ENGLISH

Reviewer Code: English B

Time Frame: 2 hours and 30 minutes

TARGETS
After completing this section, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate between a clause, a phrase, and a sentence
2. Identify the different parts of a sentence and how and when to use them
3. Learn the Subject-Verb Agreement rules

CLAUSE, PHRASE, AND SENTENCES

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Phrases, Clauses and Sentences are the most important structural units of language. They provide structure and
meaning to almost all the languages. The phrases and clauses provide a sense to a sentence. Here we will discuss this
and learn about what makes up sentence structures as well as the rules that are involved in writing sentences correctly.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 I. PHRASES: A phrase is a group of related words which don’t make complete sense. If taken alone, without
other words, it will not be meaningful. These may add variety to sentences when included.

Examples:
● “in ten steps” – what is it about? What ten steps? It did not
give a clear message
● “the great man”
● “a pink flower”
● “the thick canopy”
● “a big lato-lato”
● “jumbo hotdog”

Phrases are of several types:

1. Prepositional phrase – This group of words begins with a preposition, which is followed by a noun or
a pronoun.
a. Examples:
i. I am leaving in ten minutes.
ii. She was lost at sea.
iii. I am writing this letter for my family.

2. Noun phrase – This is a phrase that acts as a noun in a sentences. A noun or a pronoun and its
modifiers make up a noun phrase.
a. Examples:
i. The man rides a jeepney every day to work.
ii. Andy has a very beautiful bag.
iii. The little fluffy puppy is ready to be adopted.
3. Verb Phrase – This phrase will contain a main verb and one or more helping verb. These two will
have a link that connects them together. This phrase will define the various times of the action in a
sentence.
a. Examples:
i. The car is moving very fast.
ii. I was reading the newspaper.
iii. We must go to the hospital now.

II. CLAUSES: A clause is a group of words, but this contains a subject and a predicate. Hence, it can make
complete sense, even when not used in a sentence.
Examples:
● I have a dog.
● The snow is falling since yesterday.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
Clauses are of two main types:

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1. Independent Clause (IC) – Clauses that make independent statements are called independent or coordinate
clauses. The independent clause forms a complete sentence by itself. They are also referred to as principal
clauses when used with subordinate clauses.
2. Subordinate/Dependent Clause (DC) – Clauses that don’t make sense on their own. They depend on other
parts of the sentence.

a. Examples:
It was he who helped me get my confidence back.
IC DC
It is imperative that you keep your promise.
IC DC

III. SENTENCES: A group of words which shows a complete thought. The definition is also sometimes put as a
collection or group of words that make sense to a reader.
Examples:
I did not like her at first.
I began to see how she truly was.
I started to like her.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 Essential Elements of a Sentence
Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. The subject may or may not be expressed but the predicate is
always expressed.

1. The Subject
→ part of the sentence which names a person, a place or a thing about which the sentence is made.
→ what is being discussed or spoken about in the sentence.
→ The subject with all its modifiers is called the complete subject.

2. The Predicate
→ part of the sentence which tells us something about the subject.
→ The predicate with all its modifiers and complements is called the complete predicate.

Examples:
● She is my mother.
● My brother’s dog barks a lot.
● The jeep leaves every morning.
● She likes to play lato-lato.
● He likes to play soccer.
● Children are gifts.
● Good and behaved children are gifts from God.

Natural Order and Transposed Order in sentences

1. Natural Order – Whenever the complete predicate follows the complete subject, a sentence is in the natural
order.

Example: Blackpink is such a talented girl group.

Subjec Subject Predicate

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 2. Transposed Order
Whenever the complete predicate or part of the predicate is placed before the subject, a sentence is
in transposed order.

Example:
Up flew the kite.
At home played the kids.
Down the street were the lato-lato players.
Predicate Subject

Compound Elements of A Sentence

1. Compound Subject
If the subject of the sentence consists of more than one noun or pronoun, it is said to be a
compound subject.
Example: Lisa and Jennie take a trip to the Philippines.
2. Compound Predicate
If the predicate consists of more than one verb, it is said to be a compound predicate.
Example: Jungkook sat on the couch and played roblox.

Types of Sentences
1. Based on how it is used:
a. A declarative sentence is a sentence that relays information.
(ends with a period)
Example: My new phone is silver.
b. An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question.
(ends with a question mark) Many interrogative sentences begin with who,
what, when, where, why, or how.
Example: When do you want to watch a movie?
c. An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a command or a
request.
(ends with a period)
Example: Don’t go there alone at night. Please sit down.
d. An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses sudden or strong
emotion. (ends with a question mark)
Example: Sara, stop playing lato-lato!

2. Based on Form
a. A simple sentence is a sentence containing one subject and one predicate,
either or both of which, may be compound.
Example: Jungkook and Taehyung went to Disneyland.
b. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses.
Example: Jungkook and Taehyung went to Disneyland, and they rode all the fun rides at the
amusement park.
c. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one principal clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
Example: The concert, which will happen next week, is sold out.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
Punctuation Marks

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1. Period (.) – It is mostly used to mark the end of a sentence and express a statement.
Example: He is going to a shop.
2. Question Mark (?) – A question mark is used at the end of a sentence when you are attempting to
get information or asking a question.
Example: Where are you going?
3. comma (,) – shows a division between sentence or putting oof a word, phrase, or clause
Example: I love him so much, but he does not like me.
4. Exclamation Mark (!) – It points out strong emotions such as shouting or expressing joy.
Example: Yay! I won the Mobile Legends tournament.
5. Apostrophe ( ‘ ) – used to show ownership or when leaving out letters
Example: I’m planning to play Roblox tomorrow.
This is her sister’s room.
6. Quotation Mark (“ ”) – used in pairs to present quotes or phrases spoken by certain people or to
present a title of a book, movie, etc.
Example: He said, “please bring a cup of tea”.

IV. SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT :

Verbs have a singular and a plural form. When using a verb in a

sentence, pay attention to the subject-verb agreement. This means,
that the subject and the verb must agree in number.
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This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 1. If a subject is singular (Name, He, She, It), the verb must be singular.
Present tense:
a. Add an “s” at the end of the verb
b. Add an “es” if the verb ends in s
c. If the word ends in y and a consonant comes before the y:
→ Change y to i and add es.
Example:
● Sarah walks around the block.
● Joe eats spaghetti and meatballs.
● The cat plays with the yarn.
● She studies at the library.
● He is the oldest out of all the siblings.
● Jisoo is the prettiest kpop idol.
● She has a lato-lato.

2. If a subject is plural (We, They, etc.) the verb must be plural.

a. Do not add s or es.
Example:
● Sarah and Molly walk around the block.
● Joe and Marcus eat spaghetti and meatballs.
● The cats play with the yarn.
● We study at the library.
● They have experience presenting in class.
● They are playing lato-lato.

3. If the subject is I, the verb must be plural. We also use the linking verb “am” for this.
Example:
● I play LOL with my friends every Saturday.
● I am the oldest out of all my siblings.
4. If the subject is You, the verb must be plural .
Example:
● You work at my favorite restaurant.
● You are the best!
5. For simple past tense verbs, the verb form is the same for singular and plural subjects,
Example:
● He played Roblox with his friends yesterday.
● They played lato-lato at my house.
● You ran at the marathon.
6. Plural looking nouns
Subjects such as Mathematics, Civics, Politics, Economics, News, are singular and use a singular verb.
Example: Mathematics is fun.
7. Other verbs:
a. We use “was” for singular subjects and “were” for plural subjects.
Example:
I/He/She was the smartest in my class.
We/They were the smartest students.
You were the smartest student.
b. We use “had” for plural subjects, while “has” for singular subjects.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 Example:
I/You/We/They had never been late to class.
He/She has never been late to class.

c. We use “went” and “did” for all subjects, singular or plural.

Example:
They went to the market.
I went to school with my friends.
She did her homework.
They did the new Tiktok challenge.

NAVIGATE
Individual Game - Recall Test

Mechanics:
1. Each participant must choose an animal sound which will serve as their buzzer.
2. The facilitator will read out the question. In order to answer, the participants must say their chosen sound
out loud. The first one to do it gets to answer.
3. 1 point will be given for every correct answer.

Game Proper:

1. Is this a clause or a phrase? “Beside the tree” → Answer: P

2. Is this a clause or a phrase? “Until I found” → Answer: P
3. Is this a clause or a phrase? “I saw him” → Answer: C
4. Is this a clause or a phrase? “Taehyung reads” → Answer: C
5. The cat drove the car. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
6. My sister played Call of Duty with her friends. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
7. Manny Pacquiao had a fight with Spongebob. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
8. Blackpink and Twice are very talented Kpop groups. Point to the subject. Is it simple or compound?
Answer: Compound
9. My dad knows how to rock and roll. Point to the predicate. Is it simple or compound? Answer: Simple, rock
and roll is considered as one. The dad is only doing one action, “knows.”
10. Taehyung sat on the couch and took a nap. Point to the predicate. Is it simple or compound? Answer:
Compound, the subject is doing two separate actions.
11. I watched a movie. What type of sentence is this? Answer: Declarative.
12. Where does your father live? What type of sentence is this? Answer: Interrogative.
13. What a show! Answer: Exclamatory.
14. Please wash the dishes. Answer: Imperative
15. Choose the correct verb:
a. Annie and her brothers is/are at school.
b. They is/are playing volleyball outside.
c. The move take/takes about two hours to watch.
d. The players want/wants to win.
e. Fifteen candies was/were in the bag.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
Group Game

Mechanics:
1. There will be a total of three rounds, easy, average, hard, where a story will be presented in each round.
However, there are blank spaces which need to be filled in by the correct verbs to make the whole story
right.
2. For each round, every group must have 2 representatives.
3. They will be tasked to fill - in the blanks with the correct verbs in line with the subject verb agreement.
Clues will be given in the form of the Karay-a translation of the correct anwer or with options.
4. The group with the most correct answers will be the winner.

Game Proper:

Story #1 - Easy Round

One day, a hare (hangkat) his friend the tortoise to a race. Seeing how slow the tortoise is/are going, the hare
(isip) he’ll win this easily. So he (kuha) a nap while the tortoise (ga sige japon) on going. When the hare
(bugtaw) up, he (kita niya) that the tortoise is already at the finish line. Much to his annoyance, the tortoise
_(daog)_ the race while he is busy sleeping.

Story #2- Average Round

After flying a long distance, a thirsty crow (libot) the forest in search of water. Finally, he (kita niya) a pot
half-filled with water. He (testingan) to drink from it but his beak (indi) long enough to reach the water inside.
He then sees pebbles on the ground and one by one, he (butang) them in the pot until the water (saka) to the
brim. The crow then hastily (gainom) from it and quenches his thirst.

Story #3- Hard Round

The ant and the grasshopper is/are good friends. In the summer, the ant (ga ubra) hard to fill his storage with
food. While the grasshopper (sadyahan) the fine weather and (gahampang) all day. When winter came, the ant
(was/were) lying cozily in his home surrounded by the food he stored during the summer, while the
grasshopper was in his home, hungry and freezing. He (mankot) the ant for food and the ant (ta-o) him some.
But it (indi) enough to last the entire winter. When he (testingan) to ask the ant again, the latter replied: “I’m
sorry my friend but my food is just enough for my family to last until the end of winter. If I (ta-o) you more, we
too will (gutoman). We (had/have) the entire summer to prepare for the winter but you chose to play instead.”

KNOT
PRACTICE TEST (Take Home Reviewer)
EXERCISE 1 (CLAUSE AND PHRASES):

A. In the spaces to the left of each number write P for phrase, IC for independent clause, and DC for dependent clause.

____ 1. Throwing papers along the streets

____ 2. While debris covered the park
____ 3. With broken glass in the alley
____ 4. Beside old trucks and cars
____ 5. No one lives there
____ 6. For lights on every corner
____7. If the expense is too great
____ 8. As he walked home
____ 9. Dragged up the subway steps
____ 10. Thousands of people walk every day

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 EXERCISE 2: SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

Identify the subject by encircling it and the predicate by underlining it in the following sentences.

1. The sun was shining brightly.

2. The dogs were barking loudly.

3. The pretty girl was wearing a blue frock.

4. My younger brother serves in the army.

5. The man and his wife were working in their garden.

6. My mother and my aunt are trained classical dancers.

7. You don’t have to wait for me.

8. We will no longer tolerate this.

9. The little tree was covered with needles instead of leaves.

10. A rich merchant was passing by the shoemaker’s window.

EXERCISE 3: TYPES OF SENTENCES

Identify each sentence below as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
1. What are you doing here?
2. Please sit down.
3. Please tell us about the story of the criminal.
4. Are your pens working good?
5. Renu, you should not make mistakes.
6. The stars are shining in the sky.
7. What a nice dress it is!
8. Your father is beating your brother.
9. Children, please come inside the room.
10. Don’t shout in the class.

EXERCISE 4: TYPES OF SENTENCES (Simple, compound, complex)

Identify whether the following sentences are simple, compound or complex sentences.

1. I did not know that this food was meant only for the staff.

2. She is innocent, so she has appealed to the court.

3. If you are not ready with the song, it is better to let them know.

4. She will come home or I will stay back at her place.

5. In the evening, I am going to the park.

6. The sun looks amazing today.

7. I remember the day that we met very well.

8. Nithi is not keeping well, yet she decided to go to work.

9. After they reach the hotel, they will inform us.

10. We are going to the park.

EXERCISE 5: Punctuations
Decide whether a full stop or a question mark should be added to the end of these

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 sentences:
1. What is that
2. Sam started to get angry
3. The sun rose in the sky
4. I’d never been before
5. Is the bus going to be late
6. What time is it
7. The phone rang
8. How would you feel
9. She had been left behind
10. Can I have toast for breakfast

Decide whether an exclamation or a full stop should be added to the end of these
sentences:
1. That is a dog
2. The building is collapsing
3. Put that down
4. Oh no
5. The bus stop is over there
6. The cat is sleeping
7. Good heavens
8. This chocolate tastes disgusting
9. Leave him alone
10. I usually have toast for breakfast

EXERCISE 6: S-V AGREEMENT

Underline the subject (or compound subject) and then identify the verb that
agrees with it.

1. Your friendship over the years and your support (has/have) meant a great
deal to us.
2. Hamilton Family Center, a shelter for teenage runaways in San Francisco,
(offers/offer) a wide variety of services.
3. The main source of income for Trinidad (is/are) oil and pitch.
4. The chances of your being promoted (is/are) excellent.
5. There (was/were) a Pokémon card stuck to the refrigerator.
6. Neither the professor nor his assistants (was/were) able to solve the mystery of
the eerie glow in the laboratory.
7. Many hours at the driving range (has/have) led us to design golf balls with
GPS locators in them.
8. Discovered in the soil of our city garden (was/were) a button dating from the
Civil War dating from the turn of the century.
9. Every year, during the midsummer festival, the smoke of village bonfires
(fills/fill) the sky.
10. The story performers (was/were) surrounded by children and adults eager to
see magical tales.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
References:
Admin. (2012, May 15). UPCAT Review, Entrance Exam News and Tips | Academic-Clinic.com. Academic-Clinic.

http://academic-clinic.com/

(c) Copyright skillsyouneed.com 2011-2023. (n.d.). The Basics of Punctuation | SkillsYouNeed.

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/punctuation1.html

MasterClass. (2021a, November 22). 4 Types of Sentences: English Language Sentences Explained - 2023 -

MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/types-of-sentences

MasterClass. (2021b, November 22). 4 Types of Sentences: English Language Sentences Explained - 2023 -

MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/types-of-sentences

Mazurek, D. (2022, September 19). Phrase vs. Clause: What’s The Difference? Thesaurus.com.

https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/phrase-vs-clause/

Subject-Verb Agreement | Examples and Rules. (n.d.). GrammarBook.com.

https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp

Walden University Writing Center. (n.d.-a).

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructure

Walden University Writing Center. (n.d.-b).

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/subjectverbagreement

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 ANSWER KEY
NAVIGATE
Individual Game

Is this a clause or a phrase? “Beside the tree” → Answer: P

Is this a clause or a phrase? “Until I found” → Answer: P
Is this a clause or a phrase? “I saw him” → Answer: C
Is this a clause or a phrase? “Taehyung reads” → Answer: C
The cat drove the car. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
My sister played Call of Duty with her friends. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
Manny Pacquiao had a fight with Spongebob. Where is the subject? Where is the predicate?
Blackpink and Twice are very talented Kpop groups. Point to the subject. Is it simple or compound? Answer:
Compound
My dad knows how to rock and roll. Point to the predicate. Is it simple or compound? Answer: Simple, rock and roll
is considered as one. The dad is only doing one action, “knows.”
Taehyung sat on the couch and took a nap. Point to the predicate. Is it simple or compound? Answer: Compound,
the subject is doing two separate actions.
I watched a movie. What type of sentence is this? Answer: Declarative.
Where does your father live? What type of sentence is this? Answer: Interrogative.
What a show! Answer: Exclamatory.
Please wash the dishes. Answer: Imperative
Choose the correct verb:
f. Annie and her brothers is/are at school.
g. They is/are playing volleyball outside.
h. The move take/takes about two hours to watch.
i. The players want/wants to win.
j. Fifteen candies was/were in the bag.

Group Game

First Round
One day, a hare challenges his friend the tortoise to a race. Seeing how slow the tortoise is going, the hare
thinks he’ll win this easily. So he takes a nap while the tortoise keeps on going. When the hare wakes up, he
sees that the tortoise is already at the finish line. Much to his annoyance, the tortoise wins the race while he is
busy sleeping.
Second Round
After flying a long distance, a thirsty crow wanders the forest in search of water. Finally, he sees a pot half-filled
with water. He tries to drink from it but his beak isn’t long enough to reach the water inside. He then sees
pebbles on the ground and one by one, he puts them in the pot until the water rises to the brim. The crow then
hastily drinks from it and quenches his thirst.
Third Round
The ant and the grasshopper are good friends. In the summer, the ant works hard to fill his storage with food.
While the grasshopper enjoys the fine weather and plays all day. When winter came, the ant was lying cozily in
his home surrounded by the food he stored during the summer. While the grasshopper was in his home, hungry
and freezing. He asked the ant for food and the ant gave him some. But it wasn’t enough to last the entire
winter. When he tried to ask the ant again, the latter replied: “I’m sorry my friend but my food is just enough for
my family to last until the end of winter. If I give you more, we too will starve. We had the entire summer to
prepare for the winter but you chose to play instead.”

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
KNOT
Answer Key:
Exercise 1:
__P__ 1. Throwing papers along the streets
__DC 2. While debris covered the park
__P__ 3. With broken glass in the alley
__P__ 4. Beside old trucks and cars
__IC_ 5. No one lives there
__P__ 6. For lights on every corner
__DC_7. If the expense is too great
__DC_ 8. As he walked home
___P__ 9. Dragged up the subway steps
__IC_ 10. Thousands of people walk every day

Exercise 2:
1. The sun (subject) / was shining brightly (predicate).

2. The dogs (subject) / were barking loudly (predicate).

3. The pretty girl (subject) / was wearing a blue frock (predicate).

4. My younger brother (subject) / serves in the army (predicate).

5. The man and his wife (subject) / were working in their garden (predicate).

6. My mother and my aunt (subject) / are trained classical dancers (predicate).

7. You (subject) / don’t have to wait for me (predicate).

8. We (subject) / will no longer tolerate this (predicate).

9. The little tree (subject) / was covered with needles instead of leaves (predicate).

10. A rich merchant (subject) /was passing by the shoemaker’s window (predicate).

Exercise 3:
1. What are you doing here? Interrogative Sentence
2. Please sit down. Imperative Sentence
3. Please tell us about the story of the criminal. Imperative Sentence
4. Are your pens working good? Interrogative Sentence
5. Renu, you should not make mistakes. Declarative Sentence
6. The stars are shining in the sky. Declarative Sentence
7. What a nice dress it is! Exclamatory Sentence
8. Your father is beating your brother. Declarative Sentence
9. Children, please come inside the room. Declarative Sentence
10. Don’t shout in the class. Imperative Sentence

Exercise 4:

1. Complex
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound
5. Simple
6. Simple
7. Complex
8. Compound
9. Complex
10. Simple

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.
 Exercise 5:
1. What is that?
2. Sam started to get angry.
3. The sun rose in the sky.
4. I’d never been before.
5. Is the bus going to be late?
6. What time is it?
7. The phone rang.
8. How would you feel?
9. She had been left behind.
10. Can I have toast for breakfast.

1. That is a dog.
2. The building is collapsing.
3. Put that down!
4. Oh no!
5. The bus stop is over there.
6. The cat is sleeping.
7. Good heavens!
8. This chocolate tastes disgusting.
9. Leave him alone!
10. I usually have toast for breakfast.

Exercise 6:

1. Your friendship over the years and your support (has/have) meant a great
deal to us.
2. Hamilton Family Center, a shelter for teenage runaways in San Francisco,
(offers/offer) a wide variety of services.
3. The main source of income for Trinidad (is/are) oil and pitch.
4. The chances of your being promoted (is/are) excellent.
5. There (was/were) a Pokémon card stuck to the refrigerator.
6. Neither the professor nor his assistants (was/were) able to solve the mystery of
the eerie glow in the laboratory.
7. Many hours at the driving range (has/have) led us to design golf balls with
GPS locators in them.
8. Discovered in the soil of our city garden (was/were) a button dating from the
Civil War dating from the turn of the century.
9. Every year, during the midsummer festival, the smoke of village bonfires
(fills/fill) the sky.
10. The story performers (was/were) surrounded by children and adults eager to
see magical tales.

This reviewer was prepared by the Student Alliance Officers of PSHS-WVC. The institution and the SA reserve the rights to the materials and examples.