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Complex Number System

Complex Number System

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Rathi K
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100 views

Complex Number System

Complex Number System

Uploaded by

Rathi K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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yoik-T, Complex Nurcbers a Dedinitien Fy Complex pumber z ie Cb the dom Btiy where sandy we yeaah number 4S est i ua an Imaginary Unik with Ikupopety Ace. sandy au called he yoo anol Imnagiranyy posits ob zw. and we voribe st. Roz and yr Irez- Th oee0 he eomplee umber = % called Pusey imaginary. td y=o then 2 veal, Tiwo Gemplet numbers osu Zaid fe be equal ih Teey have the arne spon!) pools ard th Same. Inaginatyy parts, Lot @ dencte te gok th all Gormplex numbers. smu C= [erty] eg eR? peainitinn ; we dediog additten and rau)ti plectis ion Cap fellows z= atl, and 22 ted Yy Lek Ztz,. = betig + letat ly. = (et etteyt PCY 2, Fa = (5,4 ly early. = St; ete 4M etd Foe | Theoret Conjugal The- Conjugate Ph a Qernplex Purohert Z b donot ty Z and se dadined an i zoa—ty. elecaly (297 2. Theorars.}. Wh Zy and Zp. aru any te Cornet Numbers, Yen iy (z,4+295 zt wage eo ees \iny - =, (Sny° Za Gib, Te prove Cie, , we wave (= 5 =.=, Taking Conjugate on bpolhzidz. (44> 42, > Sy Ze « foe S. By (using Go 2au\t) {-S2);" > | = = =, Zz. . Heme Ui & proved. Note: “Estlanting Ye SOC ord ] = ues e “== = ss--zer (zee2e2eze--2> => 22 z er) vagult Ye ndaciers & Ss, = SP. Abgolue Value 2 a Complexe Nurcbes, her 2ectetiy be any Complex number Its abgolua value, densted by 12] . As Yhe Neon agative. ryeal number} Vet" y? te, VB\= Yotry> Mole. Go |lej- lel Ui2B= laf ti arg ler eile. Gi, ‘Te prove Gin, z we wave (= — » Tang coger on belbede. _— (4b) 22. = 2. (=e m= 4a Z ( using ay wegulk) | 21 ) = 2 Bons Za Hennes Lis bo prevecl Note “Estlorsting the S00 end reguit to ndaectore (eeeee 2) =-222 Zr) (bys Sey ee Value tba @eomples Number, ) Leb 2astiy be any Compleat numbes Tt abgolwa value, denvtd by ta] | dp Yhe Heonagaiva. vyeal number Vat y? We, V2\= forry>, Motz. ip BBS “END ei Zel= lille), as iy I=} fe) Wowee l=P eae ‘5 Togas bot @ Cis dad under addition and roulliptiattion irom: ~ \alo kano that Z, ta ard yy Ge Bin addition Db reall Numbars ve Adgsootabive ancl Cornnubak ve, O= oF io i tu additive. identity aod fe Odkdtive terse 06 Z= serty b tee ey) Hone C0,4> %& an abelian greene. a ee ec tye Bak Dh Mor pere Cornplet numbexs. When 2, = sey tty Dang. sey and 4, aie ost Bimubtanzouly Bere Q0d 2o.2Xetiys Where waded. AF nok Simulbancoualy ZpRIO woe. Olainn teak 2, 2,60 © ue hove 2,2, = CM) Ham YYo Suppose 2) 2570 5 ti lebys Ta) Vhen ot)%a-yy4, = © —tuo \ sy4n+%o4, = 0 — te). ®b 2 Woe AB UN eg) ery 1%o 4a FY 26 —t4) by as, Seb C8) and tyy The Gomplet number ayih oc > ycetiyss presented by the onderadl pair vb? 6 & Bxsaety., “TP Wm GN, Jaeré = 5 =o and y=. ts ast uae) or ceeane aorta 8 L Nerdy tae tallmcing or Zote whith wa @eriraditie WWae-ty-i Cee tone 2,2,e0* Gk aan be. eanily veri} Meat ron biphioatig BO) p= =tareis do Qsggciative. arc Coroinetiortive z . - Ate eee Beret fe-[-i4+G. = ave-ai=alet) iee ct eqythipianbive toler . io € Ct the south ey yaiye asi Lek = 2 setiy be a non gate Cemplare numba, z . either serke or ue Hees sen oo Cay? = Wai tsi @yad bt saa te ead low = ge ee Sey Leela) 2 Oreiext wate at [Stal gn bes seep h WS Obs 4 Ech and tk vo Me wulliphealive (1 Dts cetror? inverge PB = “treat ur 2231419 U-2i-t) ail? Funthor i 240 pasily be vertdiel thabe Z,teatZg = Zen acter abl “ Cormplase OURDbeS 2) 2a, zy EO. Op ini 7 ena Ge, wo) Oe a dod: = HL : = _ +1 x at elt 2s ag { aor Ge t-t l =@t= [ \W? lo, eax ba,19 = (-1, 8) (a-sist-a+fo- t-1+a1? a yet +bT-317 i y+ @f-aj*s —yter tas —1+er= 01,8) sa een t3,-1>t veto p=, Cariotact (Met Viptd ees tel) Fei (Voth ot) = Atl CUstiel) = tOCWe tigi) = O41 . 2.45 gach Bh the tus9 purbexg 2 1! —Bataduks the 2qualiro Sissi =H # stactges actly Clo titi ya oe vedi eA tek 28, =? += o Puh- ‘ 2= O73. Cis au-Td4a+9 ett (a eapae =o Mente Preved. ‘Theorern 1.2, @ TH x ta voet 56 the poly remial equation Pho. ta, |Z tan 70 Si- a, 2° 4+4a,2" 4 where Ag, 4.92 -- ep, ard Q48. then & 2b aloe @ Tort ve Tt=>=e. {Or , The non-real vols Uh a polynersial 2quakion with yal eocddieunts Occur 1» Conjugale Pairg , Prob Stow of wb aq Tet ph dte>=0° wog. Pave 4 tar=0 +t Anak + 4an=e, 5 -t Hena a,X 7% ooh & 3 Go +ayn=0 ‘ok 44,20), = = ne — -,-_s Gy 4 Qe pe Ha +An7 8 ny = hel er Ah FA dh +. + QF AnF0 _ G ee ¢ [e. F real) 5 4q 444.7 _ dla deo Sothat be elke 1a BE 423 =6 Theorems 1.3 Th =, Zyp Za Gore any Hares. Complent Yurobers | Vhan * — 2 tae > late lel Ub 2e= l=} Wb | 2,2 bejp) WW jzl= fataye (eeypt= Tey ub zz = latiyyle-ty? = ay lz ip \z,zal= (2),20C2, 2.9 = 2, 2 (2,7) = \z, =i) (2,2, = pel peal 4.1 = lee), a Covallory Fuithor | (2 lo,)Z>\= 121) ges jz. | lz5) 2 by, 2 = \z,! ail * Te Torquallities in ders Dh Meduli @ “Wheomra : T4 2, 2), Zo. Sw Aoy Vere Complese numbers, ten a) —|2| = Pez = \zl. awd} —|lel J2,+z,) & be,i4lent aang 2% § i mecpradl 1A, hy |2,-2.) = 12,)-)2.) ow calles Pros} Tri angle laequaltiers bet 2 =sttly then lat 5 Vay , Rezmsat ancl Imz= y Tor all positive anek Weagerti wit Valua2 of, = and a oc ot t YoY _ Jeay 3) 4a! Rest bh Sy, = pe lel—ay Har igh® - = > —-2 “| ei _ * = ae st : Shee 7 -i* Conjugate ee = Bi-29! = aitael +e = = 5 o & Ficd the Conjugaly ‘bb we sk “Bagi Aw sest, ‘ =+ at = | Seg 3 Tt Si= X4h3- yar é. Pv laz— sor = = tposy ~ Bay a [ani = | ateet iy — Sloe iy) = | ott Qty — attaiy|” = | -x4siy| a 2 = ot 43Sy 1. Fiod Sho Costleblan orn Bb the eauertion aye l2-uil + leruil sq, Jo ui legasl*s sy © [tsertyo—uiy8 | eset yea ull = 2g | cP | eat gan Pay SEY eS yay am ay, 20 yb BY 4 ey FILA BY © ey play ao nay boyy 21 lig ; age a peek eee [parcerty Sls lata} . 2 Jeerorig)s [oerrsl Cotniy’a utah = tp afes ay fare ty pete yy a = ACOH 7 = lize reoreen 1 Re te Rabe Rel Z aus tees sig PIA o Rely ey ey? We (2 P-arale,Z54 lat aliens ea) (y-t2,*b-t23) Re l2,2,>2 Reta,%.> =! Here tb iy Prowd SO bape) (ores ley > lar ao(e45,) ath 7 2 2,¢2,2,1 22 42,8, a = lz) + 2 Relz,Z,341zs5° b proved , Sy Hence YD win lz,-2,\" Stas -2l2,- 72d = (S “aS ( i “249 = 2,272) 2> 2 ee) = | at ake (z2,2.> Flesy{2 Heow ly & proved, iv a WY laste eyed 2 lal +QPol2,2Z>4l2.)4 \a, Ve Qketa a st ja Crom @ £49 > leVyye > ee 2. dla s+ l2V4 je.) = 8 tried) Hone ww % provel, ©. \ i- 2, a \2,- 2 @ E _— 2 Se f1- 2, 2) = bys 2\3,j)0-3 42 = U1- 2a 0\- = Se) = ole z, = = Et Sa oe Sa = k= (2,25 St BA = »atet= =, lefiel Lyf aa je -zel = leo ake le,2.04 ep a7 ®-© 1-3, zalber i {— 2Ra la 20F 1 (= Jake * 22) pk ary _ 2 + al) > \ai2,12e7— 12) “ple Rows . Cy tayhy bh Nal? ye la — Venta 2a] zal Prem © and © 2S Liga U-leat) lh-Z, zal fa |= \=z, Shes ever, Shes teak every Somples number = vohote. labselule valu: bb |, Gan be epreaged iq +h ss be dorm. (TOPE tes kuhere b tsa rook number Sol Giver: oie a Compiles number whage abaduke value 1, “Can ba writen 26 B= cesesiging —*O ‘poobiam: Tag te Gerdition under which Ie Rquatien azsazte =p in 80 Comdex unkoon bas 2<28llyy Compal, that olution pre ahution and Lek —, Tabing Conjuge. ude have an phite=0 —& As+uasé =e 9 Ktsy woe He EWeninating & bebwmen © = (ad - eb) > be -ac = tay Clatte ver = be “Ae Hoa tal eH) ten ™ Ger Silat Bead x and 2, aw two compen. numbers, prove teak \=5 = |» ab either Leil=) Or tact |. wha @ttePh mada ib Iz)=1 and beta eee 1-2, Bee a nee = } 12, 2,2) - 44,7 2,25, (22-2 2452, = ) ae zs ao > lal —-2,2,-24 2,412) _Mhhiah rad to be Ms Pa 2, ~ 22,4 lene 3d eitmey 12,)=) “or 124) =). |=4 =1 =t2). 1-24, 4,1 - Taki» varying Took wn belb @ =@. me ed ee oe \e, oe zl |- Begko Meee 2 Hope tia PREC , tz, f2,c0 Zz oe ue > 1g tal tg OT VOD 2M al < 8G aves tle, New [Quine viel 4 | Utde"} Hel = |( 1+f>) 121+ te} = Je ja jre i iieh 2a jeyrariat = ete + 2 ve te tle ey Ma Shy ltaraeztiel < Sp, thand only 4 t=l< Yo, 5.76 wta.t- IZ, )<1 07 Kehoe SY [nr a a a vt tn ZolS | stp zt and Ab Ayer. tS -- nm Tho So ae ze abqty) S Laat p) ty (re > Ae le, ttm. laut FAM egy < Plame = Amat the Gicemetricad ‘vepreaentation 0 Gemplece Pumbexs Le am -repwegent ny complet number, in RRR. Th sery beg peta Lae | Plant Ree representing the Comes Bee iseee wis weay wong eae fs fader ce eae ty ao He real arto ach yoan hS ap tke. mesgineey EO uit Hee ape predertabren wm ao repreeett dhe chislana. betwen = muod Hee O73 a ra. Gamplese Ture 27 otha Cam be. reprazaned 9 by the veelos redewvecl to Udine: ragnrtuda, Ob ta Soraes norsar a 0 cated Wa creep litudi: or angtinank: te tard daovhd ky Rh cya oF poker 1) thy OY Veegey v5 abso @ Freer cusp Qomplet PUT of & whe peters? oaigurnenB Be the Nex numbers, 2 Sinplest Whertaaiy Biker APY None we Compe rum wee THY) Lak Ury09 dares he pectin Go endian, OB Ha point bays vane FENG amd y gos Themget tele, etiee thal Pt . cata TIAN = PoP uP sania BePEa oo thak Ya valet EL mye # Rumah TA 8 aga, then BHT vas BE OY Z Tha Value 0 ang ® Aging in Te Fam UREA fe catlech Yu prinespal, yale acl vagus Bh acid = \ t ie Fine argumant Ob Be predunt vb nara to Hh Sumo th le Prot Gongider Ihe Gnmplese PUmHSTs, Z, +m C@ese,Figrey), Zor altar o5))4)0 tohew 6)* ange, O,=O9es. The precluek zz.7 HM Come teins deme S98) | = va | @o8te,+8.d4igin(eites] : bam) emmns taille! Og (=, 2a BAB, = wigs, TOY Zo, Roemmarnk, “The Reeend yegult esttinde te ' mage, (Be. # Zplt+2n a c a | |, Thera re Th a, and zy ase two Cemnp lot Nur bark, than + dong | BL) = ag Fa eek 7, (cose ig DO) Ze Tl CosbatisinGs) = (2680112 nO (oesOa- (BING) x ¥5.(Cosod gino, yleoros iRinO.) - ¥) flecge,+iginey) a Ege a Coso, 1 SiNW, . vt Lo. r — | ees (B)- 82) 41 ain (8%) a Fn. a og |= = 6)- Ba a = args OY A> . Meorer )!b oe Leb ae x [eogos iging]] be any nen-Zys6 Complast Numnbes thn Nbe 374 tego. then 2 = 7? Ceagnoriginne), Proth We dixek preva This veal ter “V ve_ mdeqrr& los induetom OD A, The resguit vo Deviously An When na} Suppose. the Tesult in ue Hor =m, Henw g™Ms_™ Leosm oA iginrng] mt 9 _ Pony moaisinma) Neo zoos 2 ee? [ x(a prt Sino) = 7 Page Una derigin uD p] Heme tke edu i Auk der Boma, ”[esand riginnes opr all “age intagers 9 The Todull % chuder n= @ or Now, eo = * G~ Feeipridine Go86- iin D— Homes = x! feos opt leinteal ~The YeSulh 4 Aras efor =) . Hence Uk fellows thak tha PURSUE Aowus dor all negative intagees Preble A ena. Value &% DY Zhen iained =71¢oser" . : je)e re VOCS * Megmpriehoyeatienh C80- “Ye = Coseth, y HOE H~aiee ie =e ate coe Cestize-«\4 O08 A Ng, en) Cot tB a Brongn 2B 2. ea ind one wes HE ge z= venserigine? eo ee ae Sine Sie, Toe Eeclanded Complete Play - The dunce wW=Vp cledines % one-one mapping % the Gompet plant oenke ka ald Lolth two pokable deceptions. “The pein han neo innage ana th point wo has Wuakier we . aclding Syerbol ,2eo_ No- pre image , To ~reaohidy fin <2 @sttend Ye Compleat plane by 26 Calleck the Poin ak tadiniky . % Atm = o1qQ =m dor alk ad Cufec} thao = © 4=0 dor all ad -jok and t ua dorall a= > =0 dprall ag@C- Xo} wy Oo p Se 2 dor abl a ee-fof to. assure thak tn Vke este Cemplex plan 2ver Bhraight tins pocses “thst ough Os The extuncud Complemt plan Gan be_ L ena Apo. Ta Wee yopragentia boy, pom ; three Aimansioral Eucliden Space ut Ce -ordinaks (ot yi 2), We i ndlointty ot-¥ Plane worth the Compleot plant. bet 2 donete lhe unit Sphore_ with Cache onigio = he Given by the aquatien | Fr me py tz = Ws / Lek N= lo, eld bok try Line yes be 409 nip intergack He Spore and ue taken 9° fu Complex nurses = ener poink on the Sphore io aounique Gor plet urbe” ple aokign be, PON) N te pag agenk so. Two, We ae a pre en aorraependen baroer Whe pane We Eprt & and vee oartendssh Cgrnpex Rant Preble, 1. fred THe dornplese MMRnees operas neal by tla, Gaver point @ = Sor eared 2g ia 3 2 Unik ape wth sursivia- ate do A *) ga ; EWNe (0, 0,15 and = LH MQ) Tha equetiom Be the line Jpn" Given Zs, eae the, dipeal th, pent ob Totaxeecttbo P= bso) CE thes lie waits te =e-y pare. We-puk aro ye Bee = |-hs 3g (Bina at adr etent i ae f si? Hen. ze aetty = ho Getto: a rr vopriten Thin gives tha Coroplan racine yp em Coty ma Ee? 2. Find ta point Q- 0%: 9 thab ropresents the cocaples Tum bar a aoe Neto, ort). 7 x Gol_toe pele, der ara nach, Aor tre Thus the Comyles ruwmher b epmen ino. Ry pana B ae CNM oeiam, by tha point Qi %a ea) Ye a IzPot= alate te = erty = 5 Po = 3taUzh41) ney t%, : tex fa tp PO tsp E ‘ame rrhany Transdorreadi oP, el yanslads ont W=2tb Consider tha transdoreration v= 21b, be bt ba cae tn Tae spin Wo. * Bs cetly , tosuaiv and “then Ye Image pb te point 2 plant vo Ye perm lse4by: uy Ug- plang . Under than brandgermakion Paw rene fh ony wegiee ie Simply, a bramaren tb tha vagi or Ponce the We region? pave. the Pom tiewkat the tenage & Btyaight ine ¢ * eo and ‘radive Lois cari A OE Ne with ¢Caniva arb yadius 7, pte nde Wak wo in the anly Aiccacl point Bb thus ranadormakton 40 Tee. image | * owe airale arr bao _ Rolakied: waz vohere lal=1. Congiaer to dranddorenabion vor 92 U5 hore laj=l.. ‘ol Lok ee and at" Sothak taler . isso: = 8) tre %5 oy 1Ce4%) A peiet with pao Coordi mates C1 BD Vo the 2-Pplane bt mapped tr Ww ome ne, Hance thes ty, B- tok) to Ve ua pla Ananstormablon weprezente A votakien thr snr A= Org about Wea orfflo Undar this Astansdormnation aloo Sttaisht Wn@2 cope roappeck Inte Stoaight Linea anal Gales cow mapped inte Circle, vile nek thak © andco ane Iki tu9098 dived points pb tes dranedetmak! on Trvexdion ! ud = Ve Cenfiates the drandoresklon woe Vo. ié. pul qs ve ie Wo = UY , 4 an & This +ransdoyrnabivn Con va. Cat Preduot 6b two ranieterodtew? . Le T, (zd = Ley) gi? and T,t2?> we . TUT = yure! For LTeTa C29 83 = ly eee We pe heansdornmabieny “1 ta aye 76 rept Sn gee le Janel tai= | And Tpt27= 2 wepreens awllestren About Hee real amv. Mone He trantdorrsation tos Ya the Inversion taectentie Ute eee cfollewedt by the vodleeH on eal ax Hore Pp Moyppad roto points and view Versa. Points wodleclect Aovut ta ‘raall aio Coxhetvan Zibouk tee sind, pubatda: the, Unit Corele: cou jesialo Ma unit efrele, bon the Cereb the above in the ber we uly = wt bvern peri aenip New, Gonsiden eq, uonere 0,5, 0,0 com Ate rgs rmereyrcb Veal “Wis pausler yopregen’s 4 enole or a ee sc aerording a Qube er G=0 gunsaing © to@, oe 2, ve 1 J+ bu ew tare) Bee Gat ea . al was dj 4 BL ad =0, Tee aN Atuast>? gpu-evsdae 7, Now, Gaprose ate sdte. Th the Cane, (29 and ls? vepseeane Cmeles ook pacsing Heroupin the. ovig Weren Civete mel pPaosto Hrreughy Eb Origin cee rapped into civeles nde Paagin, Vero fn origin. ws owe conciage Hong Longin Ao ripped inp 4 grraightling. ott pacsing— tha Origvn we A Sivaight line me passing Through, the origin rappel inte a airal2_ pacsing Through We origin, AY Straight line passing Wexeugh Tee Origin as agpio mapped into a Ving Paasing threugh He Seige ob a cimle-, read ripe be# Cirels, Srna a ard ‘i image Bb & aurora Vina naccd 98% bo a Gtraighb ling , qn Qiyrelek and Hewever the tally ob Hints ei again rapped 8 ctyeles and VWnes, Loe lo AH Land -!- tritp “the darn Prodan _ D Unater thy -transborrsation us= fa47 Shou Yoat Hu. bat) plans x70 aps onte fa Fialh Plans vst. 3 ~ Ket ee erly £ weeuny, PAE eo meriy and “ Gs usiv, ay (1 se Hore w= fae | | fos = = Fh Qttvs [setiydtt ‘| a ol Usiy s deat utiv = ~ys+ilitee) y seg, Ve bttte) EPO OI Ex 35 Vea tegion fe Hy 2 pane grea by aro and of yx ye rapped into He vagton fy lee w-Pland given by ESN and veo Under The loansdermakion W= 124 yer zesty Wut, Seren, Ww fea) HH ugiy = TOtiyg 41 ° ey tl tie, t s aeyweed exces the vaquteadt cere gad oy cn Pere AO sey spun! Hone th Beton is emprad inks Wewaen yy gr tay meant ak ievtnaing uO> A vee and a he 143v>-3!ul = 3 | arty), 2-9 (Wav? = \\+3v) “+ qu 14 bv4 ae? aad* = MO bb+l =0 Howe He Verge of He erate le Bla Urnedes worl in Ik. zr pplang wa ot Pirasatnk Rae best co th Ww. w-plane. @ Fed tu image DE tt. Birip exx< 3 lundes ug = \ ae £0) Sol. Thy trankdesrnatten ual, pe gions Coureindlas 90 - lortHen tn Cartas peo _U ane A= Ce uraw® Ura Neu 26 >2 >> AW WAN = Y> QUE), oy oa’ gucteon’ Quge —, => agvryerr-uw0. 0\ W/ | 4/7, 2 { —y \ Vir | 2 Thre reqs aoa crapped e the potlerior ob the aivale, Wilh — C\y,e2 and vadive Vig athe. Gere Bemea be Msppad oni the Vagion a Catteedby Je eae ne pe onion ile 1 ewe eT gre 2Recsmtit = Di meena y = i fi “re ft herrea opamp res cma. rete Handy eee mata) = vee veal coe fics soc jp rat Sew ee row oF fiche Wwekine fe} = 0 wit ne li Hee -Pratiem 2, Hlthcenaler arabic suse ce Pine ce ‘tama hseailyrcnia seateerpae Sa Siielon soe IE yma TRE et ae Syke, Foner eh. ot oe) ing: ete 1 a ayia = 0 FAT) = 0 at le sot Fe} = Pelion, Lac. rte 3 comple mie, adie sate Ya sawed by fi defined By fy =o 2 ei, d/o) epomemnacn letapresen Thea 1, Ihe dtc beeen =p ade arg w a, eb Osa = o4rs 2 eevee ewes vet | reece rag be ak) = aE at iets kite Phra = Se ae, Pring ie prentisamigh! frsarditys as anese min, Solved Probiems. Prablem 4. Fa ie won vla + es Bxercioes: mn sit Pronk Late by hrc tm ww ig el Nee PER or aa TE » hats “Pls Bees whut 2 Piatt coin eins sicctanerttn les stais Hat +? 3 Frome tat Bs 28 4 4.5 A2ReLa%) +e! wees ete Pee) Hite came ea ea Stet Bevel ea? canis ran 1 * s i+ Ae wa bait tenant aaa o> feu + ise ae at = a 24s reopen tow at Cee Pein tall = Dany taf = Cand (Weer compc bers fg talstuel fost Ring wogh-tg mdm lagna in i) Hen ie lye salle re Tey at 13. Inequalities is Fete, Faruny complex soles) ction ve snl pune wep guts sic wl fe ‘Since sheng 1 under selon ja he we. com se paste rc arom ean eae ‘al members wont wilany comps qmme " / sad ‘Everelee. 1 thoy ad co art simp rehash tt a inl= vtaleinit fil! i tal Ue, Mumbers Frome (1) ond §3) we pel (+ sTand 94 bawdy = +[$u ~ al" mt y= [ye a" From (2) we notice thal © and y sire of same sign. Hence the Lwo square roots of LH and [30 + va] e 4. Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers We cun represent any comples number «+ fy by a point (x, 5) in Rox K. The plane R » Rrrepresenting the complex numbers in this way is called uke complex plane. The c-axis is refered to as the realanis and the y-axis ss referred to as the imaginary axis, With this representation modulus of c represents the distance between 7 and the origin. The complex number z= 0+ iy can also be represented by the vector OF where Petar) Polar form of a complex number Consider any aon zero complex number 2 = ¥ + iy. Let (r, 8) denate the polar coordinates of the point (x,y) Hence x = rcosfand y = rsing. ricos@ +i sin@). Jhich isthe magnitude of the complex somber and # is called the amplitude: onargumentof zand is denoted by ang 2 or anip z isnot unique. 1d) = arg 2 then # > Qn where 1 ‘Phe value of arg = lying in the range (—7 mis We notice that" = We note (hat the value of arg iy any integer is alsa a value of arg called the principal valud of arg. =. Theorem 1.5. If zy) and 22 are any twe non zero complex numbers then (i) arg 2 (i) arg 2 arg sc ARETE OM sunt, apt Fe amcusa A ela 1 Hono a eee sem, tea te ans mer ec by ie ys ok pec te open Than Bears) # ce hcrcent rit whe oth ene ah pal suse wth ‘net na Tis conse of par la fr ver acting mark at) =. (on +o Lad 2 = com lah Reema ‘serps wintery byte pies # ad captive inthe camper po + eee bp ‘note coeiectbary ha sen as soho" ah ten (oN ech ck antennas che tay we chive such tout OF = ree i ss ibe cmp manta Yoana La Lets sexeper P= soca on et cmauetnrs _iesmctntemanininnnne | a ot emai 1 sin Gara conta De Mei eres) a be print man of rere epee ole been i fin & es sa ake a TN 9 seca Soaion, Lt = ‘ Sepent ina veer pine sec eS a pi a ialotiy Nowe em a 4. 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PAS 2 erect show he ea I a ana bre wansaraion to epost te uy 76 Comptes yay bbe bey Now, consider the equaition a ab esd ure eeal, se ee ight ine acconling asa #0 07 d =O. Unc This equation represents a carcle or a stral (1) in (2) we get dut+vysbu nce bea Now, suppose a # Ord #0 cnteditien In this case both (2) and (3) represent circles mot passing through t lence ssing through the origin are mapped into ciscles Mol pass ig tt MOUgH the 1 a straight like NOt passing circk origiat Similarly, circle passing through the origin is mappest ink through the origin. ‘A steaight line not passing through the origin is mapped Inte a circle passing through the origin. A straight line passing thraugh she origin is again mapped into Tine passing through the origin ‘Thus we see that under the transformation a the image of a circle need nor be a circle andl the image of a straight line need not be a straight line. However the family af circles and lines are again mapped inte the family of ctecles aad lines. 1 We note thar the fixed puims of the wansformation w are | and —1 Solved Problems Solutic ‘ Problery? Under Ee scarirnssics w = fg-4+# show thar the balt plane x = 0 maps ‘onto te half plane ys 1. biyand w= we + ip Bilinear Trewsformmations 77 Sib timmy bide +l). = -yandv= 4) sve Desesy, +, The her visti Show sa ke region in the z-plane given by 5 > Oamd® 2ism jneo the region in the w-plone given by — > Qin = y <2 is mapped wel Biren by —1 (under the-transformation half pi = Oi Planes > Cis mapped into the half plane v > 1 iy So z-plane woplane Solution. Let: = + fy anda = «+ iu. w=ig¢l sw si@+iyt+! sutivs(—pt+)) +ix. w#=)]—yandvex. x= DandO 0and -l