Waves at Interface

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Boundary condition for electric field at
dielectric interface

  ∂B   ∂  
∇× E = −
∂t ∫
 E.dl = − ∫ B.ds
∂t
A B

Boundary
D C
           
∫ E.dl = ∫
ABCDA
E.dl = ∫
AB
E.dl + ∫ E.dl + ∫ E.dl + ∫ E.dl
BC CD DA

If BC → 0, DA → 0 The flux will be zero

  Parallel
∫
AB
E.nˆ dl + ∫ E.(− n)
CD
ˆ dl =
0 ( E1 )|| = ( E2 )|| component (with
interface) remain
conserved
 Waves at Interface
Consider a monochromatic planar light wave incident at an interface:
  i ( k ⋅r −ωt )
Ei = Eoi e i

The form of the reflected and transmitted waves

  i ( k ⋅r −ωt )  
Er = Eor e r Ei Er
  i ( k ⋅r −ωt )
Et = Eot e t

Et
 
ki

kr x
  i ( k ⋅r −ωt )
  i ( k ⋅r −ωt ) θi θ r Er = Eor e r
Ei = Eoi e i n1

n2 y z
θt 
At interface (x = 0)
kt
 ||  ||  ||
  i ( k ⋅r −ωt ) ( Ei ) + ( Er ) =
( Et )
Et = Eot e t
 || i ( k ⋅r −ωt )  || i ( k ⋅r −ωt )  || i ( k ⋅r −ωt )
( ) Eoi e i + Eor e r ( ) =
Eot e t ( )
  
(E ) e + (E ) e (E ) e
|| i ( kiy y + kiz z −ωt ) || i ( kry y + krz z −ωt ) || i ( kty y + ktz z −ωt )
oi or = ot
This equation is valid for all values of time and all points on the interface
(yz plane).........so we can have
k=
iy k=
ry kty
k=
iz k=
rz ktz
 
ki

kr
x kiz
θi θ r 
n1 ki θi
n2
y z
θt 
kt

ω ω
kiz = krz ki sin θi = kr sin θ r ki = n1 kr = n1
c c

θi = θ r
Law of Reflection

kiz = ktz ki sin θi = kt sin θt ωt

kt = n2
c
Snell’s Law n1 sin θi = n2 sin θt ωi = ωt

Law of Refraction
Principle of superposition

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Principle of superposition

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ 1 ∂ 2ψ
+ 2 + 2 = (Differential wave equation)
∂x 2
∂y ∂z v 2 ∂t 2
(Individual solution)
   
ψ 1 (r, t), ψ 2 (r, t), ψ 3 (r, t), ψ 4 (r, t).............
(General solution)

 n

ψ (r, t) = ∑ Ciψ i (r, t) Linear combination
i =1

Principle of superposition: Resultant disturbance of any point in

a medium is the algebraic sum of the separate constituent waves
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Simple Example: Addition of wave of same frequency (but different phase)

E1 E01 sin(ωt + α1 )
E= E1 + E2
E2 E02 sin(ωt + α 2 )

E E01 [sin(ω t) cos α1 + cos(ω t) sin α1 ] + E02 [sin(ω t) cos α 2 + cos(ω t) sin α 2 ]
=

E = [ E01 cos α1 + E02 cos α 2 ] sin(ω t ) + [ E01 sin α1 + E02 sin α 2 ] cos(ω t)

E0 cos α
= [ E01 cos α1 + E02 cos α 2 ] Final Wave
=E E0 sin(ω t + α )
E0 sin α
= [ E01 sin α1 + E02 sin α 2 ]
E02 = E012 + E022 + 2 E01 E02 cos(α 2 − α1 ) If (α 2 − α1 ) is constant

tan α =
[ E01 sin α1 + E02 sin α 2 ] over time then E1 , E2 are
coherent to each other
[ E01 cos α1 + E02 cos α 2 ] 8
 In phase δ =0 E02 = E012 + E022 + 2 E01 E02 cos δ
δ (α 2 − α1 )
=

tan α =
[ E01 sin α1 + E02 sin α 2 ]
[ E01 cos α1 + E02 cos α 2 ]

Superposition of many wave

n
=E ∑E i =1
0i cos(ω t ± α i )

Out of phase δ =π
=E E0 cos(ω t ± α )
n n n
2
0∑ E + 2∑ ∑ E0i E0 j cos(α i − α j )
E =
=i 1
2
0i
=
j >i i 1
n

∑E 0i sin α i
tan α = i =1
n

∑E
i =1
0i cos α i 9
The Complex Method

Complex form
E1 E01 cos(ω t + α1 ) E1 = E01ei (ω t +α1 )
Superposition of N number of
waves with same frequency

N
e ∑ E0i e
i (ω t +α1 ) i (ω t +α 2 ) i (ω t +α 3 ) i (ω t +α N ) iωt iα j
E01e + E02 e + E03e + ...... + E0 N e =
j =1

The superposition of the wave is written as, E = E0 ei (ω t +α )

N N
E ∑E E0 e = ∑ E0 j e
i (ω t +α ) iωt iα j iα iα j
E=
0e e 0j e
j =1 j =1

E = ( E0 e
2
0
iα
)( E e )0
iα *
For N=2
Complex Amplitude

( E01eiα1 E02eiα2 )( E01e−iα1 + E02e−iα2 )

E02 =+
= E012 + E022 + E01 E02 ( ei (α1 −α 2 ) + e − i (α1 −α 2 ) ) = E012 + E022 + 2 E01 E02 cos(α1 − α 2 ) 10
Phasor Addition

E1 = E01ei (ω t +α1 )
E = E1 + E2 = E0 e (
i ω t +α )

E2 = E02 ei (ω t +α 2 )

( E01eiα1 E02eiα2 )( E01e−iα1 + E02e−iα2 )

E02 =+
= E012 + E022 + E01 E02 ( ei (α1 −α 2 ) + e − i (α1 −α 2 ) )
= E012 + E022 + 2 E01 E02 cos(α1 − α 2 )
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