Readings in Philippine History

GE216

Definition of History

-Derived from the Greek word “historian” which means “knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”-Also known as the study of the past. -Is the account of the past of a person
or a group of people through written documents and historical evidences.

-History also focuses on wars, revolutions, and another important breakthrough.

There are theories constructed by historians in investigating History

Factual History - This presents the readers plain and basic information. It answers the questions what,
when, where, and who.

Speculative History – It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons on why the
events happened. This theory answers the question why and how.

No Document, No History-

It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it
cannot be considered as a historical fact.

Some valid Historical Documents

Governments Records Chronicle’s Accounts Personal Letters Receipts, etc.

What is History?

Why study History?

*Helps us understand people and societies

*History helps us understand change and how society we live in came to be

*The importance of history in our own lives

*History contributes to moral understanding

*Helps provide identity

*Essential for good citizenship

*Select the subject to investigate

And history for whom?

Historical Method

-is the process of Critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
-The most important element of Historical Method is called as Historical Analysis. There are
four steps of Historical analysis:

1. Select the subject to investigate

2. Collect probable sources
3. Examine the sources genuinely
4. Extract credible particulars

Historiography

-Is the history of history

-It covers how historians have studied and developed history including it sources, techniques and,
theoretical approaches

. -It should not be confused with history because history is the study of the past, the events
that happened in the past.

-It focuses on how a certain historical text was written, who wrote it, what was the context of its
publication, what historical method was employed, what sources were used.

- Historians strive to achieve verisimilitude by conducting thorough research, critically analyzing sources,
and presenting a well-founded, accurate, and plausible account of the past.

SOURCES AND CRITICISM OFHISTORICAL DATA

Historical Data

-is the data collected about past events and circumstances that pertains to a particular
subject. These are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past.

-These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses of the past.
This are also the materials from which the historians construct meaning.

Two types of Sources in History

Written Sources

-Are sources that usually in written form. It has three categories;

Narrative or Literature – These sources are chronicles or tracts presented in a narrative form, it
tells a story or narrates the story of the events.

Example: Diary, newspaper etc.

Diplomatic Sources – are understood to be those documents/records of an existing legal

situation or create a new one. This source is also called as legal documents.

Example: Laws, Memorandums, Executive orders, etc.

Social Documents – this are information pertaining to economic, social, political or judicial
significance.

Example: Research findings, Records of census, civil registries

Non-written Sources

-Sources that are not in written form.

Material Evidence – this is also known as archeological evidence. These artifacts can tell a great
deal about the ways of life people in the past, and their culture. E.g., swords, relics, bones, etc.

Oral Evidence – sources that are transmitted orally. E.g., Tales, folksongs, interviews. Etc.

Two Kinds of Historical Sources

1.Primary Source- are original sources, the first-hand information. The first-hand account of an event
or period that are usually written or made during/close to the event or period.

Example: Minutes-Newspaper-Records -Photographs-Eyewitness (es)

2.Secondary Source-Are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken
place to provide valuable interpretations of historical events. These are interpreted
information also known as second hand information.

Example:(Phil. Revolution 1935)

-Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses 1956.

-Research papers

-Articles-Editorials

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Source sin History

1.Primary Source-are materials that come from roughly the same time period of the topic /event
that the historian has chosen to examine.

-sources are usually found in archives such as Berkeley's Bancroft Library, but also in some cases in
microfilm reels, digitized collections on the internet, or library stacks (such as in the case of old
books, newspapers, journals, etc.).

2.Secondary Sources-It is a piece of historical writing (i.e., historiography) that is anchored in primary
sources and informed by secondary sources.

Historians draw on secondary sources – either by quoting or paraphrasing – in order to

support certain claims that they're making and / or to challenge or supplement prevailing
interpretations (or theses) that other historians have made in their works of historiography.

3.Tertiary Sources-are usually synthetic in nature – i.e., they pull together a number of separate
but related accounts of a particular event, issue, body of scholarship, etc.
-Tertiary sources are good starting points for research projects, as they help distill large
amounts of information.

-Often tertiary sources contain footnotes that point researchers in promising directions with
respect to the secondary sources.

Historical Criticism

-When examining a source, the historian must conduct:

1. External Criticism-answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of

ahistorical source by identifying who

composed the historical material, locating when and where the historical material was
produced, and establishing the material’s evidential value.

2. Internal Criticism-deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given
historical source. It focuses on understanding the substances and message that the historical
material wants to convey by examining how the author framed the intent and meaning of a
composed material.

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THEWORLD

Ferdinando de Magallanes

-also known as Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal on February 3,1480.

-A Portuguese explorer who is the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean.

Early Expedition 1494

-Firstly, there was a conflict in lands between Portugal and Spain. It was settled by the Treaty of
Tordesillas. The Eastern part of the World was controlled by Portugal and The Western part
was controlled by Spain. 1517-Because King Manuel I of Portugal denied Magellan’s petition to
seek his voyage to the Spice Island repeatedly, he renounced his Portuguese nationality and
relocated to Spain to seek royal support for his venture.

1519

-Magellan relocated to Spain and asked King Charles I to support his proposed expedition. King
Charles, I approved his expedition.

-King Charles, I funded Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition and gave him five ships. Namely with
their captains:

a. Victoria – Luis de Mendoza

b. Trinidad – Sebastian Elcano (The Flagship/Kingship of the Expedition)

c. Concepcion – Gaspar Quesada

d. San Antonio – Juan Serrano

e. Santiago – Juan de Cartagena

The First Mass in The Philippines

The first Mass in the Philippines is a significant event in the country's history. It took place on
March 31, 1521, on the island of Limasawa in the Visayas region. This Mass was presided over
by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew. It is an important event because it
marked the introduction of Christianity to the Philippines.

CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG
Juan de Plasencia

Juan de Plasencia (real name is Joan de Portocarrero) is one of the seven children of Pedro
Portocarrero. -He grew up during the period known as the Sigloi de Oro (Golden Age). -He spent most of
his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and authored
several religious and linguistic books, most notably Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) the first
book ever printed in the Philippines. He came with the first batch of Franciscan Missionaries
in the Philippines on July 2, 1578 at the port of Cavite.

A. Social Classes

Datu or Chieftain –-He was the chief, captain of wars, governed and rule the people whom the
people obey and reverence.

Nobles or Maharlika -They are the rich people, friends of the Datu, the free born and they do not
pay taxes.

Commoners or Aliping Namamahay -They are helpers of the Nobles, they live in their owns house,
and still can get a property.

Slaves or Aliping Saguguilid-they serve their masters in their master’s house, and his
cultivated lands can be sold by their masters.

B. Mode of Dressing

Putong -the Head Gear for the Male

Kanggan-the Upper gear for the Male

Bahag -The Lower Gear for the Male

Baro or Camisa -The Upper Gear for the Female

Saya -Lower Gear for the Female.

C.Their houses are made of bamboo, nipa palm and wood.

D. They also like different ornaments for decorations

E. The unit of government is called Barangay that come from the word Balangay which are large
boats used by kings.

Political Caricatures
Political cartoons and caricature are a rather recent art form, which veered away from the
classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects. Cartoon became an
effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism, which is different from a
verbose written editorial and opinion pieces.

 The flaming Youth - The fourth cartoon depicts a cinema. A blown-up police officer was at the
screen saying that couples are not allowed to neck and make love in the theater. Two youngsters
looked horrified while an older couple seemed amused.
 El Turno de los Partidos - The last cartoon was published by Lipang Kalabaw on August
24, 1907. We can see Uncle Sam rationing porridge to the politicians and members of
the Progresista Party (sometimes known as the Federalista Party) while members of the
Nacionalista Party look on and wait for their turn
 Death Cars - was a commentary on the unprecedented cases of colorum automobiles in
the city streets. The Philippine Free Press published this commentary when fatal
accidents involving colorum vehicles and taxis occurred too often already
 The war against speculators - It was aimed as a commentary of the manila police at that
period. This shows how law enforcement officials become unfair, preferring to punish
the poor who try to commit crimes because of poverty than the high-ranking people
who do more harm to the country. There is a sad reality that we can learn from this
caricature is that so-called favoritism where they are more favorable to rich people who
can buy and do anything
The Kartilya ng Katipunan
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if
not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts
and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth
and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will
share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and
she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not
unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color
white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he
enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good,
keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being
oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and
know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise
brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy
among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before,
the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan)
has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties,
he may fill out the application for admission.

During the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, many individuals and groups were
considered "suspicious persons". The Spanish colonial authorities often viewed anyone who
posed a threat to their rule or who resisted their control as suspicious.
Indigenous Leaders: Indigenous leaders who resisted Spanish rule, such as Datu Lapu-Lapu of
Mactan, were considered suspicious and were often targeted by Spanish forces.
Filipino Rebels: Groups and individuals who participated in uprisings against Spanish colonial
rule, like the Katipunan, were seen as threats and were pursued by Spanish authorities.

The Philippine Independence

The proclamation of Philippine independence is a significant historical event that marked the
end of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines and the beginning of the country's struggle for
self-determination. This event took place on June 12, 1898, when General Emilio Aguinaldo,
along with other Filipino revolutionary leaders, declared the Philippines' independence from
Spanish colonial rule in Kawit, Cavite.
Agrarian Revolution key points
Encomienda System: The Spanish colonial government introduced the encomienda system,
which granted Spanish conquistadors and colonists the right to demand tribute and labor from
the indigenous people. In theory, this system was intended to protect and Christianize the
natives, but in practice, it often led to the exploitation and abuse of indigenous labor.
Landownership and Haciendas: Spanish landowners and religious institutions acquired vast
tracts of land, forming large estates known as haciendas. These estates often included both
agricultural land and indigenous labor. The native population was effectively pushed off their
ancestral lands, which were then controlled by the Spanish elite.
Forced Labor: Indigenous Filipinos were subjected to forced labor, known as "polos y servicios,"
where they were required to work on Spanish-owned land for a certain number of days each
year without adequate compensation. This system was a form of tribute to the Spanish crown.

Corazon Aquino’s Speech

Corazon Aquino, the first female president of the Philippines, delivered a speech in the United
States on September 18, 1986, during her state visit. This speech was significant as it marked a
pivotal moment in the history of the Philippines and its transition to democracy following the
People Power Revolution in 1986.
key points and themes that she likely covered in her address:
Gratitude: Aquino expressed her gratitude to the American people and government for their
support during the People Power Revolution that led to the restoration of democracy in the
Philippines. She likely thanked the United States for its role in protecting democratic values.
Democracy and Freedom: She would have emphasized the importance of democracy and
freedom, both in the Philippines and around the world. Aquino's rise to the presidency marked
a significant shift from the authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos to a democratic government.
Philippines-U.S. Relations: The speech would likely have touched on the enduring and strong
relationship between the Philippines and the United States, including shared values and
interests.
Economic and Social Development: Aquino may have discussed the challenges and
opportunities for economic and social development in the Philippines and the need for
international support in these areas.
Hope for the Future: The speech probably contained messages of hope, unity, and a
commitment to building a better future for the Philippines.

The Cavite Mutiny

Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the
martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos
and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there were different
accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different sides of the story
—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the execution of
GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos.
The Cavite Mutiny, also known as the 1872 Cavite Mutiny or the Cavite Revolt, was a significant
event in Philippine history that occurred on January 20, 1872. It was an uprising by Filipino
military personnel, or "militarists," who were members of the Spanish colonial forces stationed
in the province of Cavite, which is located in the Philippines.
Many Filipino soldiers (or "militarists") who served in the Spanish colonial army were
dissatisfied with their working conditions, low wages, and the discriminatory treatment they
faced under Spanish rule.

 Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native
army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native
clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
 The Cavite Mutiny was an aim of the natives to get of the Spanish government in the
Philippines, due to the removal of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite
arsenal at Fort San Felipe, such as exemption from the tribute and forced labor (polo y
servicio). The democratic and republican books and pamphlets, the speeches and
preaching of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain and the outburst of the American
publicists and the cruel policies of the insensitive governor whom the reigning
government sent to govern the country. Native Filipinos put into action these ideas
where the occurring conditions which gave rise to the idea of achieving their
independence.
The priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were jailed in Fort Santiago before they were tried for
rebellion. Priests, both regular and secular, were allowed to see them. During the trial, the
government failed to prove convincingly that accused were really connected with January Cavite
mutiny.
The governor general promised to present documents to prove that the three priests were
guilty of rebellion which to many was actually a mutiny (open revolt against authority, especially
by service men against officers). But he never presented any document and to this day, no
document had been found to show that Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were, in any way,
connected with the mutiny. Nevertheless, they were sentenced to death by garrote.
On February 17, 1872, the three priests marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan Field
(Luneta). It is said that Zamora lost his mind and silently accepted to be garroted. He, together
with Burgos and Gomez maintained their innocence until the end.
While they were being executed one by one – first Zamora, then Gomez, and lastly Burgos, - the
witnesses of the event took off their hats and knelt to pray for the souls of the innocent priests.
The Spaniards who were present, thinking that the Filipinos were preparing to rise in revolt, fled
towards the city.
The Cry of Pugadlawin
The Cry of Pugadlawin, also known as the Cry of Balintawak, occurred on August 23, 1896. It
was a significant event in the history of the Philippines, marking the beginning of the Philippine
Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The cry took place in the Pugadlawin district of
Balintawak, which is now part of Quezon City in Metro Manila. The revolution was led by
Filipino nationalist leaders such as Andres Bonifacio and his fellow Katipunan members, who
sought to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule.
Gregoria De Jesus - Gregoria de Jesus, also known as "Ka Oriang," was an important figure in
Philippine history during the period of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule and later
against American rule. She was born on May 9, 1875, and passed away on March 15, 1943. She
was also the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan.[1] She married Andrés
Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan and President of the Katagalugan Revolutionary
Government.
Andres Bonifacio was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary leader who played a crucial role in
the fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. He was born on November 30,
1863, in Tondo, Manila, Philippines, and he is widely regarded as one of the national heroes of
the Philippines.
Emilio Jacinto is often referred to as the "Brains of the Katipunan," which was a revolutionary
society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892. He was known for his intellectual prowess,
writings, and his dedication to the cause of Philippine independence. Jacinto's writings and
philosophy played a crucial role in shaping the Katipunan's ideology and goals.
Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) was a Filipino revolutionary leader and the first President of the
Philippines. He played a key role in the struggle for Philippine independence from Spanish
colonial rule and later from American colonial rule.

Keywords:
Isographies Villaba
Baloto Palo
Banca Hinunangan
Raja Humabon Content
Gatighan Context
Middle Ages Tripartite
Positivism Hoax
Post Period Painting
Cenalo/Ceylon
Ibusson
“Bonam Fortunam”
Anachronistic
Idealism
Raia Colambu
Pantayong Pananaw
Lipang Kalabaw
Pisographies
Panachronistic
Abarien
Gisographies
Abuyog
Kanangi
Raia Siaui