i sinθ)) where r is the modulus and θ is the argument, or exponential form (re^iθ). 3) Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed on complex numbers by treating the real and imaginary parts separately and following standard algebraic rules.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Razlan Mohamad Azar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex numbers

•Definitions
•Conversions
•Arithmetic
•Hyperbolic Functions
Define the imaginary number
If z = x + iy
i = −1 then x is the real part of z
so that
and y is the imaginary part
i 2 = −1,
i 3 = i ⋅ i 2 = −i
i 4 = i 2i 2 = −1 ⋅ −1 = 1 If z = x + iy then
the conjugate of z ,
written z or z *
Im z Argand diagram Complex numbers: is x − iy
Definitions
y x + iy

r If the complex number z = x + iy then


the Modulus of z is written as z and
θ the Argument of z is written as Arg (z )
x so that
Re z
z = x 2 + y 2 = r , Arg ( z ) = tan −1 ( y / x) = θ
r , θ are shown in the Argand diagram
Main page
Cartesian form Im z
(Real/Imaginary form) y x + iy
z = x + iy r
Polar form θ
(Modulus/Argument form)
x
Re z
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ )
= r cisθ
Complex numbers: Polar to Cartesian form
Forms x = r cos θ
Principal argument y = r sin θ
If θ is the principal
argument of a complex
number z then Cartesian to Polar form
−π <θ ≤ π Eulers formula r = x2 + y2
Im z cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ θ = tan −1
( y / x)
NB. You may need to add or
Re z
subtract π −1
to tan ( y / x)
Exponential form in order that θ gives z in the
z = reiθ correct quadrant

Main page
Let z = a + ib Addition/ subtraction
and w = c + id z ± w = ( a + c ) ± i (b + d )

Multiplication Equivalence
z ⋅ w = (a + ib)(c + id ) Complex numbers:
Arithmetic z = w ⇔ a = c and b = d
= (ac − bd ) + i (ad + bc)
De Moivres theorem
Division (cos θ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
z z ⋅ w z ⋅ w (a + ib)(c − id )
= = =
w w⋅ w w 2 c2 + d 2 Polar/ exponential form:
Powers/ roots
 ac + bd   bc − ad 
= 2 2 
+ i 2 2 
If z = r cis θ = re iθ
 c +d  c +d  then
z n = r n cis ( n θ )
Polar/ exponential form: Mult/division = r n e i ( nθ )
If z = r cis θ = re iθ and w = s cis ω = se i ω
then
z ⋅ w = rs cis( θ + ω ) = r se i( θ + ω )
and
n
z = n
( n)
r cis θ
( n)
iθ
and z r  r  i( θ − ω ) = n
re
=   cis( θ − ω ) =   e
w s s Main page
Hyperbolic Sine & Cosine Functions
1 x 1 x
cosh x =
2
( )
e + e − x and sinh x =
2
(
e − e−x )

Other Hyperbolic Functions Equivalences


sinh x Complex cos i θ = cosh θ and
tanh x = , numbers:
cosh x sin i θ = i sinh θ
Hyperbolic
1 cosh i θ = cos θ and
cosech x = , Functions
sinh x sinh i θ = i sin θ
1
sech x =
cosh x
cosh x 1 Sine & Cosine Functions
coth x = = in Exponential form
sinh x tanh x
1 iθ
cos θ =
2
(e + e − i θ ) and
Eulers formula
1
cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ sin θ = (e i θ − e − i θ )
Main page 2
Complex numbers
That’s all folks!

Main page

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