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This document provides a summary of topics in linear algebra including finding the row rank of matrices, properties of subspaces, direct sums, and bases of subspaces. It contains 6 questions: 1) Find the row rank of 3 matrices; 2) Properties of unions and differences of subspaces; 3) Properties of intersections of subspaces of dimension n-1 in Rn; 4) Find bases of subspaces of R4; 5) Properties of subspaces of a vector space V including existence and containment; 6) Characterize direct sums and determine if certain pairs of subspaces are direct sums. There are also 3 starter questions and 3 pudding questions that explore related concepts.

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MONA KUMARI
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26 views

Sheet 4

This document provides a summary of topics in linear algebra including finding the row rank of matrices, properties of subspaces, direct sums, and bases of subspaces. It contains 6 questions: 1) Find the row rank of 3 matrices; 2) Properties of unions and differences of subspaces; 3) Properties of intersections of subspaces of dimension n-1 in Rn; 4) Find bases of subspaces of R4; 5) Properties of subspaces of a vector space V including existence and containment; 6) Characterize direct sums and determine if certain pairs of subspaces are direct sums. There are also 3 starter questions and 3 pudding questions that explore related concepts.

Uploaded by

MONA KUMARI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra I, Sheet 4, MT2021

Bases and subspaces. Dimension formula. Direct sums.

Main course
1. Find the row rank of each of the following matrices:
     
2 4 −3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
(a)  1 −4 3 0  (b)  2 3 4 1  (c)  2 3 4 2 
3 −5 2 1 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2

2. Let V be a vector space and let U , W be subspaces of V . Show that U \ W is never a subspace.
Find a necessary and sufficient condition for U ∪ W to be a subspace.

3. Let V = Rn where n > 2, and let U and W be subspaces of V of dimension n − 1.


(a) Show that if U 6= W then dim(U ∩ W ) = n − 2.
(b) Now suppose that n > 3 and let U1 , U2 , U3 be three distinct subspaces of dimension n − 1. Must
it be true that dim(U1 ∩ U2 ∩ U3 ) = n − 3? Give a proof or find a counterexample.
(c) Show that if dim U 6 n − 2 then there are infinitely many different subspaces X such that
U 6X 6V.

4. Let V = R4 , and let

X = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ V : x2 + x3 + x4 = 0},
Y = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ V : x1 + x2 = x3 − 2x4 = 0}.

Find bases for X, Y , X ∩ Y and X + Y , and write down the dimensions of these subspaces.

5. Let V be an n-dimensional vector space.


(a) Prove that V contains a subspace of dimension r for each r in the range 0 6 r 6 n.
(b) Show that if U0 < U1 < · · · < Uk 6 V (strict containments of subspaces of V ) then k 6 n. Show
also that if k = n then dim Ur = r for 0 6 r 6 k.
(c) Let U , W be subspaces of V such that U 6 W . Show that there is a subspace X of V such that
W ∩ X = U and W + X = V .

6. (a) Show that V = U ⊕ W if and only if every vector v ∈ V can be expressed uniquely in the
form v = u + w with u ∈ U and w ∈ W .
(b) Let V = R3 and U = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ V : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}. For each of the following subspaces
W , either prove that V = U ⊕ W , or explain why this is not true:
(i) W = {(x, 0, −x) : x ∈ R};
(ii) W = {(x, 0, x) : x ∈ R};
(iii) W = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ V : x1 = x3 }.
Starter
S1. For each of the following sets S in a vector space V , find a basis for hSi.

(i) S = {(1, 0, 3), (−2, 5, 4)} ⊆ R3

(ii) S = {(6, 2, 0, −1), (3, 5, 9, −2), (−1, 0, 7, 8), (5, 5, −1, 2)} ⊆ R4

(iii) S = {(7, −3, 2, 11, 2), (0, 4, 9, −5, 16), (20, −13, 16, 24, 38), (1, 12, 8, −1, 0)} ⊆ R5

S2. Let U , W be subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space V . The following are equivalent:

(i) V = U ⊕ W ;

(ii) every v ∈ V has a unique expression as u + w where u ∈ U and w ∈ W ;

(iii) dim V = dim U + dim W and V = U + W ;

(iv) dim V = dim U + dim W and U ∩ W = {0V };

(v) if u1 , . . . , um is a basis for U and w1 , . . . , wn is a basis for W , then u1 , . . . , um , w1 , . . . , wn is


a basis for V .

[Note that proving the equivalence of (i) and (ii) is Q6(a) on this sheet!]

S3. Find an example to show that it is not the case that if V = U ⊕ W then every basis of V is a
union of a basis of U and a basis of W .

Pudding
P1. Find the column rank of each of the matrices in Q1 on this sheet. What do you notice?

P2. Taking A as each of the three matrices in Q1 on this sheet, find all the solutions to Ax = 0 in
each case. What do you notice?

P3. Let V = V1 ⊕ V2 . Take a subspace U 6 V . Must it be true that U = U1 ⊕ U2 where U1 6 V1


and U2 6 V2 ? (Find a proof or give a counterexample.)

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