INDEX

DYNAMICS LABORATORY

Ex.No. Date Name of the Experiment Page Marks Sign

No.
Study of gear parameter.
1.
Determination of mass moment of inertia of
2. compound
pendulum
Determination of mass moment of inertia using turn
3. table apparatus

Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration in

4. single rotor system

To determine the whirling speed of shafts with

5. various diameters experimentally and compare it with
theoretical values.

6. Transverse vibration of free beam setup

Determination Of Range Sensitivity, Effort Etc., for

7. Watts Governor
Determination Of Range Sensitivity, Effort Etc., for
8. porter Governor

9. Watt Governor

10. Proell Governor

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Study various types of gear trains

Exp No: DATE :

AIM: -To study various types of gear trains- simple, compound, reverted, epicyclic and differential.

APPARATUS USED: -. Arrangement of Gear train system.

THEORY: -

1. Definition of. Geart rain

2. Classification of Geartrain

3. Diagrams of different types of Gear train.

4. Working & Construction of different types of Gear train.

5. Advantages & Disadvantages of Gear train

6. Applications of Gear train .

7. Examples of Gear train

GEAR TRAIN :- A gear train is a combination of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft to
another. It becomes necessary when it is required to obtain large speed reduction within a small
space. The following are the main types of gear trains:

(i) Simple gear train

(ii) Compound gear train

(iii) Reverted gear train

(iv) Planetary gear train

SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN :- A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from
one gear to another is called a simple gear train. In it, all the gear axes remain fixed relative to the
frame and each gear is on a separate shaft.

Train Value = Number of teeth on driving gear / Number of teeth on driven gear

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COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN :- When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or
more gears rotate about an axis with the same angular velocity, it is known as compound gear train.
In this type, some of the intermediate shafts.

Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth on driven
gear

REVERTED GEAR TRAIN :- If the axes of the first and last wheels of a compound gear coincide;
it is called a reverted gear train. Such an arrangement is used in clocks and in simple lathes where
‘back gear’ is used to give a slow speed to the chuck.

Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth on driven
gear

PLANETARY OR EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN :- When there exists a relative motion of axis in
gear train, it is called a planetary or an epicyclic gear train (or simply epicyclic gear or train). Thus
in an epicyclic train, the axis of at least one of the gears also moves relative to the frame.

Consider two gear wheels S and P, the axis of which are connected by an arm a. if the arm ‘a’ is
fixed, the wheels S and P constitute a simple train. However, if the wheel s is fixed so that the arm
can rotate about the axis of S, the wheel P would also move around S. therefore, it is an epicyclic
train.

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION: -

1. Comparison between simple, compound reverted, epicyclic and differential. Gear train.

2. To calculate the train value.

3. To calculate the speed of any gear.

APPLICATIONS :-

(i) Gear trains are used in automobiles.

(ii) Reverted gear train are used in clock and simple lathe

(iii) Epicyclic gear are used in transmission, computing devices.

(iv) Gears are used in different machinery.

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DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INTERIA OF COMPOUND PENDULUM

Exp. No: DATE :

Aim
To find out the moment of inertia of the given body

Apparatus required:
1. Compound pendulum
2. Scale
3. Stop watch

Experimental Setup:
A compound pendulum represents a represents a rigid body supported at ‘O’. So that it can swing in
vertical plane about some axis passing through it.

Formula used:
1. Time period Tp= 2π / √Kexp2+OH2/g xOG
OG-distance between centre of gravity and suspension
point 2.Experimental radius of gyration= √ (4 π2 /T xgxOG )-
Oh2
Time period observed =time taken/ no. oscillation
3.Experimental Frequency =1/T
4. Theoritical frequency =1/T √ GxOh/g2 +oh2

L-Length of compound pendulum

Moment of Inertia I= mk2
m- mass of the compound pendulum
Procedure:
1. Measure the distance of suspension point O from the center of gravity G of given compound
pendulum
2. Compound pendulum is suspended from the suspension point and is oscillated.
3. Time taken for 10 oscillations is found out using stop watch and three trials are made for the
same suspension point.
4. By varying the distance of suspension point above procedure is repeated.
5. Average time taken for each suspension point is calculated.
6. Using formula Natural frequency, radius of gyration and Moment of inertia are calculated.

OBSERVATION:
Length of compound pendulum L= 1000mm
Mass of the compound pendulum=800mm
Distance of Centre of Gravity=L/2
Mass=760kg

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Tabulation

Sl Heig Mean Time Natural Radius of gyration of k Moment

. ht Time time’ t’ period frequency
N taken for 10 sec T=t/n of inertia
o. oscillation sec Kg-m2
Exp Ther Exp Kthe
fn fn

Result :
Thus Radius of gyration of given compound pendulum and moment of inertia are
found out Experimental radius of gyration Kexp=
Theoretical radius of gyration
Kth= Moment of inertia I=

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DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INTERIA USING

TURN TABLE APPARATUS

Exp No: Date:

AIM:

To determine angular velocity ,angular acceleration moment of inertia ,centrifugal force of turn
table.Experimental setup:

*rotary disc: 390mm dial×12 thick with central bush ,weight hanger

*motor: variable spur 0-800rpm,0-30VDC,compact 2.5amps mount vertically top plate and shaft is extended
on top

*control panel: it is combined panel and section at hours DC motor, inside meter /control comprises
following

*variac: 0-2A, 0-230v, heavy duty

*RPM meter: digital 0-9999rpm, led display

*fuse: 2A and main switch

*rectifier: bridge rectifier

*sliding weight: it is mount on 2set,2 brackets one side

*weights: 3numbers for each side

*dial weights: 1NO

OBSERVATION:

(DISC) axial load W: 0.1kg

FORMULA:

Initial velocity v1= D1N/60

D1=2r1

Final velocity v2= πD2N/60

D2= 2r2

Angular acceleration = (r2v2-r1v1)/t m./sq.sec

Centrifugal force f= [ m(v2)²]/v2

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Moment of inertia I= m×(v2)² kgm²

V2= final velocity v1= initial velocity M=mass of disc with weight added

PROCEDURE:

1. Weight were added on each side of table.

2. Switched on the motor to turn the table.
3. The voltage 24 volts was set on the voltage regulation
4. Time taken for the sliding of weight is measured by stopwatch.
5. Speed of disc is measured by tachometer.
6. Step 3,4,5, were repeated for adding move masses on each side.

TABULATION:

Weight Weight Speed of Time Moment Angular C.F=MV2²/V2

added Of a the taken of Accerlation (N)
on disc disc(rpm) In R1 V1 R2 V2 inertia R2v2-
each (m+2m) changing m/s m/s (kgm²) r1v1/t
side(m) position(t)
In kg sec (Rad/s)

RESULT:

Thus the angular velocity ,angular acceleration mass moment of inertia centrifugal force of
theturn table are observed and calculated.

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DETERMINATION OF RADIUS OF GYRATION USING

BIFILAR SUSPENSION
EXP.NO:
DATE :
AIM:
To determine the radius of gyration and the moment of inertia of a given rectangular plate.

APPARATUS USED:
1. Main frame
2. Bifilar plane
3. Weight
4. Stop watch
FORMULA:
Time period T=t/n

Natural Frequency fn

=1/T

Radius of gyration K=T/2π in mm

a- distance of string from Centre of Gravity

T-Time period
L-Length of spring
N-No of
oscillation
t- time taken for N oscillations

Fexp=1/T (HZ)

Fth= 1/2π( K2th

Kth=L/2

a=13.5cm a=13.5*10-2m

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PROCEDURE:
1. Select the bifilar plane.

2. With the help of chuck tighter the spring at the

top. 3.Adjust the length of spring to desired valve.

4. Give a small horizontal displacement about vertical axis.

5. Start the stop watch and note down the time required for N-oscillation.

6. Repeat the experiment by adding weight and also by changing the length of the

spring. 7.Do the model calculation.

S.N Length of Time taken Mean Time Fexp= Experimental Theoritical Fth
O spring for 10 time(t) period 1/T Kexp(COG) radius of (Hz)
oscillation (m) gyration
(m) (s) (sec) (T=t/n) Kth(m)

RESULT:
Thus radius of gyration and moment of inertia are calculated by using Bifilar
suspension.

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TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF FREE BEAM SETUP

Date:
Exp No

AIM:
To study transverse vibration of a beam subjected to uniform load and concentrated load. The setup
is as follows.

Main Frame;

Turnion: 2 brackets of turnion bearing with slots to insert at approx 1metre apart

Weighs; 100 gms * 5nos

Specification:

Length of beam =
1300mm Width of beam
=25mm Weight of beam
=1.6 kg Procedure:
1. fit beam into both the slots of turnion bearing and tighten them rigidly

2. add weights, either concentrated at center or uniformly

3. Give a swing to beam

$. Note down the time required for 5 oscillation.

5. repeat experiments for different weights

6. Change the position of weights

7. repeat the experiments

8.Find out the deflection for different

weights FORMULA:
1. Theoritical frequency Fth= 0.4985/

W-Weight applied

L= length of beam

E= 200x10^9N/m^2
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I= bh^3/12

b- breadth of beam

H- thickness of beam

w- weight of beam = bhl x p x g = 1.6kg

c-density of beam material =

8000kg/m^3

b,h- breadth & thickness beam g= 9.81 m/s^2

Time period T = Time taken/no.of.

oscillation Experimental frequency Fexp

=1/T

TABULATION :

sl.no. weight Time mean Time Experimental Deflection Theoritical frequency

added taken for time period frequency Fth=
gm n=5 (t) T=t/n Fexp =1/T Measured 0.4985/
oscillation actual

Result

Thus the transverse vibration of the beam subjected to uniform and concentrated load is studied
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DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN TWO

ROTOR SYSTEM

Date:
Exp No

AIM:
To determine period and frequency of turned vibration of two rotor system and compare it with
theoretical value.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

Shaft, measuring tape, stopwatch, chuck key, weight

FORMULA:

Time period T= t/n (sec)

n- no of oscillation

Natural frequency fn: 1/T (HZ)

Theoretical frequency :Fth=

1/2π√GJ/IaLa G- modulus of rigidity

(24×10⁹ n/m²)

J- polar moment of inertia πd⁴/32 mm⁴

Ia- ma d²/8

Ib- mb d²/8

L= la+lb

L= Ia/Ib× La+Lb

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the disc A and B to the shaft and fix it shaft in bearing.
2. Deflect the disc A+B in opposite direction
3. Notedown the time acquired for N=5 osscilation
4. Fit the cross to the disc
5. Repeat the procedure

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TABULATION:

Weight Time for Time Experimental Moment Moment Distance Distance Theoretical
of disc oscillation perio natural of of inertia of node of node frequency
(kg) (sec) d frequency inertia of disc B disc A of
T=t/n Fn(HZ) Disc A (Ib) La(m) disc(ῳ)
(Ia) La(m)

RESULT:

Thus the period and frequency of torsional vibration of two rotor system is determined

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FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Ex. No.:
Date:

AIM:

To determine the natural frequency of spring mass system.

Appratus required:
1. Spring mass setup
2. Masses
3. Stop watch
4. Scale
Experimental setup:
Spring mass system is a setup used to determine the experimental frequency. The body
whose frequency is to be determined is suspended by two springs. When the body is moved through
a small distance along a vertical axis through the centre of gravity, it will acclelerate in a vertical
plane, then by taking the following readings with the single mass system we can determine the
frequency of a body.

Formula
1. Time period Tp=n/t
n- no of
oscillations t- time
taken
2. Natural frequency Fn= 1/ Tp
3. Theoritical frequency Fn=1/2π√ k/m
k-Stiffness of spring= load /deflection N/m
m- mass suspended

Procedure
1. Take the reading for free vibration by manual jerk
2. Note down the time period
3. Now switch on the motor
4. Regulate the required speed
5. Take the reading for forced vibration.

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Tabulation

Length of the Experimental Theoretical

Mass Deflection Time
Spring L Timefor10
Sl added (mm) Stiffness periodfor natural natural
(mm) oscillation
no M k (N/m) one tp frequency, frequency
T(sec)
(kg) Initial Final Initial Final (sec) f n(exp), Hz fn(the), Hz

Graph:
Load vs Deflection
Load vs Theoretical natural frequency

Load vs Experimental natural frequency

Result:
Thus the Natural frequency of the spring mass system is found out.

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WATT GOVERNOR
EX.NO: DATE:

AIM
Todeterminethestabilityandcontrollingforceofwattgovernor
APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Governorsetup
2. Speedregulator
3. Tachometer
4. Deadweight
OBSERVATION
LengthofupperarmL1 =
LengthoflowerarmL2 =
Weightofball Wb =
WeightofsleeveWs =
PROCEDURE
1. Switchonthemotorinthedimmersetup.
2. Increasethespeedslowlytillthesleevejustbeginsintest.
3. Thiscorrespondstotheminimumspeedofgovernor.
4. Alsomeasurethecorrespondradiusofrotationofball.
5. Measurethespeedofrotationsuchthatsleevetouchesit’stopmostposition.
6. Notethespeedandcorrespondingradiusthiscorrespondstothemaximumgovernorspeed.
7. Repeattheprocedureagain
DIAGRAM

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PROELL GOVERNOR
EXP.NO:
DATE :

AIM
Todeterminethestabilityandcontrollingforceofproellgovernor
APPARATUSREQUIRED
1. Governorsetup
2. Speedregulator
3. Tachometer
4. Deadweights

OBSERVATION
1. LengthoftheupperarmL1 =155mm
2. Extensionofthelowerlink =110mm
3. Weightoftheball Wb =0.31kg
4. WeightofthesleeveWs =1.25kg

FORMULAUSED
1. Angularvelocity

2. Theoreticalspeed
3. Centrifugalforce

FC=mω2r(N)

Where,
l=upperarmlength(m) r
= radius (m)
m=massoftheball=0.31kg M =

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mass of sleeve = 1 kg
4. Rangeofthegovernor(R)
R=maximumspeed−minimumspeed

PROCEDURE
1. Switchonthemotorindimmersetup
2. Increasethespeedslowlytillthesleevejustbeginsin test
3. Thiscorrespondstominimumspeedofthegovernor
4. Alsomeasurethecorrespondingradiusofrotationofball
5. Measurethespeedofrotation.Suchthatthesleevetouchesit’stopmostposition
6. Notethespeedandcorrespondingradius.Thiscorrespondstothemaximumgovernorspeed.
7. Repeattheprocedureagain

DIAGRAM

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TABULATION

Lift (m) Sleeveheight Theoretical Centrifugalfo

S.No Sleeveradiusr(m
) h (m) speed (rpm) rceF (N)

RESULT
Thus the value of gyroscopic couple of rotating masses and gyroscopic rules of a plane rotating disc
was verified.

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Metrology

SIGN
PRACTICAL TITLE GRADE DATE
OF
FACULT
Y
CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER,
VERNIER CALIPER AND DIAL GAUGE
USING SLIP GAUGES:

10

11

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CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER, VERNIER CALIPER AND

DIAL GAUGE USING SLIP GAUGES:

AIM: To calibrate micrometer, vernier caliper and dial gauge using slip gauges

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED: (i) Vernier caliper

(ii) Micrometer (iii) Dial gauge (iv) Slip gauges
VERNIER CALIPER:
The principle of Vernier is when two scales of slightly different size are
used, the difference between them can be used to enhance the accuracy of
measurement. The Vernier caliper consists of two steel rules and these can slide
along each other. One scale is engraved on a solid L – shaped frame.
On this scale cm graduations are divided into 50. One of the frames contains
a fixed jaw which is shaped into a contact tip at its extremity. The three elements
of Vernier caliper are beam, fixed jaw and sliding jaw.
MICROMETER:
Micrometer consists of an accurate screw having about 10 threads per cm
and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw forms one measuring tip and the
other measuring tip is constituted by a stationary anvil in the base of the frame.
The screw is threaded for certain length and is plain afterwards. The plain portion
is called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface.
The spindle is advanced or refracted by turning a thimble connected to the
spindle. The spindle is a slide fit over the barrel and barrel is the fixed part attached
with the frame. The barrel is graduated in unit of 0.05cm which is the lead of the
screw for one complete revolution. The ratchet stop is provided at the end of the
thimble cap to maintain uniform and sufficient measuring pressure so that the
standard measuring conditions are attained.
PROCEDURE:
MICROMETER:
The micrometer is checked carefully checked for zero error and
adjusted if there is any error. Then the slip gauge of desired size is clamped in-
between spindle and anvil. Then the error is obtained and tabulated. Then same
procedure is repeated for various slip gauges and the errors are tabulated.
VERNIER CALIPER:

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The vernier caliper is checked carefully checked for zero error and
adjusted if there is any error. Then the slip gauge of desired size is clamped in
between fixed jaw and movable jaw. After tightening the movable jaw, the error is
obtained and tabulated. Then same procedure is repeated for various slip gauges
and the errors are tabulated.
DIAL GAUGE:
The vernier caliper is checked carefully checked for zero error and
adjusted if there is any error. Then the slip gauge of desired size is clamped in
between fixed jaw and movable jaw. After tightening the movable jaw, the error is
obtained and tabulated. Then same procedure is repeated for various slip gauges
and the errors are tabulated.
GRAPH:
1. Slip gauge reading Vs Micrometer reading
2. Slip gauge reading Vs Vernier caliper reading
3. Slip gauge reading Vs Dial Gauge reading

VERNIER CALIPER:

MICROMETER:

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TABULATION:
CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER: Least count = 0.01mm
Zero error = mm
Correction =-(error) =
mm.
MAIN SCALE ORIGINAL
S. SLIP GAUGE READINGS PITCH SCALE ERROR
READING READING
No. (mm) READING (mm)
(mm) MSR + (PSR X L.C)

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER: Least count = 0.02mm

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Zero error = mm
Correction =-(error) =
mm.
S.
No.
MAIN SCALE VERNIER ORIGINAL
SLIP GAUGE READINGS ERROR
READING SCALE READING
(mm) (mm)
(mm) READING MSR + (VSR X L.C)

No.

CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGE: Least count = 0.01mm

Zero error = mm
Correction =-(error) =
mm.
S.
No.
MAIN SCALE ORIGINAL
PITCH SCALE READING ERROR
SLIP GAUGE READINGS (mm) READING
READING MSR + (PSR X (mm)
(mm) L.C)

No.

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RESULT:
Thus the micrometer, vernier caliper and dial gauge are calibrated
using slip gauges.

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