CHAPTER

C Loops

T here may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number

of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a

function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated
execution paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times

and following is the general form of a loop statement in most of the programming
languages

C programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping

requirements.

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while loop in C
A while loop statement in C programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax
The syntax of a while loop in C programming language is:

while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}

Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.

The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero value. The loop iterates
while the condition is true.

When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line immediately
following the loop.

Flow Diagram

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Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop might not ever run. When the condition is
tested and the result is false, the loop body will be skipped and the first statement after
the while loop will be executed.

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* while loop execution */

while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
}

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

for loop in C
A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that
needs to execute a specific number of times.

Syntax
The syntax of a for loop in C programming language is:

for ( init; condition; increment )

{

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 statement(s);
}

Here is the flow of control in a for loop:

1. The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and
initialize any loop control variables. You are not required to put a statement here, as long
as a semicolon appears.

2. Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is
false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next
statement just after the for loop.

3. After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to
the increment statement. This statement allows you to update any loop control
variables. This statement can be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears after the
condition.

4. The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process
repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then again condition). After the
condition becomes false, the for loop terminates.

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()

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 {
/* for loop execution */
for( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
}

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

do...while loop in C
Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop,
the do...while loop in C programming language checks its condition at the bottom of the
loop.

A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.

Syntax
The syntax of a do...while loop in C programming language is:

do
{
statement(s);

}while( condition );

Notice that the conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the statement(s)
in the loop execute once before the condition is tested.

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If the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the statement(s) in
the loop execute again. This process repeats until the given condition becomes false.

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
do
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a = a + 1;
}while( a < 20 );

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14

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 value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

nested loops in C
C programming language allows to use one loop inside another loop. Following section
shows few examples to illustrate the concept.

Syntax
The syntax for a nested for loop statement in C is as follows:

for ( init; condition; increment )

{
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}

The syntax for a nested while loop statement in C programming language is as follows:

while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}

The syntax for a nested do...while loop statement in C programming language is as

follows:

do
{
statement(s);
do
{
statement(s);
}while( condition );

}while( condition );

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A final note on loop nesting is that you can put any type of loop inside of any other type of
loop. For example, a for loop can be inside a while loop or vice versa.

Example
The following program uses a nested for loop to find the prime numbers from 2 to 100:

#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int i, j;

for(i=2; i<100; i++) {

for(j=2; j <= (i/j); j++)
if(!(i%j)) break; // if factor found, not prime
if(j > (i/j)) printf("%d is prime\n", i);
}

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime
7 is prime
11 is prime
13 is prime
17 is prime
19 is prime
23 is prime
29 is prime
31 is prime
37 is prime
41 is prime
43 is prime
47 is prime
53 is prime
59 is prime
61 is prime

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 67 is prime
71 is prime
73 is prime
79 is prime
83 is prime
89 is prime
97 is prime

break statement in C
The break statement in C programming language has the following two usages:

1. When the break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately
terminated and program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.

2. It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement (covered in the next chapter).

If you are using nested loops (i.e., one loop inside another loop), the break statement
will stop the execution of the innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after
the block.

Syntax
The syntax for a break statement in C is as follows:

break;

Flow Diagram

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Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* while loop execution */

while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
if( a > 15)
{
/* terminate the loop using break statement */
break;
}
}

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15

continue statement in C
The continue statement in C programming language works somewhat like
the break statement. Instead of forcing termination, however, continue forces the next
iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.

For the for loop, continue statement causes the conditional test and increment portions
of the loop to execute. For the while and do...while loops, continue statement causes
the program control passes to the conditional tests.

Syntax
The syntax for a continue statement in C is as follows:

continue;

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Flow Diagram

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
do
{
if( a == 15)
{
/* skip the iteration */
a = a + 1;
continue;
}
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;

}while( a < 20 );

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11

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 value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

goto statement in C
A goto statement in C programming language provides an unconditional jump from the
goto to a labeled statement in the same function.

NOTE: Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming language because
it makes difficult to trace the control flow of a program, making the program hard to
understand and hard to modify. Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten so that it
doesn't need the goto.

Syntax
The syntax for a goto statement in C is as follows:

goto label;
..
.
label: statement;

Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere in the C
program above or below to goto statement.

Flow Diagram

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Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
LOOP:do
{
if( a == 15)
{
/* skip the iteration */
a = a + 1;
goto LOOP;
}
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;

}while( a < 20 );

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

The Infinite Loop

A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop is
traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that form the for
loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression
empty.

#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{

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 for( ; ; )
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
}

return 0;
}

When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may have an
initialization and increment expression, but C programmers more commonly use the for(;;)
construct to signify an infinite loop.

NOTE: You can terminate an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl + C keys.

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